Didn't you say there was something wrong with the water?

Study on Rural Drinking Water Safety in China

1 preface

Water is the source of life, and drinking water is the basic requirement of human survival.

Safe and reliable rural drinking water is directly related to the physical and mental health of rural people.

Health and quality of life are related to building a well-off society in an all-round way and social owners.

The realization of the goal of building a new countryside. Rural drinking water safety refers to rural drinking water.

Water quality, water quantity, convenience and guarantee rate are all achieved.

Meet the minimum standards set by the state. According to the safety and sanitation of rural drinking water in China

The standards stipulated in the evaluation index system: ① The water quality requirements meet the national "life"

Hygienic standard for drinking water. (2) Water T requires the water that everyone can use every day.

T is not less than 20-60 liters. (3) It is convenient for people to fetch water back and forth.

No more than 10 plus one minute. ④ The guarantee rate is not less than 90%. river

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to rural drinking water safety.

For half a century, governments at all levels in China have been trying to solve the problem of drinking water for farmers.

Unremitting efforts have been made to solve the water problem, and various rural water supply workers have been established throughout the country.

More than 3 million places were built, which solved the drinking water problem of 2160 thousand people.

2) x) After the United Nations Millennium Development Goals were put forward in September, the China Municipal Government accumulated

The response was extremely rapid, and a series of important measures were taken to promote the safety of drinking water in rural areas.

Safety work, in 2005, the general office of the State Council issued a special "About Canada.

Notice of the State Council on Vigorously Ensuring the Safety of Drinking Water, 2007

Approved the Eleventh Five-Year Plan of the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project,

Put forward clear requirements and comprehensive regulations for doing a good job in rural drinking water safety.

Row; The 11th National Economic and Social Development of People's Republic of China (PRC)

The outline of the five-year plan further clearly points out that rural drinking water safety is

One of the key projects of new rural construction is to solve the problem of 1 100 million rural housing.

People who drink high fluorine water, high arsenic water, brackish water, polluted water and schistosomiasis areas,

Water quality standards such as microorganisms exceeding the standard, some areas are seriously short of water.

At the same time, the state and local governments regard rural drinking water safety as

People's livelihood projects are placed in a prominent position in all work, and rural areas continue to increase their income.

Investment and construction scale of drinking water safety project. According to statistics, plus oo one

In September 2008, the whole country invested 61800 million yuan, of which the central government invested 61800 million yuan.

3 1 1 billion yuan was allocated, and local facilities and farmers raised 30.7 billion yuan by themselves.

Solved the drinking water difficulties and unsafe problems of 65.438+0.6 billion rural population, and improved.

In the first six years, the goals set in the United Nations Millennium Declaration have been achieved. As can be understood,

In the past 10 years, the state will also invest 65.5 billion yuan to solve the drinking water problem of rural population.

The problem of water security will basically solve the problem of 323 million rural population by 20 15.

The issue of drinking water safety will be basically popularized in rural areas by 2020.

Laishui 12 easy

2 China's rural drinking water safety status and problems

Although China's rural drinking water safety work has made remarkable achievements in stages

Achievements, but because China is a developing country with a large population of 654.38+300 million.

More than 70% of the population lives in rural areas. At present, in more than 900 million rural areas of China.

Among the population, there are still more than 300 million people whose drinking water cannot meet the safety standards. middle

China is also a country with relatively scarce water resources, with a per capita water resource.

There are few plates, the rainfall is unevenly distributed in time and space, and drinking water is difficult in many rural areas or

The problem of drinking water safety is outstanding, which seriously affects people's lives and threatens.

People's health.

According to the National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Water Resources and Ministry of Health in recent years,

According to the investigation and evaluation results of rural drinking water safety in China, rural drinking water in China is not

The safe population is 323 million, accounting for 340/0 of the rural population. In which drinking water

There are 227 million people with unsafe quality, accounting for the proportion of unsafe drinking water in rural areas of China.

70% of the population, the other 30% is water, convenience or guarantee rate can not be reached.

Target population. [3]

In 2006-2007, the National Patriotic Health Association and the Ministry of Health jointly organized the whole

The results of the first rural drinking water and environmental sanitation survey in China showed that 44%

The water samples under investigation did not reach the basic hygiene and safety. Rural drinking water

The main source is groundwater, and 75% of the population drinks groundwater.

The population of surface water accounts for only 25%, and the rate of surface water exceeding the standard is 40%.

The over-standard rate of launching reached 46%. 45% of the rural population is adopting a decentralized system.

Water supply type, and basically use raw water directly, its over-standard rate reached.

48%。 The rural drinking water situation in China needs to be improved urgently. 14 1

According to the annual report of China Water Network in 2008, "China Water Administration

Policy and risk analysis), there are more than 80 (x) rural population in China at present.

The fluorine content in drinking water exceeds the hygienic standard for drinking water, with more than 4(XX) people.

When drinking brackish water, the population affected by high arsenic water has reached millions.

3 the main causes of rural drinking water safety problems

At present, the main reasons for unsafe drinking water in rural areas are

The following aspects:

3. 1 Water resources are seriously polluted.

First of all, a large number of wastewater discharges pollute the water source. It is understood that every China

The annual wastewater discharge is about 60 billion tons, which is distributed in rivers, lakes and shallow water areas all over the country.

The groundwater on the second floor is polluted by children. Second, rural wastewater and garbage are out of order.

Discharge polluted water sources. According to the calculation of relevant departments, the annual domestic garbage in rural areas

T is about 280 million tons, domestic sewage is about 9 billion tons, and human excrement is produced.

The annual output of urine is 260 million tons. These huge pollution sources are harmful to rural drinking water.

Water security brings serious security risks. Relevant survey data show that agriculture

About 60% of the water sources in the village have pollution sources. L5] Third, some areas are made up of

Due to the influence of geological structure and hydrogeological conditions, drinking water in local rural areas

Fluorine, arsenic, iron, manganese and salinity are on the high side, which is harmful to people.

Everyone's health. Fourth, the "three wastes" of industrial pollution exceeded the standard, especially

Unreasonable mining development affects industrial sewage and mines containing harmful substances.

Slag enters the water body and causes pollution. Fifth, environmental pollution is gradually shifting from cities to cities.

Rural transfer, many polluting enterprises moved to the countryside, these pollution sources are divided into

Decentralized, involving a wide range, high pollutant concentration, difficult to control, suitable for rural areas.

There are great hidden dangers in drinking water safety. Sixth, some towns and villages with serious pollution.

Enterprises started construction, which led to serious environmental pollution in rural areas. Seventh, agriculture.

The capacity building of rural drinking water safety monitoring is insufficient. In the vast rural areas,

Because of the scattered water sources, small scale and unstable water quality and quantity, most of them are exploited.

The way of drinking raw water directly is adopted, so the centralized water supply rate is low, and the drinking water is low.

Without the necessary means of quality monitoring, the water quality can hardly be guaranteed.

3.2 Rural non-point source and point source pollution is becoming increasingly serious.

One is the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural production. According to the preliminary system

China rural areas use about 36 million tons of chemical fertilizer every year.

The dosage of drugs is about 6,543,800 tons, and there are a lot of residual fertilizers and pesticides in the soil.

Cause pollution. L6] Second, agricultural solid wastes such as crop straws are not combined.

Recycling, stacking everywhere or stacking along rivers and lakes, a large number of infiltration.

Liquid is discharged into water body or directly washed into rivers to pollute water quality. The third is in recent years.

In recent years, rural eco-tourism has produced rural environmental pollution. four

It is the rapid development of livestock and poultry breeding that produces a large number of unusable feces.

Effective treatment, livestock manure pollution problem is becoming more and more serious. Fifth, farmers' livestock

Circles and toilets are generally not up to standard, causing pollution.

3.3 Some leaders and the masses are concerned about rural drinking water safety.

deficient

Some local governments pay more attention to economic growth than water source protection, but fail to undertake it effectively.

"Responsible for environmental quality" and "Improving the sanitary conditions of drinking water in rural areas"

The responsibility of. Some farmers do not have a strong awareness of drinking water safety and are generally right.

There is a general numbness in the problem of water quality exceeding the standard, and at the same time there is a lack of water.

The awareness of resource hardship and the concept of water saving are extremely weak.

3.4 Rural drinking water safety laws and regulations are not perfect.

At present, China's laws and regulations on rural drinking water are scattered around the ring.

In health, health, construction and other laws and regulations, the subject of implementation is basically different.

It is. At the same time, rural drinking water safety laws and regulations do not match.

The standards are not uniform, the coverage is not comprehensive, and the legal provisions are not specific.

Wait for questions.

3.5 Rural drinking water safety project construction funds are insufficient.

Rural water improvement is a social system with strong policy and wide coverage.

There are many projects and construction projects, and the capital investment is large. The shortage of funds has always been a shadow.

One of the main reasons for the construction of acoustic water improvement project. On the one hand, local financial difficulties

Difficulties, insufficient investment, on the other hand, the rural collective economy is relatively weak, the village

The people's enthusiasm for raising funds is not high, the policy guidance is weak, and the new investment system is still very poor.

Not formed, resulting in small coverage of drinking water projects and low construction standards.

3.6 Rural drinking water safety science and technology strength is relatively weak.

At present, there are many scientific researches on rural drinking water safety.

There is no systematic and comprehensive investigation and evaluation of drinking water sources.

And the water quality monitoring of rural drinking water sources is basically blank.

3.7 Rural drinking water safety project operation and management lack of good.

At present, the water-using enterprises in rural drinking water safety projects are generally small in scale.

Equipment aging, weak management and technical foundation, high water production cost, no

Adapt to the needs of rural drinking water safety standard construction. Decentralized water supply, small-scale

Rural areas with large-scale centralized water supply have almost no water treatment facilities and can be directly drunk.

Source water causes bacteriological indexes, pollutants and harmful substances in drinking water.

The problem of quality exceeding the standard is serious. At the same time, the price of centralized water supply in rural areas is low.

It is difficult to collect water charges, which makes it difficult for rural water-making enterprises to survive and develop.

4 Countermeasures to solve the problem of rural drinking water safety

Trying to solve the problem of rural drinking water safety is to implement the people-oriented principle.

Read and implement Scientific Outlook on Development, develop people's livelihood and water conservancy, and promote socialism

The important content of building a new countryside and building a harmonious socialist society is correct.

In order to ensure the health and safety of farmers and improve farmers.

It is of great significance to improve the quality of life and accelerate the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way.

Meaning. In order to further improve this work, the following countermeasures are put forward:

4. 1 Raise awareness, strengthen leadership and establish and improve rural drinking water.

Long-term safety management mechanism

First, local governments should further improve the safety of rural drinking water.

To understand the topic, we should fully realize that the rural drinking water safety project is the new China.

Since its establishment, public finance has benefited the most extensive farmers in water conservancy development.

Many livelihood projects should put this work on the important agenda.

Strive to develop people's livelihood and water conservancy, through rational protection and allocation of water resources, large

Strive to prevent and control water pollution, carry out the construction of rural drinking water safety projects, and establish

Reasonable water price formation mechanism, implementation of water conservation and strengthening supervision and management.

Measures to ensure the drinking water demand and safety of rural residents, and constantly build for the people.

Fu. Second, strengthen the leadership of rural drinking water safety construction,

The implementation of administrative leadership responsibility system at all levels, by signing letters of responsibility with other parties.

Type, step by step to implement the responsibility. The third is to establish and improve the rural drinking water safety management.

Long-term mechanism, development and reform commission, finance, water conservancy, health, environmental protection, land,

Construction and other functional departments should clarify their responsibilities, cooperate closely, and study and solve them in time.

Solve the problem of rural drinking water safety, vigorously prevent and control water pollution, and strictly control projects.

Environmental impact assessment and project approval, earnestly implement the drinking water source protection system and safety.

Monitoring system, and strive to do a good job in the construction and management of rural drinking water safety projects,

Formulate emergency plans for rural drinking water safety and form effective agriculture.

Early warning and emergency rescue mechanism of rural drinking water safety.

4.2 Scientific planning, local conditions to solve the problem of rural drinking water safety.

First, according to the local economic and social development level and water resources situation.

Conditions, in line with the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" of the National Rural Drinking Water Safety Project.

Overall requirements, overall planning and foundation of rural drinking water source protection.

Infrastructure construction, further revision and improvement of water pollution prevention and control planning and rural areas.

Drinking water safety project planning, all tasks are implemented in counties, townships and villages.

Groups and specific projects, focusing on solving the impact on farmers' lives and health.

Water pollution prevention and water quality safety. Second, local governments should be based on

Drinking water sources, pumping methods, water consumption, water quality and toilets in local rural areas

Situation, according to local conditions, planning to solve the rural drinking water safety.

The whole problem is to ensure that farmers use clean water and drink safe and secure water.

4.3 Strengthen publicity and create a good rural drinking water safety environment.

Social atmosphere

All localities should make use of radio, television, newspapers, magazines and the Internet.

Actively advocate people-oriented, harmonious coexistence between man and nature.

Read, vigorously promote the sustainable development of water conservancy concept and people's livelihood water conservancy, wide

Carry out publicity and education on popular science knowledge of rural drinking water safety, and publicize it accurately.

Central rural drinking water safety policy, national rural drinking water safety workers

Cheng "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" and common sense of water pollution prevention and control, so that people can fully

Recognize the importance of protecting drinking water safety and self-interest, and consciously participate.

Actions to ensure rural drinking water safety.

4.4 Pollution prevention, water source protection and rural drinking water safety.

First, all localities should focus on ensuring the safety of rural drinking water sources.

Further strengthen water resources protection and water pollution prevention and control according to law.

Strictly implement the system of drinking water source protection areas, and it is strictly forbidden to destroy protected forests and

The act of protecting water resources facilities and preventing water safety according to local conditions.

Protection, ecological restoration and water source protection projects. The second is to vigorously guard against it.

Control industrial pollution, strictly control the total discharge of pollutants, and crack down on it.

Crack down on illegal sewage discharge, actively promote circular economy and vigorously implement energy conservation.

Emission reduction and cleaner production. Third, all localities should strive to implement rural circular economy.

Efficient ecological agriculture, promoting green production and promoting the construction of ecological civilization,

Combine the construction of new countryside with the construction of ecological homes to enrich the people and strengthen the countryside.

The construction of sanitary facilities and the treatment of rural domestic garbage and domestic sewage are due to

The local system should promote the construction of oxidation ponds and biogas in rural residential areas.

Sewage treatment facilities, such as ponds and wetland sewage treatment systems, are mainly used for

"one pool and three reforms" with farmers as the basic unit (building biogas digesters and changing kitchens)

Change the toilet to change the circle), comprehensively promote the formula fertilization and fertilizer deep application technology, push

Complete varieties of high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides, and guide specialized households in livestock and poultry breeding to build sewage treatment offices.

Recycling facilities, livestock manure treatment and utilization systems, and strict control of agriculture.

Rural non-point source pollution sources. 17 1 fourth, accelerate the establishment and improvement of rural drinking water.

Water quality monitoring network, strengthen rural drinking water safety project water supply.

Quality inspection, monitoring, optimization of inspection index and monitoring frequency, water supply

If the water quality does not meet the hygienic standard of drinking water, it should be investigated and dealt with in time to protect farmers.

Drinking water is safe for everyone.

4.5 Multi-financing to strengthen the construction of rural drinking water safety projects

First, we should innovate the investment mechanism of rural drinking water safety projects and guide them.

Establish a diversified investment mechanism, and gradually form the government's public financial investment,

Beneficiary farmers invest, the whole society participates extensively, and supports diversification.

Input mechanism, raise funds in many ways, and accelerate the rural drinking water safety project.

The speed of construction. The second is to increase the investment integration of rural drinking water safety projects.

Degree, based on the county, and gradually formed according to the planning as a whole project, according to the project.

The mechanism of arranging funds effectively solves the problems of fund dispersion and repeated investment,

Improve the investment benefit. The third is to encourage and support private capital and people.

Organizations and international institutions introduce rural water improvement projects and gather all parties to cooperate.

Force, * * * to solve the problem of rural drinking water safety. l8j

4.6 Reform the transportation management system to ensure the safety of drinking water in rural areas.

Effective and safe transportation and management

First, strengthen the construction of farmers' water users associations and promote rural drinking water.

Working mechanism of water users participating in the whole process. Second, all localities should follow the project

Investment channels and scale, to further clarify the property rights of rural drinking water safety projects,

Implement management subjects and establish and improve various management rules and regulations. The third is to

Innovate the transportation and management mechanism of rural drinking water safety projects and implement paid water supply in cities.

Field operation mechanism, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties involved in project transportation management,

Ensure that rural drinking water safety projects are completed, managed and affordable.

Long-term benefit The fourth is to establish a reasonable water price formation mechanism and implement water price decision.

The hearing system ensures that farmers and water users set water prices according to law.

The right to know, the right to participate and the right to supervise ensure the openness and transparency of water fee collection.

Ensure people's basic living water and actively explore rural water conservancy finance.

Subsidy system, focusing on solving the water charges and work of rural poor households and five-guarantee households.

The problem of insufficient project operation and maintenance costs. Fifth, relevant functional departments should supplement

Strengthen the management and supervision of rural drinking water safety projects to ensure rural drinking water safety.

Long-term safe operation and management of water safety engineering.

4.7 Strengthen technical guidance and scientific research to improve rural drinking water safety.

All work technical content

First, all localities should increase their support for scientific research related to rural water environmental protection.

Persevere, increase investment in science and technology, and rely on scientific and technological strength to improve rural water pollution.

Pollution control benefits, improve the construction quality and management level of rural drinking water safety projects.

Management level. The second is to organize experts from universities and scientific research institutions to carry out water pollution.

Technical guidance on pollution control and rural drinking water safety, focusing on helping to solve.

Solve water quality safety problems and high fluorine water, high arsenic water, brackish water and pollution.

Treatment of special drinking water quality such as water. The third is to speed up the rural drinking water safety.

Accelerate the pace of engineering construction and information management, and improve the level of rural drinking water safety.

Real-time monitoring, early warning and forecasting level and management efficiency.

4.8 Further improve the promotion and guarantee of relevant laws, regulations and policies.

Rural drinking water safety

First, it is suggested that the state should introduce special laws on rural drinking water safety as soon as possible.

Regulations, implementing the strictest water resources management system around promoting people's livelihood and water conservancy,

Clearly stipulate that local governments shall take overall responsibility for rural drinking water safety, including

Relevant functional departments should perform their respective duties, coordinate and cooperate, and strengthen social management and public safety.

* * * service; Further accelerate the prevention and control of rural water pollution and rural drinking water safety.

Planning, implementation and management of the whole project, and do a solid job in rural drinking water.

Protect water sources and establish a rural drinking water quality monitoring network; New combination

Rural construction, standardizing rural domestic sewage discharge and rural environmental improvement,

Gradually control and prevent rural point source pollution; Innovating rural drinking water safety

Clarify the overall investment and management mechanism of rural drinking water safety projects.

Public welfare and related property rights, scientifically and reasonably set water prices to promote rural drinking water.

The construction of water safety project is carried out smoothly, and long-term safety management is carried out. The second is to enter

Further improve the preferential policies related to rural drinking water safety and introduce them in due course.

To study and formulate the financing, organization and implementation of rural water pollution prevention and control

Preferential policies such as land use, electricity consumption, taxes and fees for rural drinking water safety projects,

Strengthen the management of rural water pollution prevention and control and rural drinking water safety project construction.

Policy support, and through financial subsidies, water fee refund, relief

Free use and so on. , for poor areas, poor people and ethnic minorities.

Preferential treatment will be given to rural drinking water in the whole region to promote rural drinking water safety.

Solve it smoothly.

Textual research literature

1 1 Lv Yarong. Present situation, problems and government supervision of rural drinking water safety in China. Ecological economics

Ji, 2(X)7, (12):123-126.

[2 1 Note must be sincere. China drinking water security project JJ. Technical supervision of water conservancy, 2 (x Joe, (4):

1-4.

13] Wang Hao. Solutions to rural drinking water safety problems.

2(X) See also

~

IQ -7]. China water conservancy network.

[4 1 Wu Hongyan. The next key word of rural drinking water safety EBj.2008-9- 19 1.

China water network.

[5] Zheng Liyan. Analysis of rural drinking water safety j]. Charm China, 2(X blade, (1).

[6] Yang Long and He Guanghua. Rural water conservancy and new socialist farmers.

Proceedings of Qiao's Annual Meeting of China Water Conservancy Society. Beijing: 2E- Joe.

17] Liang Fuqing. Study on the application of circular economy in NI reservoir area. China water resources news, two plus eight one.

1 Bu6 (4)。

L8] Li Daiquan does a good job in rural drinking water safety with points and areas. IZ(X)7-8- 17。

China water-saving irrigation network.