Who can tell me something about the customs of Liangshan Yi people?

(1) Ethnic Name: Most Yi people call themselves "Sunuo", "Nasu" and "Niesu" (or later "Po", which means "people" in Yi language) because Yi people are widely distributed. There are many different self-proclaimed names in history. According to incomplete statistics, until the eve of liberation, there were Naluopo, Mishapo, Prapo, Puwapo, Axipo, Shunipo, Li Po, Gepo, Luopo and Luowupo. Su Nuo, Nie Su are all Yi languages, and Nuo, Na and Nie are all caused by phonetic differences in different dialects, all of which mean "black" (also meaning "tiger"). In the concept of Yi people, black contains deep, wide, tall, big, strong, rich, noble and subjective meanings. "Su" means group, people and family, while "Su Nuo" (or "Su Na" and "Nie Su") means "subjective nation" and "black nation". Starting from 1950, the Yi people chose Ding Yi's "Yi" as their surname, replacing the word "Yi" in the old historical documents. (2) Ethnic origin: Yi people originated from the ethnic origin of the ancient Qiang people. Due to the lack of historical records of China, there have been various opinions in academic circles for a long time: in the south, that is, ancient Vietnamese and Malays; In the east, the Chu people said; In the west, Tibet or the Tibetan-Burmese border; Yunnan aborigines said; Hehuang ancient Qiang people in the north; In addition, there are Pu people, Lu people and Yunnan aborigines. 6000-7000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people living in Hehuang area in northwest China began to develop in all directions and swam to the southwest of the motherland. More than 3,000 years ago, the ancient Qiang people who swam southwest settled along the Jinsha River in Du Qiong in Anning River Basin and Dianchi Lake in Pudu River Basin. In history, the residents of Dianchi Lake were called "Yue Qiang", "Qing Qiang", "Barbarian", "County Yi" and "Left", and they have been integrated with local Bo (Pu) people, Liao people and Han people, becoming the ancestors of Yi people. On the basis of the integration of ancient Qiang people and southwest indigenous tribes, the integration of Kunming people and Bo (Pu) is a new development in the formation of Yi people. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, the integration of Kunming people and Bo (Pu) developed into the integration of modern people. From the Han Dynasty to the Six Dynasties, the main residents of eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and southern Sichuan were called Zuo Ren in China's history books, and sometimes they were tied with Pu. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there have been two kinds of barbarians among the ancestors of Yi people. Wuman is developed from Kunming tribe, while Baiman is mainly composed of Lao, Pu and other ethnic groups, and is integrated with other ethnic groups. During the long-term formation and development of Yi ancestors, their activities once spread all over the central areas of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and a part of Guangxi, and their core areas should be the vast areas adjacent to the three provinces. Yi people all over the country have the same legend from Zhong Mouyou. According to the Complete Genealogy of Shuian, it has been passed down to 85 generations in the early years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, which can be traced back to the early Warring States period, and the six sons born have developed into the "six ancestors" tribe. The origin and formation of yi nationality. The ancestors of the Yi people are closely related to the ancient stone men and Qiang people distributed in the west of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, an ancestor of the Yi nationality was named "Kunming". "Sou" in the Eastern Han Dynasty was also the name of the ancestors of the Yi people at that time. Wuman people in Tang and Song Dynasties (called "Luoluo" after Yuan Dynasty) are the direct ancestors of Yi people. Due to different historical conditions caused by various reasons, the formation of the Yi people has always been dual. A branch represented by the Yi people in Yunnan was formed on the basis of the emergence of the state. The establishment of Nanzhao State in the Tang Dynasty marked the real formation of this Yi people. The other is represented by the Yi people in the north of Liangshan, Sichuan. They never established a country, but first United into a tribe and then developed from a tribe into a nation. Historical evolution of geographical distribution of yi nationality. The Yi people are mainly distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi provinces, namely, the Daliangshan area south of the Dadu River in Sichuan and on both sides of the Anning River, a tributary of the Yalong River, the area between Jinsha River, Yuanjiang, Ailao Mountain and Wuliangshan in Yunnan, and Huaping, Ninglang and Yongsheng in western Yunnan, which are called "Little Liangshan" in Yunnan and Anshun and Bijie in Guizhou. The natural environment in these areas where the Yi people are distributed is relatively poor, most of them are very complex mountains, some of them belong to extremely cold mountainous areas, and there are few flat dams and river valleys. The formation of this distribution pattern has experienced a long historical evolution. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the activity centers of Yi ancestors were in Dianchi Lake in Yunnan and Du Qiong in Sichuan (now southeast of Xichang), engaged in farming or nomadic industry. Later, it moved southward along the banks of Yinuo and Quyi, namely Jinsha River and Anning River. Around the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it gradually expanded from Jinsha River, Anning River Basin, Dianchi Lake and Ailao Mountain to northern Yunnan, southern Yunnan, northwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi. The establishment of Nanzhao State in Tang Dynasty and Dali State in Song Dynasty expanded the distribution of Yi people to areas affected by the state. In the Yuan Dynasty, the central government set up departments of land, government, prefecture, county and Xuanwei in Yunnan Yi people's inhabited areas, Xuanwei in western Guizhou (now in western Guizhou and Dafang), Mahu Road in Leibo, Pingshan and Jinsha River, Jianchang Road in Xichang, Mianning and Puge, and Luoluo Xuanwei in Liangshan. The determination of this administrative division has basically stabilized the geographical distribution of the Yi people. In the Ming Dynasty, three administrative measures, namely floating officials, local officials and local officials, were implemented in Yi areas, which expanded the influence of feudal landlord economy, and a large number of Han immigrants played a very significant role in promoting the economic development of Yi areas. In the Qing Dynasty, the practice of "changing the land into the stream" strengthened the direct rule over Yi areas and further promoted the establishment of feudal landlord economy. Yi people are monogamous. Our nation has many unique customs and habits. Engagement and marriage: In the past, men in black hired cows, horses, gold and silk; Bai Yi hired wine, cloth and money; Cognac uses wine, hemp and fried noodles. After liberation, the dowry was simple. Generally, after young men and women get engaged, the man asks someone to go to the woman's parents to act as matchmaker and bring a bottle of wine. As long as the woman's parents pick up the wine, they agree. Then the man goes to the woman's house for formal engagement, usually with twenty or thirty zhangs of cloth, twenty or thirty dollars, and all the cloth money is given to the woman. After three months, the man will buy three pieces of green cloth or blue cloth, a piece of meat and a bottle of wine to the woman's house. These things are for her parents. They are called "small gifts". The man asked Bimo to choose a date and discuss it with the woman's parents. At this time, you can buy some wedding supplies for the woman according to your family situation, which is the so-called "eight-character". The bride's parents prepare a dowry for their children, usually making a cupboard, two dressing tables, two boxes and three small tables. The big table must be equipped with eight stools, and the second table and the small table only have four stools. You also need to prepare two sets of bedding, washbasin, vat and towel. When the man asks for relatives, he should make a set of clothes for the woman, including Baotou, shoes, needle and thread, etc. , by his bride back to the woman's house. These things will not be taken out until the woman's parents invite the singer to drink "wedding songs" in the evening. If the singer makes a mistake, the married person will take out the wrong thing and turn it around three times in front of the singer, and put it in his bag with a smile. It will not be returned to the bride or groom, and the married person will have it himself. If the singer sings exactly what he wants. The married man couldn't get out, so the singer hit the married man three times with a dustpan, which caused the guests to burst into laughter. Married people and female singers continue to sing. Female singers must beat married people and let them put the back reed in the middle of the room. Then, the female singer takes out her pants when she sings pants, and takes out her farm jacket when she sings clothes. Splash water on the bride: When a Yi girl gets married, the girl's sisters and brothers and young men and women of the same age can splash water on the bride. In the larger Yi stockade, ten days before the girl got married, the young men and women in the stockade. Just cut some wooden stakes and nail them on both sides of the road, and then use wild vines to control them into tripping ropes. When the wedding guests arrive, they use dozens of buckets of water prepared by the roadside. Dial to the wedding guests. The guests at the wedding can't escape, they are all soaked in the water. Only by running hard and running into the bride's house can we not be splashed. So, prepare a smart wedding person. If he finds that there is a back door in the girl's house or another road leading to the bride's house in the village, he will take advantage of the water splashing person's inattention, walk into the woman's house, light three sticks of incense on the table of the woman's house, burn three pieces of money paper and knock three heads to avoid being splashed by water. However, it is not easy for most married people to do this and they will be splashed with water. It's freezing, teeth are cold, young men and women often laugh, and the woman's parents find clothes to change for the guests attending the wedding. Generally, water is poured, and some places have already poured cow dung water, such as Liangshan. There is a record of "splashing cow dung water" in Volume 12 of Xichang County Records. It is said that the water must be spilled on her husband's house, so that she won't go far away to fetch water, and it's getting late. She has food and clothes. Snatching marriage: According to historical records, there was a custom of snatching marriage in Liangshan, Sichuan and parts of Yunnan in the past. "Snatching marriage", according to the Yi people's statement: "This is handed down from the older generation. The man's robbing is a kind of respect for the woman's family, indicating that it is not impossible to get married and send it away. " Although the marriage between men and women is arranged by parents, they are married through a matchmaker. However, when they get married, the man's family sends the matchmaker and the groom's brother to the woman's house to pick up relatives on the first day, and also invites two relatives to spread blankets and carry horn wine with them. To take relatives to the woman's village farmers, two people carrying horn wine first take relatives to the woman's house, and the woman's house has the right to beat them with sticks at their door. At night, the woman's young people can discredit their loved ones. On the third day, the bride's uncle, brother and other relatives sent the bride to the man's house, and they should try to get bowls, spoons or other things from the man's house. When you leave the man's village, you should run around the square outside the village and break the bowl you brought, which is called "talking" locally, and then leave the venue. There is a custom in southern Yunnan. On the basis of mutual love between men and women, the man and the other half take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery, and then make up the marriage proposal ceremony. Young men and women generally take advantage of collective singing and dancing to get to know each other and fall in love during the Spring Festival. If the two are privately married for life, it is convenient for the man to invite a few friends and take the woman to the man's house in the form of fake robbery at the place agreed with the woman in advance at night. Once a woman is taken to a man's room, it means that she is married. The next day, the bride will take part in a day's work at the man's house. On the third day, the bride and groom each carried a back of firewood and returned to the woman's house. In order not to let the woman's parents object to their marriage, some men can invite talkative partners to help them persuade the woman's parents. Even if the woman's parents agree to her daughter's marriage, they just treat her to a light meal. The girl returned to the man's house with clothes and production tools that day. Some parents resolutely oppose their daughter's marriage, drive the groom away and detain her daughter. A man took a fancy to the girl, but the girl refused and hijacked her. Dress-changing ceremony: Before liberation, Yi girls in Liangshan prevailed in the custom of changing skirts, and regarded changing recruits and getting married as two lifelong events for their daughters. Changing skirts is called "Sarah" in Yi language, commonly known as "changing children's skirts", which means taking off childhood skirts and putting on adult skirts. The time to change skirts depends on the development of young girls. Generally from 15 years old to 17 years old. Change skirts at the age of one. It is said that changing skirts at the age of two will be disastrous and unlucky for life. Before changing skirts, women comb their characters and wear two light-colored skirts with two black edges, one thick and one thin. When the dressing ceremony is held, men are not allowed to be present, only female relatives, girlfriends and elderly women are invited to participate. At the beginning of the ceremony, the women said some romantic words and wishes to tease the girls. Then, they found a beautiful, capable and lover to comb the hair of the person who changed clothes, took Harper, tied the single braid that was originally combed at the back of the head to the front and separated it from the middle. Put a pair of braids behind your ears and put on Harper. The bangs on the forehead are wet with a little water to make them shiny and neat, to show the beauty and dignity of the girl's love seeds. Then put on gorgeous ear beads, and the pearls sparkle. Finally, put on three or four pleated skirts with strong contrast such as red, blue and black, and the dressing ceremony is over. Changing skirts means that women are adults, can fall in love, and can find lovers. Before changing skirts, women are strictly protected and are not allowed to flirt. If this kind of incident happens, it will be severely punished by social customary law. Welcome ceremony: Yi people are very hospitable and enthusiastically advise guests to drink. When visiting the Yi family, the host will take out wine, raise glasses to each other, sit on the floor, talk about it, and persuade them to say, "There is no road to nowhere on the ground, and there is no running water in the river, so the Yi family has no mistake in drinking wine." Drink it; Drink to your heart's content! " Advise the guests when they are drunk. During the Chinese New Year holidays, A-mei (girls and women) of the Yi people will hold an altar of wine, insert a few bamboo poles or wheat straws and stand on the roadside at home. All passers-by should advise you to take a pole and drink the water in the jar before you go. People say, "It's sweeter than a glass of Yi wine, but it's sweeter than Yi's heart!" "Tuzhangfang": a common flat-roofed house in the Yi area in southern Yunnan, which is called "Shizhangfang". It is mostly built on slopes. Building structure, with stone as the wall base, adobe as the wall or soil as the wall, some girders are placed on wooden columns, padded with wooden boards, covered with thatch or straw, covered with a star of mud, and then rammed by refined scholars; Some beams are placed on the wall, covered with boards, battens, branches or bamboo, and then covered with a layer of soil to form a platform roof. Most of these buildings are bungalows, but there are also two-story and three-story buildings. The platform is not only the roof of the house, but also the threshing floor, which is very practical for exposing food. This kind of house is warm in winter and cool in summer, and has good fire prevention performance. Clothing: Yi people's clothing is simple and unique. Yi people living in different areas have different dress customs, which can be roughly divided into Liangshan type, Wumengshan type and Honghe type. Adult Yi men in Liangshan often leave a lock of long hair behind their heads, which symbolizes the inviolability of male dignity and is commonly known as "Tianzun". They also like to wrap their heads with transparent cloth and tie a long conical knot on their foreheads, commonly known as "hero knot", to show their heroism. The three-section skirt of Liangshan Yi girl is made of three different colors of cloth. When dancing, wide skirts fluttered in the wind, and they blew flowers one after another, while their headdresses were regarded as symbols of freedom and happiness. Cocktail cap: The cocktail cap is cut into the shape of a cockscomb from hard cloth, and then embroidered with silver bubbles with a ratio of 1200 or more. Wear it on your head like a rooster crowing. For Yi girls, cockscomb hat is a symbol of good luck and happiness. Therefore, every year on the "Nizheliang" Festival, Yi girls in Honghe area have to embroider one or two cockscomb hats. The cockscomb hat is worn on the head, indicating that the rooster will always accompany the girl. The size of the silver bubble on the hat indicates that the stars and the moon will always be bright and happy. Taboo of Yi people: Yi people hate being called "Old Yi Cell" and "Man Zi" most, and they think this kind of address is the biggest insult to them. When visiting Yi people's homes, you should sit above or on the right side of the pot farm (that is, the fire pit), not below or on the left side of stacking things and sleeping. Don't step on the pot, and don't jump off the pot and the piled firewood. Yi people usually entertain guests with wine and meat. You must eat what they give you. Even if you can't drink, you should drink less to show your gratitude. Otherwise, I think you look down on them. You are only allowed to eat what the Yi family gives you, and you are not allowed to take it away. Otherwise, you will be said to be disloyal to people.