What does Jiahe Society mean in Qing Dynasty?

Jiabao production is a kind of township, village, government, governance, system and degree, which can be traced back to Shang Yang's political reform at the earliest. Shang Yang opened up a new way to realize the connection, sitting and control in the State of Qin, but its essence is to serve the general, affairs, system and the people. As a concept and foundation, the level, politics, governance, system and degree of truth originated from Wang Anshi's political reform in the Song Dynasty, and security, armor, system and degree were implemented at the social, social, foundation and level. Since then, it has continued until the beginning of the 20th century. Although its name and jurisdiction often change, in different periods, it was called township, village, system, degree (before Song Dynasty), village community system (Yuan Dynasty), village, system and degree (Ming Dynasty), but its most essential feature is that "household" (home) is the basic unit of society, society, group and organization, and its basic functions have not changed much. In Ming Taizu's time, protection, armor, control and degree were the most serious.

Garbo Law, one of Wang Anshi's reforms. In the third year of Xining, Sinong Temple formulated the Garbo Regulations of Jixian County. Every five groups of rural families have one guarantee, five guarantees and one guarantee, and ten guarantees and one guarantee. Take the richest person in the family as the chief, the chief, the chief. Used to prevent farmers and people from resisting, merging, saving money, building the army and spending.

The Garbo Law has been severely attacked by conservatives, and the Privy Council thinks that the implementation of Garbo Law may lead to mutiny and change. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng, when Zhezong succeeded to the throne, Sima Guang went to seek help for armor. When begging for help to protect armor, he said, "Only 800 ancient people produced three soldiers, 72 soldiers and many idle people." He also said that "since the early Tang Dynasty, the people, the soldiers and the law were all evil." From then on, "Why do people learn to be soldiers?" Nowadays, "the country is prosperous and the people are safe for more than a hundred years", and the whole people "know nothing about the military revolution." When the Jiabao law was implemented, "everyone was willing to serve to drive away the wild", and the rural elderly "thought it was ominous". During the reign of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jiabao Law was abolished.

Liang Qichao said, "the law has been abolished." "What can Song get if he wants to go south?" "But the curse of the song dynasty, fruit Gong Jingzai? Is it fair to suppress the temperature? "

The function of village, community, league and organization is to compile household registration, urge the collection, levy, tax, levy, use, labor and service, ensure the country's economy, economy, future and source, and pay more attention to economy, economy, merit and energy; Garbo organization has more military, military, peace, governance, security, achievements and capabilities.

The political theory of Confucianism is to integrate the relationship between the state and patriarchal clan system and bring the concept of family into the concept of monarch. As a result, there were five schools in the Han Dynasty, namely "Wu", ten as "teachers" and a hundred as "Li". In the Tang Dynasty, four families were neighbors, five were treasures, and a hundred were Li. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi proposed that ten households should be guaranteed, five guarantees should be guaranteed, and ten guarantees should be guaranteed. In the Yuan Dynasty, there was a "Jia" again, and twenty households were born for one Jia and one Jia. In the Qing Dynasty, the "brand armour system" was finally formed, which was very similar to the decimal armour system of people, countries, times and periods. 10 households were 1 cards, 10 cards were 1 cards, and 10 cards were/kloc-.

The basic form of family protection system is 10 decimal system (10 households are A, 10 households are security, and 10 households are villages and towns). In view of the different geographical, traffic and economic conditions in different places, a flexible approach was adopted in the implementation of the "new county system", which stipulated that "the principle of setting a is ten households, not less than six households and not more than fifteen households", "the principle of setting insurance is ten households, not less than six households and not less than fifteen households" and "the principle of dividing townships (towns) is ten households". Security, establishment, security, office, public office, there are security deputy section chiefs and people, one for politics, police, health, economy, culture, culture, work and affairs, and the chief of security also serves as security, country, people, soldiers, teams, long security, country, people, learning, schools, chiefs, countries and people.

Union, insurance is the joint guarantee between households, * * * is guaranteed, and mutual insurance doesn't work * * *, that is, 1 household has "sin", 9 households have hair care, but they don't, and 10 households are even, robbed and seated.

The second measure taken by the Qing government was to organize the household registration to move into Jiabao. At first, Manchu people adopted the variation of geography, geography, unity, governance, control and degree of Ming Dynasty. 1644 to 1646 implement the general armor system, with 10 households as armor, one armor long and 100 households as armor long. 1644 promulgated the law of "neighboring, protecting, inspecting and inspecting". The purpose of this new system is to control and arrest, capture, thieves, thieves, fugitives and traitors. In this way, the purpose of the system is close to garrison, defense, army, team and phase, and accordingly, the general commander can report directly to soldiers and departments. As dourgen said in an imperial edict of1September 8, 644:

In the villages where the governments, prefectures, counties and guards belong, 10 households have long armour and 100 households have general armour. In case of thieves, fugitives and thieves, some of them report to Jia Kui, Jia Kui reports to Jia Kui, and Jia Kui reports to the magistrate, county and county. Department of Nephrology, Health Inspection Institute of Prefecture and County. A hermit, nine neighbors, a leader and a general can't sue first. They will all be severely treated, guilty, no, and loaned.

In this way, the initial purpose of controlling the local system and degree in the early Qing Dynasty was to investigate and deal with the rebels and firmly control the newly acquired population. The Qing court tried to bind people in one place and use general armour to prevent people from migrating, especially in the miscellaneous, chaotic, geographical and regional areas like Shandong. 1646, the government even ordered that the household registration (military, ethnic, craftsman, nationality, etc.). ) is fabricated according to the hereditary households of the Ming Dynasty. They warned and prosecuted that people would be punished if they pretended to be other households, nationalities, species and classes, and reiterated the difference between "servitude" and "fu" in the previous dynasty.

From 1646, because the general armor has been directly linked to the control and control of troops, equipment and capital, including horses, firepower and weapons. This policy was organized by Britain, Russia, Germany and China around 1636- 1637 when Manchus entered, invaded, occupied and lived in North Korea and, and made good preparations for the Eight Banners in terms of troops, needs, materials and funds. 1644 Britain, Russia, Germany and Dai served as ministers of housing and urban-rural development. 1646, 165438+ 10, he began to urge the promulgation of a strict law and discipline to stop people from using, using, investing, selling, giving, stealing and the party. 1 646 65438+February1,the government announced:

It is forbidden for people to buy and sell horses, mules, armour, bows and arrows, knives, guns, fire, guns, birds, guns and other things privately, so as to steal their sources. From the minister's book, please also invite Britain, Russia, Germany and Dai.

/kloc-in the early years of the 0/7th century, the number of East, Asia, fire and weapons increased greatly. In China, rebellion, chaos, separatism, peace, regulations, armies, teams, soil, bandits, strong, thieves, land, parties, nobles and ethnic groups are widely used, and foreign countries, big countries, countries, industries, guns and branches are widely used. Especially in the northwest of China or Shandong, wars, events, frequencies and conflicts still exist. There, counter-insurgency, rebellion and invasion, invasion and guidance led to and forced many people, land owners, peasants and people to have soldiers and weapons. Although it took many years for the Qing Dynasty to make this law and regulations thorough, thorough, consistent and thorough, the generals of the Qing Dynasty listed in great detail all kinds of soldiers and weapons obtained from the enemy, army, hand and China, and reflected the official, government, subordinates and civilians.