How about pouring a bucket of water on the moon?

Let's deduce what it feels like to pour a bucket of water on the surface of the moon. First, you prepare a bucket of water in the lunar module. At this time, the water is still about one atmosphere, which is no different from our common water state. When you put on your spacesuit, lift water to relieve the pressure in the cabin. (You can't open the hatch without relieving the pressure.) As the air pressure drops, the water begins to boil, and then it may all evaporate before opening the hatch.

In another case, you take a closed bucket and fill it with water. The bucket should be stronger. When you get out of the lunar module and enter the surface of the moon, you must be careful when you open the lid, because the water will explode at the moment you open the lid. Then you will see radial water vapor scattered in the empty sky of the moon. Even if you have to land on the surface of the moon. Water will also evaporate quickly, which is basically what you see. Whether it is day or night, the effect is similar.

The deduction of this phenomenon is based on the following knowledge points.

First, the boiling point of water is directly proportional to the atmospheric pressure, that is, the atmospheric pressure rises, the boiling point of water also rises, the atmospheric pressure drops, and the boiling point of water drops.

Secondly, for pure water, the boiling point temperature will drop by about 1 every 300 meters.

(1) Relationship between boiling point of water and pressure: When the pressure is 760/mmHg, the boiling point of water is 100. When the pressure is 380, 7 10, 780, 760 2, 760 5 and 760 10/mmHg, the boiling points of water are 8 1, 98. 1, 100.7 and 65437 respectively.

Third, in fact, there is no pressure in a vacuum, so as long as water exists in a vacuum, it will vaporize immediately. Theoretically, there is no liquid in a vacuum. In a vacuum, water evaporates very quickly.

4. How hot is the surface of the moon?

It may surprise you, but believe it or not, the daytime temperature of the moon can reach around 130 when the sun is overhead. Without the sun, the temperature can drop to-1 10 at night.

There are many different answers to this question on the Internet. You will find that other people's estimates are-153 to 65438+400K,-173 to 127,-130 to 93,-193 (polar) to/kloc-0.

Five, three ways of heat conduction

You might think it would be a big problem to walk on the surface of the moon at a temperature of 130. Some "swindlers" claimed that astronauts wearing spacesuits could not survive in such high temperatures, but they forgot that astronauts who walked in space outside the space shuttle also experienced the same extreme temperature conditions. The main reason is that there is no air on the surface of the moon and it is impossible to exchange heat. Except where the feet are in direct contact with the surface of the moon. Only infrared radiation conduction is left.

Simply put, it is evaporation or freezing. This is due to the special environmental conditions of the moon.

First of all, the moon has no atmosphere and is highly vacuum. Compared with the earth, when the vacuum on the earth is lower than1.33310-1~1.33310-6pa, this high vacuum without atmosphere is called high vacuum. The vacuum degree of the moon has reached 1.3x 10-7pa, but this vacuum is not an extreme vacuum. Compared with the distant space, the atmosphere of the moon is extremely thin. The vacuum in space can reach less than 1 hydrogen atom per cubic centimeter, while there are 8000 atoms on the moon.

Secondly, the high vacuum of the moon can't retain moisture and heat, thus forming a cold and hot environment with a temperature difference of 340 degrees between day and night. This day and night is bounded by whether the sun can shine. Where the sun shines, the temperature reaches 160 degrees Celsius, and where there is no sun, the temperature drops rapidly to-180 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the sun moves very slowly on the moon, and rotates only once every half month, which means that you stay in one place for half a month in the scorching sun and half a month in the cold.

What is your state of splashing a bucket of water in such an environment?

That is, before you start splashing water, Bai Tianshui evaporates quickly; At night, it will evaporate and freeze at the same time, and it is likely to evaporate half a bucket of water, leaving half a bucket to form ice bumps.

The problem is how to lift this bucket of water. Be sure to seal the lunar module when you take it, or the bumps will spill in the module. Of course, astronauts must wear spacesuits before they can leave the cabin, otherwise they will soon become mummies. Is this bucket of water in a heavy spacesuit open? Still covered? You have to struggle for a long time.

Cover it. Speaking of the vacuum of the moon, I'm afraid the lid won't open, and the bucket should be strong, otherwise it will be deformed by vacuum. Open the lid. If the astronauts land at night and climb down the gangway with buckets, there will be a state of semi-evaporation and semi-ice bumps, and there will be no splashing under the gangway. What if it's daytime? Once out of the cabin, the water was gone before climbing two stairs.

The bucket that was carried down at night evaporated instantly during the day. Of course, there is another possibility, that is, landing in the permanent shadow area of the polar region of the moon, the water will always be in a state of semi-evaporation and semi-ice bumps, and only the bucket will remain there, becoming an eternal relic, waiting for the arrival of archaeologists.

That's it. It doesn't seem to be as earth-shattering as everyone imagined. Are you disappointed?

Original copyright, welcome to discuss. The first step: instant boiling; Step 2: Either evaporate or turn into ice and stay on the surface of the moon temporarily. Water has three states: water, liquid and solid. Pour a bucket of water on the moon, what will happen to the water in the end? Mainly depends on two factors on the moon: air pressure and temperature.

First, the pressure on the surface of the moon As a satellite of the earth, the moon is not effectively protected by the magnetic field, so the moon does not have the conditions to form an atmosphere. In other words, the atmosphere formed is also very thin. In fact, the atmospheric density on the surface of the moon is less than 1% of that of the earth, and the absence of atmosphere directly leads to almost no atmospheric pressure on the surface of the moon. We know that air pressure will affect the boiling point of water. If you pour a bucket of water on the moon at near zero pressure, the water will boil instantly. This is the first step!

Second, the temperature of the moon's surface The moon has no atmosphere, and it is highly vacuum, so it can't retain moisture and heat, forming a cold and hot environment, and the temperature difference between day and night reaches 340 degrees. This day and night is bounded by whether the sun can shine. Where the sun shines, the temperature reaches 160 degrees Celsius, and where there is no sun, the temperature drops rapidly to-180 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the sun moves slowly on the moon, rotating only once every half a month, which means that if you stay in a place on the moon for half a month, you will suffer from scorching and freezing for half a month.

Step two:

In "daytime": when the sun is in direct sunlight, the surface temperature is as high as 120 degrees Celsius, which exceeds the boiling point of water 100 degrees Celsius, so this bucket of water is likely to turn into a wisp of steam and "disappear in the smoke".

Night: MINUS 180 degrees Celsius, this bucket of water is likely to become "irregular" beads, fall into space, become a crystal clear "night pearl", and drift in space.

How about pouring a bucket of water on the moon?

To discuss this topic, we must first understand the conditions on the moon and the characteristics of water, so as to discuss this issue more happily, otherwise it will be an armchair strategist!

The moon is the closest celestial body to the earth, and the earth is a livable planet in the solar system, but the moon and the earth are very different!

Distance to Earth: 384,000 kilometers

Moon diameter: 3476.28km.

Monthly temperature: the lowest is-183 and the highest is 127.

Lunar atmosphere: the moon has no macro atmosphere, and the atmospheric pressure is 1.3 10 kPa, which is almost zero!

Understand the conditions of the moon and understand the characteristics of launch!

The boiling point of water at one atmospheric pressure is 100, and the freezing point is 0.

However, water can't remain liquid at near-zero atmospheric pressure, and it will boil directly! It would be fun if a bucket of water fell on the moon. Liquid water without atmospheric pressure will boil immediately, and the boiling of water will take away a lot of heat. Although boiling will also take away a lot of water vapor, the remaining water is enough to cool below zero, so if there is enough water, it is enough to see water ice on the surface of the moon!

First, the temperature of the moon is very high during the day, so solid ice can't exist on the surface of the moon, so it will thaw and boil again until the water vapor evaporates!

Second, night boiling will take away heat and freeze, and will not thaw again. If it is at the poles or other shadow areas, then the water ice will be preserved forever!

The picture above shows the distribution of water and ice on the moon. The colder blue means more water and ice, and the warmer red means less! So it seems that there is a lot of water on the moon. Of course, it is obvious that this kind of water ice only exists in polar regions where sunlight cannot reach! We can be sure that the future moon base will be built in high latitudes near the poles, where water ice and sunlight can be obtained. After all, water has really solved too many problems. The moon's sunlight is not blocked by the atmosphere, so there is little difference between high and low latitudes. As long as the angle of the solar cell is adjusted, it is actually the same as that in the equatorial region. Of course, the construction conditions of solar power plants may be improved and the site selection conditions will be harsh!

However, similar to the Earth, the Moon also has the phenomenon of polar sun, mainly because the inclination angle of its axis of rotation is only 1.5, so its poles are more prone to polar sun than the Earth, and the conditions of the north and south poles are similar (because the inclination angle is very small, the Earth is 23.5). Simply put, maybe the future moon base will be built in the polar day area of the moon. At this stage, sunlight is still extremely important to human beings!

I forgot to explain a problem. Because the rotation of the moon is in tidal locking, the revolution and rotation of the moon are consistent, about 27.3 days. However, due to the change of the revolution angle of the earth, there will be a two-day lag, about 29.5 days, so the day and night of the moon are 14.5 days, and we can make do with the low latitude of the moon during the day, but we can't stand any batteries for half a month at night.

This question is quite interesting.

The action of splashing water on the ground is a common operation on the earth, but because of the great difference between the environment of the moon and the earth, the results of the same simple action are fundamentally different.

Let's talk about grades first. The water may be lost when poured out, or it may freeze. A big difference between the moon and the earth is that the moon has no atmosphere because of its small mass and no magnetic field. The reason why the earth can maintain a suitable temperature is that the atmosphere can resist and absorb most of the radiation, so that the surface will not be too hot. At night, it can also play the role of heat preservation, so that the long-wave radiation on the ground will not be completely released.

Without the atmosphere, the absorption and release of radiation are more intense and direct, which leads to the great temperature difference between day and night of the moon, and the temperature can reach 127 under direct sunlight. At night, the temperature will drop to MINUS 180, and the temperature difference between day and night will be 300! ! !

And there is no atmosphere, the moon is basically a vacuum environment, and the atmospheric pressure is only1.310-10 kpa.

Let's talk about the phase state of water first. The three phases of water should be familiar to everyone, solid, liquid and gas, and the three phases can be transformed into each other. We usually say that the boiling point of water is 100 and the freezing point is 0, all on the premise of 1 standard atmospheric pressure.

But the change of pressure will affect the boiling point and freezing point temperature of water. When the atmospheric pressure decreases, the boiling temperature of water will obviously decrease-water in high altitude mountainous areas is obviously easier to boil than that in plain areas. The freezing point temperature of water will also change, but the change is not as big as the boiling point. Generally speaking, the freezing point temperature will decrease slightly with the increase of pressure.

When the atmospheric pressure drops to a certain extent, water cannot exist in liquid form.

The critical value of this atmospheric pressure is 0.6 1 kPa, that is, when the atmospheric pressure is less than 0.6 1 kPa, there are only water-solid and gas phases. The lower the pressure, the lower the critical temperature of direct gasification of ice into water vapor. When the atmospheric pressure is only 1Pa, the conversion temperature of ice and water vapor may be lower than -50.

So, when you pour water on the moon, it is impossible to have such a picture:

At the moment when water is exposed to the moon's atmosphere, if it is in the daytime when the temperature is as high as 120, then water will directly evaporate into gas; If the temperature is as low as-180 at night, then the water is likely to exist in the form of ice and cannot be poured out.

Ouyang Ziyuan, an academician of China Academy of Sciences, is the father of Chang 'e satellite. He once described the situation of the moon in a speech.

The surface environment of the moon is very bad. The temperature is above zero 100 degrees during the day and below zero 100 degrees at night.

The temperature difference between day and night reaches 300 degrees. So it's important to pour water. It may be water vapor directly during the day, and ice cubes may not come out directly at night.

More importantly, there is a vacuum on the surface of the moon. What container are you going to use to hold water and buckets? Spacesuit bucket? The pressure difference is too large, and the container breaks directly. How can you pour water when you can't even hold it? As for how to pour a bucket of water on the moon, my personal opinion is that it depends on where the moon moves to draw a conclusion, but usually at the high temperature on the surface of the moon, the water will be completely evaporated. Why do you say that? Because the orbit of the moon moves around the equatorial plane of the earth at an angle of 23 degrees, it is divided into the sun surface and the back of the earth with the earth orbit as the boundary. No matter whether the moon is located on the surface of the sun or on the back of the earth, it will always be illuminated by sunlight most of the time.

Because of the different temperature difference of solar thermal energy, the temperature of the moon on the surface of the sun is higher, with an average of 160 degrees Celsius. When the moon is in a straight line between the sun and the moon, or during a total lunar eclipse, the temperature on the surface of the sun is extremely high, reaching more than 280 degrees Celsius. In the case of direct sunlight, the temperature of the moon is lower than that of the sun, and the average temperature is about 100 degrees Celsius. However, when the moon is in a straight line between the sun and the moon, the sun will be completely covered by the earth, and there will be a total darkness effect on the moon, and the temperature will drop sharply to MINUS 100 degrees Celsius or below, but this situation will appear in every cycle of the moon for a short time.

According to the latest exploration, the moon itself has water, but it is not "liquid water" in our traditional sense. According to the latest exploration and analysis abroad, people can basically judge that the moon itself contains "water", and water is basically embodied in solid and gaseous forms. Especially in the polar regions of the moon, the reserves of "water" are significantly higher than those in other regions.

Since the moon itself has water, it is easy for us to understand the problem of "pouring a bucket of water on the moon". Basically, water will change from liquid to solid or gas immediately, just like the existing water on the moon.

Why can't "liquid water" exist on the moon? In fact, there are two core factors:

1 influence of air pressure

Because the surface of the moon is basically in a vacuum state, there is basically no air pressure. We all know that the boiling point of water is directly related to the air pressure. The lower the air pressure, the lower the boiling point of water. Therefore, on the surface of the moon without air pressure, liquid water will basically boil and vaporize instantly.

2 the influence of temperature

The temperature difference of the moon is very obvious. It may rise to 130℃ during the day and drop to-180℃ at night, with the temperature difference exceeding 300 degrees. So this temperature difference may also affect the state of "the moon pours water". If the temperature is extremely low, liquid water may become solid, but it should eventually sublimate into gas.

On the moon, "pouring a bucket of water" is actually very difficult. As mentioned above, the environment on the surface of the moon is quite special. It is not easy for astronauts to pour a bucket of water on it. First of all, water needs to be sealed, otherwise it will be evaporated before it reaches the surface of the moon. Even if a closed container is filled with water, there may be some dangers at the moment when the container is opened. The liquid water in the container may change instantly, or it may cause splashing or explosion.

The core of the difference is the difference of "atmosphere". The core reason why the liquid water on the surface of the moon and the earth is so different is that the earth has an atmosphere and the moon does not. No atmosphere means no air pressure, and the temperature change on the surface of the planet is bound to be greater.

Therefore, although the moon is the closest planet to us, it is actually not the most suitable planet for us to live in, which is why humans now pay more attention to the exploration of planets such as Mars. After all, these planets all have a certain atmosphere, which is more like the earth in theory.

Of course, human exploration of the moon is not only for future "interstellar immigrants". In fact, there are rare mineral resources on the surface of the moon. If mankind can make use of it, it will surely become a brand-new motive force to promote the sustainable development of human civilization.

The above personal views are for reference only.

As usual, say the answer first: ashes? A thousand miles of ice?

As we all know, space is an extremely cold environment, that is, an extremely cold environment. The average temperature is about 270 degrees below zero, and cosmic rays are everywhere, resulting in the unique bipolar climate of the moon.

The climate of the moon is very strange because we can't define it with a specific concept. There is a great temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon. The temperature in direct sunlight during the day is as high as 120 degrees Celsius, and it will drop to-180 degrees Celsius at night. Knowing this, we can divide the problem into two parts.

If the surface temperature is as high as 120℃ in the "daytime" with direct sunlight, and we know that the boiling point of water is 100℃, then this bucket of water is likely to become a wisp of steam and "disappear into the smoke".

Then if it is at night, this bucket of water is likely to become "irregular" beads. At night, under the condition of MINUS 180 degrees Celsius, the water drops falling into space will become crystal clear "night pearls" and float in space.

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The atmospheric pressure on the moon is only 10- 10 kPa. On the earth, the boiling point of water will also decrease due to the decrease of atmospheric pressure on the mountain.

On the front of the moon, due to the sunlight, the temperature on the surface of the moon is very high, usually above 120. When water is poured on the surface of the moon through a special container, it will boil violently and lose heat just after it flows out of the special container, thus solidifying and falling to the surface of the moon, and gradually subliming due to high temperature.

On the back of the moon, the temperature is as low as-180. When water is poured out of a special container, due to its own temperature, it will still boil on the surface of the moon with almost no air pressure, and it will solidify into ice and fall to the surface of the moon more quickly.

When the sun slowly arrives here, the ice will gradually sublimate due to the rising temperature.

Why do you repeatedly emphasize that it is a special container?

Because, if it is not a special container, you can't pour water at all, because when you just open the bottle cap, the water has been frozen in the bottle and can't be poured out.

My humble opinion, welcome comments!