Classical Chinese of philosophical thought

1. The complete works of ancient philosophy are looking forward to the Olympic Games, and the bamboos are (yρ) and (yρ).

There are bandits and gentlemen, such as cutting, grinding (xiàn) and (xuān), and bandits, but not (xuān) Xi! Looking forward to the Olympics, green bamboo.

There are bandits and gentlemen, who are alert and discerning, and can (kuài) and (biàn) like stars. I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, there are bandits and gentlemen, so you can't be embarrassed! Looking forward to the Olympics, green bamboo is like a basket (zé).

There are bandits, such as gold, tin, jade, jade. Wide, generous, heavy, playful and not abusive! (The Book of Songs Feng Wei Sapporo) 2. A poet, where there is ambition, has ambition in his heart and speaks like a poem.

Emotion moves in the middle, but words are not enough, so lament it, lament it, sing forever, sing forever, jump without knowing your hand and jump with your feet. Love is born of sound, and sound is written as sound.

The vocal music that governs the world, its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is good; The voice of national subjugation grieves, and its people are trapped. Therefore, gain and loss, movement and the world, feeling and ghosts and gods are close to poetry.

The former king learned from the husband and wife, became filial, virtuous, beautiful and civilized, and changed customs. Therefore, the poem has six meanings: "One is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is praise."

Under weathering, under the wind, the main text and remonstrance (jué), the speaker is innocent, and those who smell it are warned, so it is called the wind. As for the decline of kings, the abolition of etiquette and righteousness, the loss of politics and religion, the country's foreign policy, the extremely vulgar family background, the wind has become elegant. The gain and loss of the national history is clear, which hurts people, laments the harshness of criminal politics, recites family ties, rides the wind, achieves things and cherishes old customs, so it becomes sentimental and ends with ceremony.

It is human nature to express feelings; Stop at courtesy and righteousness, and the first king's ze is also. It is based on the matter of a country and the foundation of one person, which is called the wind; It is an elegance to talk about everything and form a wind in all directions.

Ya, yes, Wang said that it is also a waste. Politics is big and small, so there are few elegance.

Praise, the description of beauty and virtue, is also told to the gods through its success. It means four beginnings, and poetry is the most important.

(preface to the book of songs) 3. I heard He Ming in Jiugao (1). The potential of fish lies in Zhu ②.

There is a tree sandalwood (3) in the happy garden, and there is a dimension (4) below it. Other stones (5) may be wrong (6).

There was a faint noise of cranes in the swamp, which resounded through the sky. Fish is in Zhu, or potential Yu Garden.

In the happy garden, there is a tree sandalwood, and its low dimension is (7). He has a good stone on Fangshan, which can be used to cut jade.

(The Book of Songs Xiaoya heming) 4 Restrain prestige, Vader in the corner. People also have a saying: A fool is not stupid, and Shu Ren's stupidity is also a disease.

Philosophers' fools are also cruel. Be at peace with the world, and all parties will obey.

With a sense of morality, the four countries will follow. Urging Hume to make a decision is far more than telling Chen Hao.

Respect for prudence and dignity is the principle of defending the people. It's today, it's political chaos.

Subverting Juede is a waste of wine. Although the lady is cheerful, she is full of enthusiasm.

Don't bother the first king to intercede, gram * * * Ming punishment. If the emperor is prosperous, it will be like a spring, and nothing will be lost in death.

Sleeping at night, cleaning the courtroom, Wei Min's chapter. Shore chariots and horses, archers and soldiers, with a ring and a rough surface.

Quality people, be careful and use it with caution. When Er Shen speaks, he respects your dignity, without exception.

Bai Gui's shackles can still be ground; You can't keep your word! There is nothing to say, nothing to say, nothing to say, nothing to say. There is nothing to say, and no virtue is not reported.

For the benefit of friends, civilian boy. Children and grandchildren rope, people can not bear.

Treat friends as gentlemen, be gentle and sincere, and never leave. It is worth leaking in your room.

If you don't show it, you can't talk about it. God's thinking is not thinking, but thinking! Coffin is a virtue, which is good for you.

ShuShenEr stop, don't indulge in musical instruments. Don't be a tyrant, don't be a thief, rarely.

Give me a peach and give it back to Li. He is a boy with horns, a real rainbow boy.

Dye soft wood and silk. Wenwengong is the foundation of Vader.

To tell the truth, his wise men went to Shunde. Its dimensions are stupid and it calls me arrogant.

Everyone has his own heart. I wonder if it's a boy.

The robber held it in his hand and said something. The bandits look unfamiliar, and they talk about it.

Borrow the unknown and hold the baby. People are prosperous, who knows but can't succeed? The sky is shining, and I am happy.

MengMeng, my heart is painful. Please listen to me.

Bandits use it to teach, and then use it to abuse. Say "I don't know", and I can learn from it.

So, son, let bygones be bygones. Listen to my plan, and there is no big regret.

It's hard for Arabia. It's called mourning the country. Metaphor is not far away, and heaven is not refined.

Returning to its virtue will give the people a big thorn. ("The Book of Songs") 5.

Those who disobey God have many lives. Born a citizen, he was a bandit all his life.

Decadence has no beginning, and fresh talents have an end. King Wen said, "Please consult your Yin Shang." .

Was it Yu Qiang before? Is that Chuck? While in office. Have you ever taken it? The sky is falling, and a woman's prosperity is strength. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants.

While grasping the righteous class, we should guard against too much. The rumor is right.

In a fighting way. Waiting for you, waiting for you, waiting for you.

King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants. The girl was born in China.

Regard resentment as virtue. If you don't know Wilder, there will be no back and no profile.

I can't be with you if I don't know who I am. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants.

Heaven does not drink alcohol, and injustice follows the pattern. Don't say that.

There is light and dark. Call.

Day and night. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants.

Such as sting, boiling like soup. The small and the big are close to mourning, and people still go their own way.

In China, Qin became attached to ghosts. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants.

Every now and then, you don't have to be old. Although there are no bosses, there are still punishments.

I didn't listen before. I was desperate. King Wen said that he consulted the female Yin merchants.

People also have a saying: branches and leaves are harmless, dial them first. Yin Jian is not far away, in Xia Hou's world.

(The Book of Songs, Elegant Swing, 2 1.

2. The classical Chinese for being a man and doing things The most famous classical Chinese for being a man and doing things is the seventy-seventh chapter of Laozi's Tao Te Ching. It is considered as a classic exposition of human behavior.

The original text is as follows:

Heaven or bow? The highest person suppresses it, and the lower person lifts it; If you have more, you will lose, and if you have less, you will make up. Heaven, the damage is more than enough, but the strength is insufficient. People's ways are different, and the loss is not enough to serve. Who can serve the world, only the Tao. It is a saint who does not rely on it, does not succeed, and does not want to see good and evil.

Translation:

Isn't the law of nature a lot like shooting an arrow with a bow? If the rope is pulled high, lower it; If it is low, raise it a little; If it is too full, just relax; If it is not enough, add it. The law of nature is to reduce excess supply and shortage.

However, the law of society is not like this. We should reduce the shortage and dedicate it to those who have more. So, who can reduce the surplus to supply the shortage of the world? Only those who have the means can do it. Therefore, a wise man can do something without possession, and he can achieve something without taking credit. He is unwilling to show his talent.

Extended data

Tao Te Ching is a philosophical work of Lao Zi (Li Er) in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Tao Te Ching, Lao Zi's Five Thousand Words and Lao Zi's Five Thousand Articles. It is a work before the separation of pre-Qin philosophers in ancient China and an important source of Taoist philosophical thoughts.

Tao Te Ching is divided into two parts. The first part of the original text is the Tao Te Ching, and the second part is the Tao Te Ching, without chapters. Later, it was changed to the Tao Te Ching in the first 37 chapters, and the Tao Te Ching in the last 38 chapters, divided into 8 1 chapters.

Lao Tzu, surnamed Li Minger, was called Bo Yang, or Shu Bo Yang. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the year of birth and death is unknown, and it was born in the county (ancient county name) of Chen (who later entered Chu) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in 57 BC/KLOC-0 BC. China was an ancient thinker, philosopher, writer and historian, the founder and main representative of Taoist school.

Laozi is a world cultural celebrity, one of the world's 100 historical celebrities, and is also called Laozi and Zhuangzi with Zhuangzi. In Taoism, Laozi is regarded as the ancestor of Taoism and called "the old gentleman on the throne". In the Tang Dynasty, Laozi was regarded as the ancestor of Li.

Laozi's thought has a far-reaching influence on the development of China's philosophy, and its ideological core is simple dialectics. Politically, Laozi advocates the rule of inaction and the teaching of words. Politically, Lao Tzu pays attention to the truth that extremes meet. In terms of self-cultivation, Laozi is the ancestor of Taoist double cultivation, paying attention to modest and upright practice and not competing with others.

Laozi's masterpiece Tao Te Ching (also known as Laozi) is one of the most widely circulated works in the world.

Reference link: Baidu Encyclopedia-Tao Te Ching

Reference link: Baidu Encyclopedia-Laozi

3. Ten pieces of short classical Chinese. 1. Chu people learn to sail. The Chu people learned to sail, and the twists and turns were slow at first, but the shipmaster listened.

So between the small experimental islands, the direction was not satisfactory, and I thought I would try my best to operate the boat. Therefore, Xie Zhou's family is covered and the spine ③ enters the tympanic diameter, which is a great danger. He was afraid of falling and fell into the slurry.

Note ① Chu: the name of the ancient country. 20% off: turn around.

Spin: Turn around. ③ Vertebra: Knock with vertebra.

In ancient times, drums were used as trumpets when marching. (4) urgent: suddenly.

Conviction: chance encounter. ⑤: Same as "rudder".

There was a man who learned to sail in Chu State. At the beginning, he turned around and spun, fast and slow, completely obeying the master's words. So I tried my hand among the islands in the river, and I couldn't do anything well, so I thought I had learned all the skills of sailing.

I immediately bid farewell to the boatman and drummed (the ancients probably gave orders by drumming), and immediately I was in great danger. I looked around, terrified, and the rudder was out of control. However, today's crisis is not caused by previous complacency. Second, Shandong people are good at weaving, and their wives are good at weaving, but they want to move to Vietnam.

Or: "I will be poor!" " Lu said, "Why?" Yue: "It's to do ③, and the more people do ④; It's also a crown. The more people send it. With children's strengths, they can swim in countries they don't need. Want to be infinite, can you get it? " (Excerpted from "Everything is done in the Forest") Note 1: Ma Xie.

(2) Silk: white silk, with which Zhou people made hats. 3 shoes: shoes, used as verbs here, refer to wearing shoes.

Four rudder: barefoot. There is a man in Lu who is good at knitting shoes with hemp and kudzu vine, and his wife is good at knitting silk. He wants to move to Vietnam.

Someone said to him, "You are destined to be poor." The Lu people said, "Why?" (answer) said: "the toilet is used to wear, but the more barefoot people walk;" It is used to make hats, but the more people wear hair.

With your professional knowledge, is it possible to go to a country that doesn't need (your products) and want to keep (yourself) rich? "Third, salvage Song Zhongfu's floating beam, eight-dimensional iron cow, a cow, tens of thousands of pounds. In the process of peacekeeping, the water rises to the top of the beam, and the cows are not in the river. Only those who can raise money can come out.

The real monk with soldiers and two small boats with solid soil grabbed the cow Wei Zhi, hooked the cow with big wood as a balance, removed the soil, and the boat floated the cow out. Transshipment made Zhang Dao smell it and gave him purple clothes.

Note: 1 pontoon: pontoon bridge. 2 d: tie, link.

3 Zhiping: the title of Zhao Shu, the British Emperor in the Northern Song Dynasty. True: But today Hebei is positive.

5 balance: scale, hammer, beam. In Song Dynasty, a pontoon bridge was built and eight Tieniu Town Bridges were cast.

During the reign of Zhiping, the river surged, washed away the pontoon bridge, and the iron ox sank to the bottom of the river. Officials are offering a reward to anyone who can make the iron cow surface.

A monk named Huai Bing suggested that the iron cow be fixed between two big ships full of mud and hooked with hook-shaped giant wood. At this time, the soil of the two ships will be gradually reduced, so that the weight of the hull will be reduced and the iron cow will be hooked out of the water. Zhang Dao (official name, in charge of military supplies and land and water transportation) gave the monk a purple cassock as a reward.

Fourth, it is difficult for children to go from frugality to extravagance and from extravagance to frugality. It's easy to go from thrift to luxury, but it's hard to go back from luxury to thrift. )

I think too hard about food and clothing to spend it easily. A meal of wine and meat can last for several days; One yarn and one silk can handle several coarse clothes.

Being neither greedy nor cold is enough, so why bother to eat well? There will always be a day of thinking, and if you don't always think about it, your descendants will always have food and clothing. It is easy to go from thrift to luxury, but it is difficult to go from luxury to thrift.

How can we enjoy today's (high) salary for a long time? How can I stay healthy for a long time? (If) one day (I was dismissed from office or died of illness, which is not the same as it is now), people in my family have been accustomed to a luxurious life for a long time and can't be frugal immediately, and (at that time) they will be hungry and cold (because of all their extravagance), then (whether) I am a (big) official or not, I am alive or dead, (the living standard at home is the same) "Alas, one! When Gong Jing ordered Qiu Fasu and Gong Jing to be hungry and cold, it rained and snowed for three days. The public, dressed in fox white, sat on one side of the hall.

Yan Zi entered the meeting and set up a room. Gong said, "How strange! Rain and snow for three days, not cold.

"This said to him," isn't it cold? "Laugh. Yan Zi said: "Babies know ancient sages, people are hungry when they are full, people are cold when they are warm, and people work when they are idle.

You don't know today. "Gong said," good.

I've heard of life. "This is a fuss about hunger and cold.

Note: Rain and snow: It's snowing. Rain, falling, falling, used as a verb.

The steps of the palace. Hear fate: I heard resignation.

Smell and listen; Life is resigned to fate. When Gong Jing was in power, it snowed for three days without cleaning up.

Gong Jing, wearing a white fox fur coat, sat on the steps at one side of the lobby. Yan Zi went into the palace and stood for a while. Gong Jing said, "It's strange that it snowed for three days, but it's not so cold."

Yan Zi said, "Is it really not cold?" Gong Jing smiled. Yan Zi said, "Yan Ying, I heard that wise kings in ancient times knew that others were hungry when they were full, and they knew that others were frozen when they were warm, and they felt at ease, but they knew that others were hard.

Too bad you don't know now! "Gong Jing said," good! Then I was taught. "So I took out leather clothes and food and distributed them to people who were hungry and cold for reference:

/2% B0% D9% Ba% CF% BB% A8/blog/item/59b5b7db30daab62d0164ECF Sixth, "Yuan" used to be a toddler in Handan, but it lost its old step and crawled back to its ears.

Once upon a time, a man went to Handan to learn how to walk. He didn't learn their walking posture, forgot to lose his original footwork and had to climb back. Lu Ji is pregnant with seven oranges. Lu Ji met Yuan Shu in Jiujiang when he was six years old.

Operating orange production, performance three; Go, say goodbye, and land. Shu Yue said, "Is Lu Lang a guest?" Ji knelt down and replied, "I want to leave my mother."

The technology is amazing. When Lu Ji was six years old, he would visit Yuan Shu in Jiujiang.

Yuan Shu took out many oranges and gave them to Lu Ji. Lu Ji secretly put three oranges in his sleeve until he said goodbye.

4. Who can give me some short and philosophical classical Chinese to buy shoes?

Zheng people want to buy shoes, first measure their feet and let them sit down. Go to town and forget to fuck it. Fulfilling his promise, he said, "I forgot to insist!" " "Go back and get it. When you come back, the city is on strike, so you can't walk. People say, "Why not try? Yue: "I would rather be reliable than confident." . "

To annotate ...

Zheng, the name of a small country in the Spring and Autumn Period, was in Xinzheng County, Henan Province.

Footwear-silver road, leather shoes, all shoes.

Degree-sound capture, reflection, used here as a verb, that is, the meaning of calculation and measurement. The word "du" at the back, used as a noun, is a ruler.

One-synonymous with classical Chinese, here refers to the measured size.

Sit-the same seat is a seat, referring to chairs, stools and other furniture.

Fuck.-Take it, take it.

Just-just, the end, here refers to the market has been dissolved.

Nihility-nothingness, nothing, here is the meaning of can't, can't.

Write comments on (literary works) and mark them with dots and circles to attract attention.

This Zheng Guoren made a dogmatic mistake. He only believes in the size of his feet, not his own, and not only makes a big joke, but also can't buy shoes. In real life, buying shoes only depends on the size of the feet, not the feet. It may not happen. But there are such people. Some people, speaking, doing things and thinking, only start from books, not from reality; He believes what is written in the notebook, but he doesn't believe what is not written in the notebook but actually exists. In this kind of person's view, only what is recorded in the notebook is the truth, and what is not recorded is not the truth. In this way, of course, thinking will be rigid and action will hit a wall.

Carve a mark on the side of the moving ship to show where someone's sword fell ―― take measures regardless of the change of environment.

There was a man crossing a river in Chu, and his sword fell from the boat into the water. He made a mark on the side of the ship with his sword and said, "This is where my sword fell." . The ship stopped at the destination, and the Chu people jumped into the water from the marked place to find the sword. The boat can, but not the sword. You won't be confused if you ask for a sword!

To annotate ...

Trekking means crossing the river.

A sentence with an abrupt voice, sharp and immediate, indicates that time is pressing.

An air sound, a verb, carved with a knife.

Confused-sound or confused, here is confused, do not understand the meaning of things.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals-This is the name of an ancient book, co-edited by the guests of Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin State. The content of the book is quite miscellaneous, including Confucianism, Taoism and other theories. * * * is divided into eight chapters, six chapters and twelve chapters.

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This story tells us that things in the world are always changing, and people should take this change into account when thinking about problems and doing things, and adapt to this change.

It is sometimes difficult to talk about philosophy of life in words, let alone 200 words. Zhuangzi's theory of "Tree Goose" can show the way of being human. It's no use if the tree is not cut down, and the goose is killed because it can't lay eggs. One pays attention to "no talent" to support himself, and the other pays attention to "talent" without being killed. The key is to grasp time and space. The charm of philosophy is that it can always guide the next action and what will happen in the next period. It embodies the law, which is also the Tao mentioned by Tao Te Ching, but it is invisible and tangible. I don't know how to explain the unconventional and conventional Tao, because it doesn't know how to explain itself, but whether it is conventional or unconventional, it is important to look at the causal relationship of things, understand the natural Tao from it, and further guide your thinking.

6. What does philosophy and thought "image" mean in ancient Chinese? Reject metaphysics.

Big, big, big, so elephants are people. The ancient prose is also big, changing it into a human form. All adults, doctors, princes and squires are kind. -"Shuowen" elephant: elephant, a big beast in South Vietnam, with a long nose and teeth, a milk for three years. Like nose, teeth, four feet and tail. -the scene, phenomenon and philosophical truth of Shuo Wen.

All the "five colors are dazzling, five tones are deaf, and five flavors are refreshing" (colorful makes people dizzy, changing acoustics makes people deaf, and rich food makes people unpalatable).

Elephants are tangible to it.

That is, the range that our bodies can reach. Elephants are tangible.

Or part of our body perception. Elephants are tangible.

Otherwise, we can't say, "Elephants are invisible".

7. The translation of ancient Chinese into Wang Shouren's book Biography is "seeking truth from the outside", which is why this unity of knowledge and practice is two.

Seeking truth from the heart is the teaching of the unity of knowledge and action of the holy gate. Biography is the quotation of Wang Shouren (the word Yangming), a philosopher in China in the Ming Dynasty and a representative of Taoism in the Song and Ming Dynasties, and the academic letter biography "The word originated from the Analects of Confucius and cannot be passed down".

Biography contains Wang Yangming's main philosophical thoughts and is an important material for studying Wang Yangming's thoughts and psychological development. The first volume was reviewed by Wang Yangming himself, and the letters in the middle volume were written by Wang Yangming in his later years. The second volume, though not audited by myself, elaborates his thoughts in his later years and records Wang Yangming's "four-sentence teaching".

Wang Yangming inherited the tradition of Cheng Hao and Lu Jiuyuan's theory of mind, and further criticized Zhu's Neo-Confucianism on the basis of Lu Jiuyuan. These positions and viewpoints are clearly expressed in the thought of the Book of Practice.

"Mind is reason" was originally a proposition of Lu Jiuyuan, which was developed in Biography. Wang Yangming criticized Zhu's cultivation method, that is, seeking truth from the outside and seeking harmony between sex and goodness from foreign affairs.

Wang Yangming believes that "the best is the noumenon of the heart" and "the heart is reasonable, and this heart is not covered by selfish desires, that is, righteousness, and there is no need to add a point." He said this to emphasize that the foundation of social ethics lies in the perfection of people's hearts.

Based on this principle, his understanding of Great Learning is quite different from that of Zhu Da. Zhu believes that the "teacher" in "University" is the "all-round use" that requires students to finally understand people's hearts by understanding foreign things.

Wang Yangming believes that the "lattice" of "is" to remove the injustice in the heart and cultivate its ontology " The ontology of meaning is knowledge, and the meaning lies in things.

"Knowledge" is inherent in people's hearts, not just knowing foreign things. This kind of knowledge is "conscience".

He said: "The so-called governor makes me conscience. My inner conscience is so-called justice.

In my conscience, things make sense, things make sense. With my inner conscience, I also know; Everything makes sense, and things are also; It is also the combination of mind and reason.

"In his view, Zhu's theory of material poverty is precisely the separation of mind and reason. It can be seen that Wang Yangming put forward "mind is reason", which mainly serves his theory of self-cultivation.

Conscience theory is the development of Lu Jiuyuan's thought that mind is reason. Wang Yangming's thought that mind is reason also has ontological significance in our general sense.

But if we study it from ontology, we will ignore its basic significance in Wang Yangming's theory of self-cultivation. The issue of knowing and doing is an important issue discussed in Zhuan, which also reflects Wang Yangming's further study on the discussion of Taoism in Song and Ming Dynasties since Zhu.

Zhu advocated that the prophet should act after his deeds and pay attention to the prophet's actions after his deeds. Wang Yangming's "unity of knowledge and action" continued Zhu's tradition of hard work, but criticized Zhu's separation of knowledge and action.

Wang Yangming advocates that the unity of knowledge and action is based on mind and reason. While criticizing Zhu, he also points out that he basically divides mind and reason into two parts. He said: "The reason why this kind of knowing and doing is two is because it seeks truth from the outside.

Seeking the truth from my heart is the teaching of the unity of knowledge and action in this holy gate. "Unity of knowing and doing" means that knowing and doing are two sides of the same thing.

Knowledge is the conscience of the mind itself; Conscience is full of popular, objective and concrete actions or things, that is, ok. Starting from this understanding, knowing but not doing it means not knowing.

Knowing is the idea of doing, and doing is the kung fu of knowing. Knowledge and action are closely related, so there is a saying that knowledge and action are one.

In the society at that time, in the development of Neo-Confucianism, there was indeed a situation of knowing but not doing it. Wang Yangming's unity of knowing and doing is of great significance to correct the current disadvantages.

However, he stressed that the theory of the unity of knowledge and action is not only aimed at the disadvantages of the times, but also aimed at explaining the ontology of knowledge and action. The theory of unity of knowing and doing emphasizes that moral consciousness already exists in people's minds, which is moral consciousness.

It also emphasizes the practicality of morality, and holds that moral knowledge is not the knowledge about the object, but the realization of morality. The unity of knowledge and practice also has general epistemological significance, but it first stresses moral cultivation, which has not been deeply studied by academic circles for a long time.

Wang Yangming's "mind is reason", "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action" all emphasize moral consciousness and dominance. He said: "knowledge is the spirit of reason, which means heart in terms of its dominant position and nature in terms of its endowment."

"The human mind can know the good and evil of behavior, and can also consciously do good. This is the "awareness" of one's own mind, which is the development of Cheng Hao Thought. There are many expositions about the "ethereal lucidity" of human heart in "On Practice".

It is necessary to thoroughly study Wang Yangming's theory of "unreasonable outside the heart". It is precisely because the essence of human heart is rationality that people can consciously realize this moral consciousness, so people don't need to know their inner principles through external things, and the principles of external things are only the expression of human heart.

Gezhi's efforts are not to know foreign things, but to get rid of his own selfish desires. Cheng Hao and Zhu on the clarity of human heart.

Readers should understand the connection and difference between Wang Yangming and them when reading biographies. It should be admitted that Wang Yangming's above thought does give an ontological explanation of human goodness, which is of historical significance.

However, we should also see that his theory does not study the causes of evil human nature enough. Although his theory also influenced the lower classes in Ming dynasty, it can't be said that it has great universality.

Wang Yangming also noticed that people with "rich roots" and "dull roots" should be treated differently, but his thoughts were only suitable for people with rich roots. Later generations criticized him for "near Zen".

This is also the reason why he is not as good as Zhu Xue. Wang Yangming's deviation has begun to attract the attention of modern scholars, but in contemporary neo-Confucianism, no one except Liang Shuming has paid enough attention to it. In his biography, Wang Yangming also discussed the realm of "the benevolent and the universe are one" proposed by Cheng Hao.

He pointed out that saints have this realm, so they treat people all over the world with kindness, no matter how far or near. He further pointed out that the hearts of people all over the world are the same as those of saints, but because of selfish desires, they turn against love.

In Wang Yangming's view, benevolence is not only the realm of cultivation, but also the noumenon of human heart. Wang Yangming's explanation of benevolence focuses on moral cultivation.

Like Zhang Zai's "the way of combining inside and outside", what Cheng Hao said is of epistemological significance. The "four-sentence teaching", which is debated endlessly for Wang Xue's successor, is recorded in Biography.

These four sentences.