The territory of Huguang when Huguang filled Sichuan in Qing Dynasty.

"Huguang filling Sichuan" refers to the decades in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, Sichuan's population dropped sharply and cultivated land was barren. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming land for wasteland", and ten immigrants from Yu Sheng, such as Hubei and Hunan, settled in Sichuan one after another, with Hubei and Hunan being the most. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position. This paper discusses the status and role of Macheng immigrants in "Huguang filling Sichuan".

First, the background of implementing the policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan"

In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, the local strongmen killed indiscriminately, the rural hooligans killed indiscriminately, and Zhang was also suspected of killing indiscriminately. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.

After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Mainly to encourage immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan for reclamation. If it is stipulated that anyone who wishes to enter Sichuan will be given an acre of land as a permanent career. Poor people in all provinces who bring their wives to Sichuan can be naturalized. The preferential policies for recruiting people in Sichuan are closely related to the promotion of political achievements of officials at all levels and the encouragement of reclamation and recruitment. Implement additional preferential tax policies. Kangxi issued a letter to the mu of land reclaimed by immigrants, which stipulated that taxes would not be levied until five years later. And breeding populations will never be given. It also stipulates that the origin authorities of immigrants and people who have settled in Sichuan should cooperate with the transfer and verification, arrange household registration and be included in Jiabao. These policies have created a good environment and conditions for immigrants.

Two, Macheng immigrants into Sichuan conditions, forms and quantity.

According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. The immigration of Huguang into Sichuan has greatly promoted China society. Among them, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position in Sichuan.

Geographically speaking, Hubei Province is closest to Sichuan, and the Yangtze River flows into Sichuan Basin. In ancient times, it was the best route to enter Sichuan. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, migrants from Macheng, Hubei Province filled Sichuan, and the most people entered Sichuan and left their jobs. There are three immigration conditions in Macheng: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history. In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi, especially Macheng, where many farmers joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang's defeat, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously.

The first form of immigration into Sichuan is to enter Sichuan by order. The immigrants in Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province are Huguang people, especially Goose Feet and Daqiu in Xiaogan Township, Macheng (Macheng set up four townships in the early Ming Dynasty, Xiaogan Township entered Xianju Township in the Chenghua year). At that time, when the imperial court issued the imperial edict "Biography of Chu Shimin", the grass-roots implementation departments used the method of binding villages by force, so the origin of immigrants was not only the same as place names, but also small place names. The ancestor of Ma Shitu, a famous writer, was from Macheng. During the Qianlong period, the four brothers Ma reclaimed land in Macheng. They went up the Yangtze River to Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian County) and left the curved hills and sandbars in Shi Baozhai for more than ten miles. Later, the small place names here were called Majiashan and majiawan. Ma's four people have multiplied more than a thousand people in Pingchu Village near the Yangtze River. The second is to survive and deposit in Shu. Ai Wu, a famous writer, was born in Xiaogan Township, Macheng, and made a living by farming. However, due to the loss of land, in the mid-Kangxi period, he had to go to Xishu in order to survive, so he took his wife and his belt and entered Sichuan from the Yangtze River waterway. Finally, he chose the plain at the junction of Xinfan County and Pengxian County in Chengdu, and engaged in farming with ditches. The third is to do business in Shu. In the early Qing Dynasty, the trade between Hubei and neighboring Sichuan was very convenient, and some of them settled in nearby Sichuan. For example, Liu Tingqi, who was originally from Macheng, Hubei Province, ordered his family Liu Junchen to settle in Zhongjiang "Xiangtu" in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi, and then settled in Zhongjiang with his wife. The fourth is to settle down as an official. For example, Liang Guangyu, commander-in-chief of Sichuan Longying, was originally from Huguang Macheng. After entering Sichuan, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, and then he lived in Sanmuli, Quanmen Township and Jiangyou County, Wu Jia.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were more than one million immigrants from Macheng, half of whom came from Hubei and Hunan. There are about 300 thousand people in Hubei. Macheng undoubtedly occupies an important proportion. However, how many people went to Sichuan in Macheng? The author consulted the county annals of Macheng in Qing Dynasty, but did not record the great event of this immigration. According to the household registration records of Macheng County Annals printed in Guangxu 8 years of Qing Dynasty, the population of Macheng in Jiajing 35 years of Ming Dynasty was 148240. The population of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty in forty-seven years was 1 16234. The registered population in the early Qing Dynasty was 1 10287. Inferred from this figure, there may be 37,953 people who immigrated to Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Of course, there are also people who participated in the peasant uprising in Zhang. But it is estimated that the number of immigrants is around 30 thousand. If this figure is true, it accounts for 10% of the total number of immigrants in Hubei. There should be more at county level. This does not include the number of people who entered Sichuan in the early Ming Dynasty. If counted together, it is estimated that there are no fewer than 65,438+10,000 people. According to Hu Zhaoxi, a professor at Sichuan University, 58 genealogies of Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an were studied many years ago. Before the Qing Dynasty 1 18 households entered Sichuan, of which 85 households were Huguang, and 65 of them were from Macheng.