Kneel for the major events that occurred every year in the history of junior high schools from 1 year to 2009 (for example, 1 949101China was founded ~).

1. It is known that the oldest hominid living in China is Yuanmou ape-man. An ancient human tooth fossil found in Yuanmou Basin, Yunnan Province, China, has been scientifically identified for more than 700,000 years.

About 700,000-200,000 years ago, "Beijingers" (hereinafter referred to as "Beijingers") lived in the Gulong Cave in Zhoukoudian, Beijing.

Neanderthals restore busts

People in Beijing already know how to use natural fire. For the first time, mankind has gained the ability to dominate the forces of nature.

About 18000 years ago, there were still a group of ancient humans called "Neanderthals" living in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing. They already have obvious physical characteristics of the yellow race.

Neanderthals not only made artificial fires, but also made the first bone needle in the history of sewing technology in China. The spicule is about as thick as a matchstick and 82 mm long.

6. Six or seven thousand years ago, ancient painted pottery culture and black pottery culture appeared in China.

7. The painted pottery of Anbanpo culture in Xi 'an, Shaanxi is very beautiful. The decorative patterns on the surface net basin are the crystallization of original art, original words and original art.

8. The black pottery of Longshan culture in Shandong is black and bright, with the same luster as metal utensils.

9. Hemudu culture in Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Basin is as old as Banpo culture in the Yellow River Basin. 7000 years ago, people there built houses with large wooden components.

About 4000 years ago, there were some tribal wars. The Yellow Emperor was the leader of one of the tribes, because he was popular, smart and brave, and won the final victory.

1 1. In the process of the gradual formation of the ancient Chinese nation, the Yellow Emperor played an important role. The Yellow Emperor was revered by later generations as the "humanistic ancestor" of the Chinese nation (the predecessor of the Chinese nation). Simuwu Dafang Ding

12 After the Yellow Emperor, several outstanding figures appeared in the Chinese nation: Yao, Shun and Yu. Yaochan is located in Shun, and Shunchan is located in Yu.

13 years, Yao Shunyu era, flooding. Dayu was ordered to control water and finally conquered the flood.

14. Later, Yu's son Qi succeeded to the throne and established the first slavery dynasty Xia Dynasty (about BC17th century BC, 22nd century BC).

15. According to legend, there was a calendar in the Xia Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, so people called the ancient traditional calendar in China Li Xia.

16, the summer calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, also called the lunar calendar. Because there are solar terms changes and farming arrangements in the calendar, it is also called the lunar calendar.

Simuwu Dafang Ding

17, the last ruler of Xia Dynasty was unruly and tyrannical. Under the leadership of the Tang Dynasty, the Shang tribes in the East became powerful and defeated the Shang Dynasty established in the Xia Dynasty (about 65438 BC+early 7th century-BC 1 1 century).

18, the great development of bronze ware manufacturing industry in Shang Dynasty. The Simuwu Dafang Ding made in the late Shang Dynasty, weighing 875 kilograms, is by far the largest unearthed bronze ware in the world. (right)

19, Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is an ancient writing carved on tortoise shell and beast bones, which is quite mature. Among the 6.5438+0.5 million pieces of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins, the total number of words reached 6.5438+0.6 million, including 4,600 words, and 6.5438+0.6 million words have been recognized.

20. At the end of Shang Dynasty, there was a tribe named Zhou on the Loess Plateau. When he arrived in Zhou Wenwang, Zhou became the new leader of the governors in the western regions.

Zhou Wang, the last ruler of Shang Dynasty, was an alcoholic. Now, Zhou and other tribes joined forces to crusade against the Shang Dynasty. After the Battle of Makino, the Shang Dynasty was overthrown and the Zhou Dynasty was established (about 65438 BC+065438 BC+256 BC).

22. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, 7 1 small countries including Lu, Qi, Wei, Jin, Song and Yan were enfeoffed. The monarchs of these small countries are called princes.

23. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, there were many large-scale music and dances in the Central Plains, which lasted 180 years. When offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, Daxia dance is used to show Dayu's water control, and Dawu dance is used to commemorate the achievements of King Wu.

24. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to the East, which was called the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. It is divided into two periods: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.

25. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than 100 vassal states competing with each other, and the winner was king, resulting in the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period", commonly known as Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Song Xianggong and Chu Zhuangwang.

26. In 606 BC, Chu Zhuangwang "won the titles of big and small". Ding is a symbol of kingship. It is said that Dayu cast Jiuding, representing Kyushu. Chu Zhuangwang won the championship, which shows that he has the ambition to become the son of heaven.

27. In the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, wuyue was hostile to each other. First, the prince of Wu died of injury. His son, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, is determined to take revenge and reminds him loudly every day: "Fu Cha, have you forgotten the revenge of killing your father?" Later, Wu defeated Yue under the leadership of Fu Cha.

28. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was determined to take revenge. He asks himself loudly every day: "Gou Jian, have you forgotten the shame of national subjugation?" After ten years of reunion, the State of Yue defeated the State of Wu, and Fu Cha, the king of Wu, committed suicide.

About 2,500 years ago, China produced a great thinker-Laozi. Laozi is the founder of Taoist school.

30. The Tao Te Ching, also known as Laozi, wrote that misfortune sometimes becomes the cause of happiness, and sometimes misfortune is hidden in happiness. Therefore, we should pay attention to "extremes meet", as well as "Tao" and "virtue"

3 1, living in 55 BC1-Confucius was a great thinker and educator in the first 479 years and the founder of Confucianism.

32. Confucius first established private schools in China. He has 3000 disciples and 72 saints.

33. Confucius made immortal contributions to the development of ancient culture in China. He compiled and edited six classics, such as Yi, Shi, Li, Yue, Lao Zi Sun Wu Tu, Shangshu and Chunqiu.

Confucius died at the age of 73 and was buried in the north of the capital of Lu (now Kong Lin in Qufu, Shandong). The former residence of Confucius was later converted into a "Confucius Temple".

Sun Wuxiang

35. Confucius' students recalled Confucius' daily teachings and life behaviors, and compiled a recorded book called The Analects, which became a Confucian classic and had a great influence on later generations.

36. Sun Wu was an outstanding strategist in the late Spring and Autumn Period. There are 13 famous art books handed down from ancient times.

Sun Tzu's art of war put forward many famous principles of war, such as "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle", "take the enemy by surprise" and "the enemy is unpredictable, and the water is unpredictable".

38. The fundamental purpose of Sun Tzu's Art of War is that the purpose of mastering war is to "defeat the enemy without fighting". Sun Tzu's Art of War is therefore called "the sacred book of military science", which is widely used in politics, diplomacy, commercial warfare, sports and other fields.

39. Sun Tzu's Art of War Sun Bin is another outstanding strategist, who wrote it in Sun Bin during the Warring States Period. Sun Bin is a descendant of Sun Wu.

40. Tian Ji, the general of the State of Qi, and the King of Qi suffered repeated defeats and battles in horse racing. Sun Bin taught Tian Ji to defeat the good horse of the King of Qi with his bad horse. Then use your first-class horse and middle-class horse to fight against the middle-class horse and the lower-class horse of the King of Qi respectively. Tian Ji won two games in a row, with a total score of 2: 1, and Tian Ji won. "Sun Bin Horse Racing" is a famous strategy.

4 1. After the Warring States began, all the vassal states claimed to be kings like Zhou Wang, among which seven powerful countries were called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States", and they launched a war of "sharing the world" and "one space".

42. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed in China. In recent years, 124 ancient musical instruments have been unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province.

A set of clocks

43. Among the unearthed bell and drum instruments, a set of grand bells is the most precious. This set of bells has been buried underground for more than 2400 years, and now it can still play ancient and modern music with accurate tone and beautiful tone. (right)

44. The first famous doctor in ancient China was Bian Que, a folk doctor at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

45. Bian Que was proficient in all kinds of medical skills, summed up the methods of his predecessors, and created four diagnostic methods: looking, smelling, asking and feeling, which were adopted by traditional medicine in China for thousands of years.

46. "A hundred schools of thought contend" was a fierce ideological confrontation during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. When the warring States period was fierce, it was also a time when a hundred schools of thought contended.

47. Qin was named as a vassal state in western China in 770 BC. Small territory and weak national strength have always been despised by the governors of the Central Plains. However, since the implementation of Shang Yang's political reform, the momentum of the country has been growing day by day, and it has soon become a powerful country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States.

48. In 238 BC, the brilliant King of Qin won the court and began to take charge of it. After a short period of 17 years, the other six countries were destroyed, China was unified in 22 1 year BC, and the Qin Dynasty was established.

49. After the Qin Dynasty destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Ying Zheng was called the "Emperor", which means that "Germany surpassed Huang San, and all five emperors achieved great success".

50. In order to change the chaotic situation caused by the division in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period for more than 500 years as soon as possible and consolidate the unification of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shihuang ordered the unification of the monetary system, and used Qin "half Liang" money with round square holes as the unified national currency.

5 1, Qin Shihuang also sent a letter to unify the measurement, and continued to take a series of measures such as "repairing roads, keeping cars on track, and keeping the text unchanged", which consolidated Qin's political power in the Great Wall of Wan Li.

52. Among the ancient Chinese characters in China, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen were the earliest, the Great Seal of the Western Zhou Dynasty and Loyalty and Forgiveness in the Warring States Period. In addition, some vassal States also have their own different personalities.

the Great Wall

53. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, it was stipulated that Xiao Zhuan was a unified font, which was popular all over the country. Later, a more convenient official script appeared in the Qin Dynasty. This font has been popular among officials and people since the Han Dynasty and is still widely used today.

54. Qin, Zhao, Yan and other northern vassal States built the Great Wall to resist the invasion of northern nomads. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he ordered the unconnected sections of the Great Wall to be connected into a whole, and then extended to the east and west, with a total length of 10000, which was called the Great Wall of Wan Li in history. Most of the Great Wall is built on high mountains, so it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. (Left)

55. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu led a large-scale peasant uprising; In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty was overthrown by armed forces led by Liu Bang.

56. Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for the throne in the Chu-Han War for four years.

57. In the great battle of Julu, Xiang Yu ordered his men to smash cauldrons and sink the ship ("burn the boat"), and only used three days' rations to show their determination to win the decisive battle. As a result, Xiang Yu's army won nine wars and nine victories, and made great contributions to the world, claiming to be "the overlord of the western Chu."

58. In Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang made a "three chapters of the Covenant" with the elders in Guanzhong: "The murderer dies, and the wounded steal", and ordered the abolition of all harsh laws in Qin Dynasty, explicitly prohibiting the army from disturbing the people. Liu Bang received wide support for his moral policy and was named "Hanwang".

59. In 202 BC, Liu Bang surrounded Xiang Yu and Xiang Yu committed suicide. Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu) founded the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD). In order to conform to the reality that the people feel at ease and look forward to rest, Liu Bang formulated various policies to reduce the burden on the people, which made the social economy develop rapidly.

60. After Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi continued to pursue the policy of recuperation. After 60 or 70 years' efforts in the early Han Dynasty, China experienced a prosperous period of political peace and economic prosperity, which was called "the rule of cultural scenes" in history.

6 1. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he opened up the western regions with his extraordinary talents and made great achievements, which made the Western Han Dynasty enter its heyday. It is precisely because they have successively completed the great cause of China's reunification and developed steadily that they are called "Qin Huang Wu Han" in history.

62. With the strength of the Western Han Empire, people in the Central Plains no longer called "Qin people" but generally called "Han people" and "Han people".

63. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and changed his country name to "Xin". However, due to his tyranny, Red Eyebrow and the outlaw hero uprising, Xiao Wei and Gongsun Shu supported themselves. In September of AD 23, outlaws invaded Chang 'an and Wang Mang was killed.

64. After Liu Bang, Wang Mang fought for the world during the period of civil strife. In 25 AD, the regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) was rebuilt, and Luoyang was its capital. He calls himself "Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty" and is known as "Guangxu Zhongxing" in history.

65. Silkworm rearing, spinning and weaving were great inventions of China people more than 5,000 years ago. In the 5th-6th century BC, silk spread to the Western Regions. By the Han Dynasty, silk was very developed. Caravans came in an endless stream, transporting all kinds of silk and silk products to the ancient Roman Empire, and the Silk Road began to take shape.

The earliest paper in ancient China was actually a kind of silk. In ancient times, a kind of silk (extremely fine silk) was used as "paper". So there were many silk books and paintings before the Han Dynasty.

67. In the early Western Han Dynasty, paper made of plant fibers, such as wadding paper and hemp paper, appeared.

68. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking and invented a cheap "Cai Hou Paper", which is smooth, thin and soft, low-cost and easy to write.

69. In order to consolidate the unified political power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty put forward "Confucianism alone", and Confucianism with Confucius as the core content began to occupy a dominant position and gradually formed Confucianism.

70. Around the Yuan Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into China from India along the Silk Road, which had a far-reaching impact on China culture in later generations. Taoism in China rose among the people in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

7 1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan competed for the world. Since then, various wars have taken place, including the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The final result is a tripartite confrontation, known as the Three Kingdoms in history (220-280 AD).

72. During the Three Kingdoms period, there were several famous figures in history, such as Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao, the incarnation of wisdom, and Guan Yu, a loyal hero. They were revered by China people in later generations.

Ge Hong, an alchemist in Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420), learned about the properties of some minerals and summarized a lot of chemical knowledge in the process of smelting various minerals. His book Bao Puzi is an important work of primitive chemistry.

74. Water Mirror is a monograph on river science by Sangqin in Han Dynasty, but it is too simple and has some omissions. In the Northern Dynasties (AD 386-58 1 year), Li Daoyuan took this book as the key link, made detailed comments, and named it Zhu.

75. Water Mirror Notes describe 65,438+0,252 waterways and rivers, including many historical events, figures, legends and myths, cultural relics and stone tablets. With 300,000 words, the book is a comprehensive geographical masterpiece.

76. Wang Xizhi was an outstanding calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17-420). It is said that he used to write in the pool when he was young, so he washed the inkstone in the pool and washed the water in the pool completely black. Therefore, he is called "Mo Chi", and there are many related places of interest, especially Lanting in Shaoxing, Zhejiang.

77. On the third day of March in 53 AD, Wang Xizhi and others drank wine and wrote poems in Lanting, and more than 40 masterpieces were compiled into an episode. Wang Xizhi personally wrote a preface called Preface to Lanting (right), which is a masterpiece of China's calligraphy. The real thing is lost.

78. The manufacturing process of porcelain is complicated, so porcelain appeared later than pottery. Primitive celadon only existed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. After a long development process, by the late Eastern Han Dynasty, China had been able to produce a large number of celadon with fine tires and bright colors. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, celadon produced by Yueyao in the south was the most famous.

In the nearly 400 years since the Three Kingdoms and the State of Wu, six dynasties established their capitals in Nanjing, which was later called "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties".

80. Liu Hui, a great mathematician in the Three Kingdoms period, first put forward the calculation method of pi, that is, the "cyclotomic method". Starting from the regular polygon inscribed in the circle, he obtained the approximate value of pi as 3. 14 159.

8 1, Zu Chongzhi, a mathematician in the Southern Dynasties, concluded that the pi of seven digits after the decimal point was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. This is more than 1000 years before European mathematicians calculate pi with the same accuracy.

82. After four or five hundred years of war, the Sui Dynasty was established in 58 1, and China was unified by Emperor Wendi in 589.

83. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was a wise king. He tried to run the country well. More than ten years have passed, and the treasuries all over the country are full, and there is no place to accommodate food, cloth and silk. Therefore, the laws and regulations of the Sui Dynasty were later inherited in the Tang Dynasty, and some of them were still used by future generations for a long time.

84. The imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty, and later the Jinshi branch was established. "Imperial Examination" refers to imperial examiners and "Jinshi" refers to Jinshi. The imperial examination system established in the Sui Dynasty lasted for more than 1000 years until the end of the Qing Dynasty.

85. During the Sui Dynasty, the economic center of China began to move southward, and a large amount of food wealth was transported from the south to the whole country. Therefore, in 605 AD, Emperor Yang Di ordered the construction of the Grand Canal running through the north and south.

86. The Grand Canal, with Luoyang as the center, reaches Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) in the south and Zhuo Jun (now Tongxian, Beijing) in the north, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. Embankment along the river and plant willows.

87. The Zhao Zhouqiao (formerly known as Anji Bridge) built by Li Chun, a craftsman of Sui Dynasty, is the most famous stone arch bridge in China history and the oldest stone arch bridge in the world. The single-hole arch span of this bridge is 37.37 meters, which is completely built of stones.

In 88.6 18, the Tang dynasty was established (6 18-907). In 626, Li Shimin succeeded to the throne as Emperor Taizong (left). Emperor Taizong paid great attention to pacifying the people. He often quoted the words of ancient Xunzi: "A monarch is a boat. Shu Ren, water also. Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it, so as to alert yourself and warn court officials.

89. Among the emperors in the history of China, Emperor Taizong was the best at listening to advice. He encouraged his deputies to speak out and protest, and he was always able to beat the impressionable.

90. Wei Zhi was a famous minister in the early Tang Dynasty. He often said, "Listening to everything makes people clear, but favoritism makes people dark." . He argued with the emperor more than 200 times in his life.

9 1. After Wei Zhi died, Emperor Taizong deeply regretted it. He said: "with copper as a mirror, you can dress;" Taking history as a mirror, we can know the rise and fall; Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. Wei Zhi didn't, I died a mirror! "

Li Longji kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1) of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous period in the ancient history of China, which was known as "the prosperous time of kaiyuan". At that time, the capital Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) had a population of one million, and there were tens of thousands of envoys, businessmen and overseas students from various countries. The accumulation of exotic things in all directions is extremely prosperous and rich.

93. In the Tang Dynasty, the Urban Shipping Department was established in Guangzhou (its chief is called the Urban Shipping Ambassador), which specializes in overseas trade.

94. Since the Tang Dynasty, many businessmen from the southeast coast have set sail for the sea. Every September1October, they go south to Southeast Asian countries to do business in the northeast monsoon, and then "return to Tangshan" with the southeast monsoon in March and April of the following year. These "Tang people" who lived in Tibet and immigrated to Southeast Asia became the earliest overseas Chinese.

95. After the Tang Dynasty, many countries called China people and overseas Chinese in the prosperous Tang Dynasty "Tangren", and the place where they lived together became Chinatown.

96. There were many talented people in the Tang Dynasty, and there were even more indomitable people who sacrificed their lives for righteousness. Celebrities such as Xuanzang walked alone in Tianzhu (India) to learn the scriptures, crossed the desert, climbed the snow-capped mountains and mountains, and ran into the Lin Mang swamp, which lasted 19 years and traveled 50,000 miles.

97. In the early days of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, monk Jian Zhen was defeated for crossing the sea by boat five times, but survived several times. After 12 years of suffering, although I was blind, my belief remained unchanged. He finally succeeded in crossing the sea six times and became a master in Japan.

98. In the fifteenth year of Tang Zhenguan, Princess Wencheng married into Tibet, bringing many craftsmen, skills, classics and species, which played a positive role in the development of Tibet.

99. Wu Zetian was the only female emperor in the history of China. She changed her country name to "Zhou". Wu Zetian is rich in power and can use people. She has been in power for more than 40 years. After her death, Tang Zhongzong was reset.

100. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong was politically clear and appointed sages, which was called Kaiyuan Shengshi. However, in her later years, Yang Guifei was spoiled, which led to the "Anshi Rebellion" and the fall of Chang 'an. Since then, the Tang Dynasty has declined from prosperity to decline.

10 1. The craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty used various minerals to burn blue, green and yellow colored pottery, so they were called Tang Sancai. Tang Sancai's works are mostly figures or animal figurines, all of which are lifelike and lifelike, and they are art treasures.

102. The style of painting in the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to the change of lines. Whether it is a common thing, a flying fairy in the clouds, or a geisha playing the lute, it gives people the aesthetic feeling of "the wind is flying in the sky and the walls are full of wind" and "the roots are strong".

103, the most accomplished astronomer in the Tang Dynasty was Monk and his party (formerly known as Zhang Sui). Through observation, he confirmed that the speed of the sun is uneven, fast and slow. The monk and his party also measured the meridian length on a large scale, which is the first time in the world.

104. There are "six ancient capitals" in the ancient history of China. They are Xi 'an in Shaanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanjing and Beijing in Jiangsu (the above four places are the capitals of many dynasties), Kaifeng in Henan and Hangzhou in Zhejiang (the capitals of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty respectively).

105. During the Tang Dynasty, China was the most advanced country in the East. The Japanese have sent more than ten groups of Tang envoys to study in China, with a number of 500 to 600. After returning to China, these Japanese envoys actively spread China's social system and culture, and promoted the friendly relations and cultural exchanges between China and Japan.

In A.D. 106 and 907, Zhu Wen abolished the emperor of the Tang Dynasty and established the Liang Dynasty, which was called Houliang in history. In the following 50 years, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Friday Dynasty successively ruled the Yellow River Basin, collectively known as the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD). During the same period, there were various places in the south and Shanxi in the north, and a total of 10 was divided into political power, which was collectively called ten countries. By 960 AD, the Song Dynasty was established, and the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries ended.

In A.D. 107 and 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the latter Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi (now the northeast of Kaifeng, Henan). His men dressed him in a yellow robe and made him emperor, with the title of "Song" and Kaifeng as its capital, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1 127). Zhao Kuangyin is Song Taizu.

108. In order to consolidate its rule, Song Taizu adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Zhao Pu and strengthened centralization. He held a banquet to relieve Shi Shouxin and others of their military power. This is the famous "relieving the soldiers with a glass of wine" in history.

109, Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in the Northern Song Dynasty. After he was appointed as prime minister by Song Shenzong, he carried out political reform and reorganized finance and military affairs, which was called "Wang Anshi's political reform". Later, due to the strong opposition of Sima Guang and others, the political reform ended in less than ten years.

1 10, Bao Zheng, an official in the Northern Song Dynasty, was an upright official. People regard him as a typical honest official, and respectfully call him, or Bao. China has many touching stories about Bao Gong, expressing people's admiration for him.

1 1 1 During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Buddhism prevailed everywhere. During the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu ordered the carving of the Tripitaka, which was the first large-scale printing of Buddhist scriptures in the history of China.

1 12. Science and technology in ancient China were quite developed. Gunpowder, papermaking, printing and compass are called four great inventions of ancient china.

1 13, Shen Kuo was a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, who was very proficient in astronomy, calendar, music, medicine and mathematics. He recorded his rich research results in On Meng Xi. In addition, he also recorded many inventions of working people at that time, such as movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng.

1 14. The invention and popularization of printing is known as the mother of world civilization. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing on the basis of block printing, which greatly improved the printing efficiency. About 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries and promoted the development of world civilization.

1 15. The invention of gunpowder is closely related to alchemy in ancient China. Because of its strong lethality, gunpowder was widely used in the military at the end of the Tang Dynasty. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder technology was greatly improved. Later, the manufacturing method of gunpowder spread to Arabia, and from Arabia to European countries.

China invented the compass long ago. During the Northern Song Dynasty, people invented a compass suitable for navigation, which pushed the navigation career to a new era. During this period, China's shipbuilding technology was also the most advanced in the world.

1 17, a large number of gold, silver, copper, iron and other mineral deposits were mined during the Northern Song Dynasty. Copper coins were the standard currency at that time, and the amount of casting was very large. Today, they have been unearthed in vast areas as far east as Japan and west as Europe and Africa.

1 18, the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty was very developed. There are many kinds of porcelain in Song Dynasty, with exquisite designs, and a large number of them are exported overseas. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi has become a famous porcelain capital in China.

1 19. In the Song Dynasty, the main currencies circulating in the market were copper coins, iron coins and gold and silver. For the convenience of carrying, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan in the early Northern Song Dynasty, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The use of paper money provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity.

120, the Song Dynasty made outstanding achievements in acupuncture and forensic medicine. Yi Yuan Ji is the first systematic work of forensic medicine in China, which is more than 300 years earlier than similar works in the West.

12 1, Sima Guang was a famous historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. It took him 19 years to compile Zi Tongzhi Jian, which is a well-known chronological general history, covering more than 300 years from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties19.

122. At the end of the Song Dynasty, a group of people led by Song Jiang revolted in Liangshan, Shandong. Later, The Water Margin, one of China's classical Four Great Classical Novels, was written under this background.

123. During the Song Dynasty, some regimes established by other nationalities appeared in China, such as Liao established by Qidan, Jin established by Jurchen nationality and Xixia established by Tangut. In A.D. 1 127, the Jin army attacked Kaifeng and captured the Northern Song emperors Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. Zhao Gou, another son of Hui Zong, proclaimed himself emperor. He fled to the south and established political power in Hangzhou, becoming the Southern Song Dynasty in history (A.D. 1 127- 1279).

124, Yue Fei was a famous gold fighter in the Southern Song Dynasty. He led the army to the north to recover the territory of Song State occupied by Jin Jun, but was killed by others on trumped-up charges. Yue Fei was buried by the West Lake in Hangzhou. In order to commemorate him, later generations put a kneeling statue of Qin Gui and others cast with pig iron in front of his grave, expressing their strong hatred for the traitor.

125, 127 1 year. After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he attacked the Southern Song Dynasty on a large scale. Wen Tianxiang, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, organized military and civilian resistance and was captured after his failure. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty used various methods to persuade him to surrender. He would rather die than surrender, and wrote poems such as Song Zhengqi and Crossing the Ocean, which showed indomitable national integrity. The phrase "Who has never died in life since ancient times? In Zero Zero and Ding Yang, "Keep the heart of Dan and shine on history" has become a famous saying throughout the ages.

126, Mongolian is an ancient nationality in northern China. At the end of 12, Temujin unified the Mongolian ministries after more than ten years of war. 1206 was elected as the Great Khan of Mongolia, honorably called "Genghis Khan", which means "a powerful monarch".

127, Kublai Khan is the grandson of Genghis Khan. 127 1 year established the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.1271-1368), which was called Yuan Shizu. During and after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, a large-scale land expansion war was launched, which spread westward to the Danube River basin in Europe and had a great impact on the development of world history.

128. In the history of China, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was larger than that of any previous dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty practiced the provincial system and effectively ruled the whole country. Most of the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty were world-famous commercial centers, and most of them were now Beijing in China.

129, in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty, cotton was widely planted all over the country, and the cotton textile industry was developed. Cotton cloth became the main material of Jiangnan people, which was an important event in China's ancient economic life. In Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo promoted the advanced cotton spinning technology of Li nationality, which made great contributions to the development of cotton textile industry.

130 During the Yuan Dynasty, there were frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries. Kyle Polo, a famous Italian traveler, wrote a book "Travels of Marco Polo", which vividly described the prosperity of metropolis, Hangzhou and other cities and inspired Europeans' yearning for China.

13 1. During the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of Persians and Arabs who believed in Islam moved to China. They lived together with the Han, Mongolian, Uygur and other ethnic groups for a long time and merged with each other, and began to form a new ethnic Hui. 132, the Yuan Dynasty had trade with many countries and regions. Quanzhou, Fujian Province was the largest port in Yuan Dynasty, and it was ranked as the largest port in the world along with Alexandria, Egypt. There are many Erythrina trees growing in Quanzhou, so it is famous as Erythrina City.

133, 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang led a peasant uprising, overthrew the Yuan regime and established the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), with Zhu Yuanzhang as Ming Taizu. Nanjing was the capital in the early Ming Dynasty. Later, Ming Chengzu moved to Beijing.

During the nearly 30 years from 134, 1405 to 1433, Zheng He's fleet made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa. Zheng He's treasure ship model (right)

135, 14 17, King Sulu (now the Philippines) led more than 300 people to China and died in Shandong on his way home. Ming Chengzu held a grand funeral for him. After the Ming Dynasty, China repaired Sulu Mausoleum many times to express China's condolences to the Philippine friendly envoy. 136. During the Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirates often harassed the southeast coast of China. They colluded with local tyrants and profiteers in the Ming Dynasty, plundered property everywhere and covered their mouths, which did great harm to the coastal areas of China. These robbers are called "Japanese pirates". Qi Jiguang, the general of the Ming Dynasty, organized an army to defeat the enemy. 1565, Qi Jiguang and Yu joined forces to wipe out the Japanese invaders who had been running rampant for more than a hundred years. In the late Ming Dynasty, Gu Xiancheng and Gao Panlong gave lectures at Donglin College in Wuxi, Jiangsu. They often talk about state affairs in the academy and attack those in power. These people are called the Lindong Party. At that time, the dictatorship of the great eunuch Wei Zhongxian was dangerous and cruel, and Lindong party member was not afraid of persecution. They denounced Wei Zhongxian and others as "eunuchs" and waged an indomitable struggle against them. 138, the Ming dynasty stipulated that the imperial examination system was used to select officials. The government stipulates that the imperial examination can only be put forward within the scope of the four books and five classics, and candidates cannot have personal opinions. Style should be mechanically divided into eight parts, called "eight-part essay". 139. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Jie Jin and other 3,000 people were selected by Ming Chengzu to edit Yongle Dadian. The book *** 1 10095 contains seven or eight thousand kinds of books, which is the largest book in China. This book has been copied into two parts. The original was later burned, and the replica was burned and looted twice in 1860 when British and French troops invaded Beijing and 1900 when Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing. At present, there are only over 300 copies left. 140, Li Shizhen, an outstanding medical scientist in Ming dynasty, wrote a summary pharmaceutical masterpiece Compendium of Materia Medica after more than 20 years, which became an important document of world medicine 14 1. During the Ming Dynasty, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci came to China. While preaching, he also actively spread western scientific and cultural knowledge, and Ming Shenzong gave him great support. Matteo Ricci has made outstanding contributions to the scientific and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. His tomb is in the west of Beijing. 142 Anti-Qing Struggle of Nanming Regime 1843 Pacify San Francisco Rebellion 177 1 Kangxi Emperor's War against Russia 1872 Signing of Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Treaty 144 Pacify Junggar Rebellion 74 Uprising of People of All Nationalities in Qing Dynasty.