The French political system

France has a multi-party system, and there are currently more than 30 political parties.

(1) Socialist Party (PS): the ruling party, the largest party in parliament, and the left party. Formerly known as 1905, the Workers' International French Branch was split in 1920, and most people formed another * * * production party, while a few people kept their original names. The Socialist Party was reorganized in 1969, and merged with other left-wing organizations in 197 1, still using its current name. There are nearly 200,000 people in party member, mostly public officials and intellectuals. The first secretary, Harlem desir, was elected on 20 12 and 10. The party attaches importance to left-wing political parties, advocates safeguarding workers' interests and adopting pragmatic economic policies; It advocates maintaining France's independent nuclear power, promoting European integration and strengthening North-South dialogue. He has been in power many times in history. 20 10 won the regional Council election in March, the provincial Council election and the Senate re-election in March and September, and won the majority of the Senate with other left-wing forces. 20 12 in may, socialist candidate Hollande was elected president of France. In June 20 12, he won the legislative election and occupied 296 seats in the National Assembly (June 20 12, 10).

(2) UMP: The main opposition party, the second largest party in Parliament, belongs to the center-right party. Its predecessor was the campaign alliance in the 2002 presidential election, and its core was the original defense alliance (Dai Party), which absorbed the main forces of the Liberal Democratic Party and the French Democratic League. In 2002, 165438+ 10/7 was officially announced and adopted its current name. There are about 350,000 people in party member, mostly employees, officials, freelancers, businessmen, farmers and workers. Belongs to the center-right party.

(3) National Front: a far-right political party founded in 1972+00. There are about 654.38 million people in party member, mostly small and medium-sized enterprises. He entered the National Assembly for the first time in the 1986 parliamentary election. On behalf of the ultra-nationalist trend of thought, he incited xenophobia, stressed that "France should be saved from European control and cosmopolitanism" and called for "crusade against new materialism and cosmopolitanism". The current chairman, Jean-Marine LE PEN, has been in his current position since 20 1 1 and 1. With the outbreak of the international financial crisis, the purchasing power of the French people has declined, the number of unemployed people has soared, and the far-right ideology has revived. The National Front took the opportunity to play the cards of immigration, security and employment, and its influence rose again. In the first round of voting in the French presidential election in April 20 12, Marina Le Pen, the candidate of the party, won 17.9%, a record high. On June 20 12, he won two seats in the legislative election and re-entered the National Assembly after 20 years.

④ European Environmental Protection Party (namely Green Party, Les Verts). Left-wing party. Since 1970s, French environmentalists began to participate in political activities in the name of the Green Party. At the end of 2007, the heads of various environmental organizations headed by the Green Party discussed joint matters, and announced the establishment of the European Environmental Party in June 2008. The current Secretary of State, Pascal Du Lang. In the March 20 10 regional Council election, the Green Party ranked third again in the first round of voting. 20 12 In the first round of the French presidential election in April, Julie, the candidate of the Green Party, won 2.5438+0% of the votes. In the legislative election in June 20 12, he won 17 seats and formed his own party group.

(5) Democratic Independence Alliance (UDI): a centrist political party, founded in September 20 12. 64,000 people in party member. The core forces are some retired members of Radical Party (PR), New Center Party (NC) and People's Movement League. The current party chairman Jean-Louis Bolo. The party is positioned as an "open and constructive opposition" and a "peaceful and credible alternative force", focusing on European construction, green growth and economic competitiveness, and proposing to build "humanistic liberalism".

(6) the democratic movement (MoDem). Formerly known as the French Democratic Union? Aise (UDF for short) leftist was founded by francois bayrou, former president of the French Democratic Union. Oibayrou) leader. After the establishment of the pro-democracy movement, party member refused to unite with other political parties. In the first round of the French presidential election held in April 20 12, the party candidate Bayrou won 9. 13% of the votes. In the 20 12 legislative election, only two seats were obtained, and Bayrou himself was defeated.

(7)*** Producer (particommune Fran? Ais (PCF for short): There are about 70,000-80,000 people in party member, most of whom are workers, staff, teachers and craftsmen. The current Secretary of State, pierre laurent. 1920 was established in February. It reached its peak in the early days after World War II, with a population of over 800,000 in party member, which was once the largest French party. However, since then, under the background of profound changes in France's economic structure and changes in the political situation at home and abroad, France has been weak in coping, its strength and influence have been declining, and it has gradually become a marginal small party. At the end of 2008, the 34th National Congress of France * * * was held, and it was decided to form a left-wing front with the left-wing parties, and won 1 18 seats and 2 1 seats in the provincial council election and the Senate re-election respectively. 20 12 in the first round of the French presidential election in April, Melenchon, a candidate of the left-wing front, won with11%of the votes. In 20 12, he won 7 seats in the National Assembly in the legislative election.

Other political parties are:

Right wing: French Movement, French Union.

Left-wing: Left-wing * * and Republican Association, * * and Republican and Citizen Movement.

Centrist: civil movement-extreme * *(moment des Citoyens-P? Republican newspaper

Far right: national propaganda campaign.

Far left: Lutte Ouvrière, French Revolutionary Union, Labor Party. It is divided into two relatively independent judicial systems, namely, the ordinary courts responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases and the administrative courts responsible for disputes between citizens and government agencies.

Ordinary courts are divided into three categories: 1, specialized courts (including children's courts, labor mediation committees for handling labor disputes, commercial courts for hearing disputes between businessmen or commercial companies, and social insurance courts). 2. Civil courts. 3. Criminal courts (including police courts that adjudicate minor crimes, misdemeanor courts that adjudicate minor crimes and felony courts that adjudicate major criminal cases).

The ordinary court system is vertically divided into four levels: court of first instance, court of first instance, court of appeal and court of final appeal. The Court of Final Appeal is the highest judicial organ, which is responsible for accepting appeals against the judgments of 35 appeal courts. President Guy Canivet.

The administrative court is the highest administrative litigation organ and consists of the administrative court. The administrative court makes a final ruling on the legality of administrative decrees and acts as an adviser to the government when formulating draft laws.

French procuratorial organs have no independent organizational system, and their functions are exercised by prosecutors equipped with courts at all levels. Although the prosecutor is stationed in the court, he functions independently of the court. The management power of prosecutors belongs to the Ministry of Justice. Supreme Court 1 Attorney General and several prosecutors; The Court of Appeal has 1 prosecutors and several prosecutors; The court of first instance has 65,438+0 prosecutors, as well as several lawyers and assistant prosecutors.