What are one or two scientific achievements of Hawking?

Stephen william hawking is one of the great men with international reputation in this century, a professor in the Department of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Cambridge University, and the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist. Lucas Lecture on Mathematics at Cambridge University, UK, which is the highest honor lecture in the history of natural science after Newton and Dirac.

In 1970s, together with Penrose, he proved the famous singularity theorem. For this reason, they all won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. The black hole theory perfectly unifies quantum theory and thermodynamics in Hawking's radiation. The borderless quantum cosmology he proposed in 1980s solved the "first push" problem that puzzled the scientific community for hundreds of years. Stephen william hawking's research laid the foundation for understanding black holes and the origin of the universe.

1970s, Hawking applied quantum mechanics to explain the phenomenon of black holes. In the next 30 years, it became more difficult to explain the whole universe with quantum mechanics. Hawking wants to find a theory that can perfectly explain the whole phenomenon of the universe to explain the birth of the universe from 65.438+0.37 billion years to the present, but after many years, even if he is infinitely close to him, he still has not reached a conclusion. According to his theory of quantum mechanics, the birth of the universe was caused by the Big Bang, which was the product of an infinitely small compressed substance exploding under supergravity (which can also be understood as infinite density).

Hawking's colleague, mike green of Queen Mary College in London, participated in the construction of superstring theory (abbreviated as "string theory"), pointing out that all particles and natural forces are actually tiny objects similar to strings in vibration, which solved the gravity problem that Hawking has been trying to solve. The theory must be based on the fact that the universe must be 9, 10 or even greater than 1 1.

Hawking's "grey hole" theory holds that matter and energy will be released into the universe again after being trapped by a black hole for a period of time. "Classical black hole theory holds that no matter and radiation can escape from a black hole, while quantum mechanics theory shows that both energy and information can escape from a black hole." Hawking also pointed out that the explanation of this escape process needs a theory that can successfully integrate gravity and other basic forces. In the past 100 years, no one in physics has tried to explain this process.

1973 hawking said that he concluded through calculation that the mass of a black hole decreases during its formation, and at the same time it constantly radiates to the outside world in the form of energy. This is the famous Hawking radiation theory. The black hole radiation mentioned in this theory does not contain any information about the matter inside the black hole. Once the black hole is concentrated and evaporated, all the information inside disappears. This is the so-called "black hole paradox". This statement contradicts the related theories of quantum mechanics. Because modern quantum physics believes that this kind of material information will never disappear completely.

Hawking once said that quantum motion in black holes is a special case. Because of the strong gravity in black holes, quantum mechanics is no longer applicable at this time. Hawking's statement did not convince many skeptical scholars in the scientific community. Now it seems that Hawking finally gave a more convincing answer to this contradictory view. Hawking said that black holes never completely shut themselves down-Hawking radiation. They gradually radiate more and more heat to the outside world for a long time, and then the black hole will eventually open itself and release the material information contained in it.

20 16, 16 On August 6th, Jeff Steinhauer, a professor at Haifa Institute of Technology in Israel, proved the quantum effect of Hawking radiation in a paper published in the journal Nature Physics. He made a sound black hole instead of a light black hole, using a long tube with sound particles in it, that is, the "horizon" of phonons. In 20 14, Professor Steinhauer discovered that phonons were generated randomly on the horizon. In his latest achievement, Steinhauer proved that these phonons are one of a pair of related phonons, thus proving the quantum effect of Hawking radiation.

Extended data

Stephen william hawking (1942 65438+1October 8 to 201March 08 14), male, was born in Oxford, England, a famous physicist at Cambridge University, one of the greatest physicists in modern times and one of the great men with international reputation in the 20th century.

1979 served as Lucas professor of mathematics from 2009 to 2009. His main research fields are cosmology and black holes. He proved the singularity theorem and the black hole area theorem of general relativity, put forward the black hole evaporation theory and the borderless Hawking universe model, and took an important step to unify the two basic theories of physics in the 20th century-Einstein's theory of relativity and Planck's theory of quantum mechanics. He was awarded the honors of CH (Lord Honorary of England), CBE (Commander of the British Empire), FRS (Member of the Royal Society) and FRSA (Member of the Royal Art Association).

Refer to Baidu Encyclopedia-Hawking