The life story of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (2)

During the periods of Hui Di, Wendi and Jingdi, most prime ministers were treated with courtesy, mainly because of Liu Bang's contribution to farmland. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Prime Minister often disagreed and often killed the Prime Minister under the pretext of suppression, which led to the reluctance of the DPRK ministers to take over the post of Prime Minister. In order to carry out his orders, China and Korea were established, and Shangshutai also appeared during this period. There is also a very favorable condition for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to weaken the power of the prime minister, that is, the original prime ministers are all heroes of the founding of the country, old or dead. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took advantage of this favorable opportunity to let many Confucian scholars take the place of their elders to master state power, and at the same time to strengthen their power by cracking down on the prime minister. In 300 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made Gongsun Hong, a Confucian scholar who was born in a commoner, as prime minister, thus changing the previous practice of always being a prime minister by nobles.

Create a year number

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the title of the year in the history of China. In BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took this year as Ding Yuan for four years, and later changed it to Jianyuan, Yuanguang and Yuanshuo, with the annual title of six years. However, judging from some unearthed cultural relics, they are all marked with the year numbers of Jianyuan and Yuanguang, which proves that Jianyuan and Yuanguang did not pursue their own lives later.

Set up a secretariat

In order to further strengthen the power of the monarch, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent an empire to supervise local strongmen and officials. In BC, the whole country was divided into thirteen prisons, each called the Ministry, and each sent a secretariat. The middle secretariat is called the captain of Li Si, and the other 12 states are called secretariats.

At that time, the position of the secretariat was quite high, equivalent to an imperial envoy, and he was away all the year round and had his own office in the local area. As far as the name "historical secretariat" itself is concerned, it already has this feature. "Stabbing" means stabbing to death, that is, investigating illegal acts, and "history" refers to the envoys sent by the emperor.

5. Employment policy

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed officials, it was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make their descendants officials through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; The descendants of sages can be taken care of, for example, Jia Yi's two sons are taken care of by the county magistrate. However, what is particularly striking is that Liang Wudi employs people on merit and does not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and slave children respectively. The Prime Minister Gong Sunhong, Yu Shiguang, and the Prince Zhu and others were all selected from poor civilians. -ancient empire Zhang Tang, Du Zhou,, are selected from small officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns. Jin Mi's younger brother, a prisoner of Xiongnu and a slave who raised horses in the palace, was elected as a senior official and entrusted orphans to Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a meritocracy, saying, "Broaden the road of artistic ability, learn from others' strengths", and "those who test different talents in counties and counties can make the country unique". It means that as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent, people who can be generals and people who can go to distant countries can get jobs.

It is precisely because of this that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has many talents. Ban Gu was surprised and said, "People who have won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here!" The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

Guilty decree

In the fourth year of the conscription system (BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty told the world that he had caused suffering to the people, and he never resorted to war, wasted people's money or even expressed his inner regret. This is the "guilt on the wheel platform". This imperial edict is the first imperial edict in the history of China.

military affairs

During the Western Han Dynasty, especially during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was strong. It was from the Western Han Dynasty that the powerful Xiongnu Empire was defeated, and the western regions were conquered to Dawan, surrendered to the western regions, conquered Guangdong and Vietnam, communicated with the southwest, and destroyed Korea in the east. The western regions were formally incorporated into the Chinese territory. The Western Han Dynasty was the biggest period of the Han Dynasty, with the arctic desert in the north, lush mountains in the west, Korea in the east and the sea in the south. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian sent a mission to the Western Regions, which opened up the Silk Road and made China look around the world for the first time. China's envoys arrived in Dawan, Kangju, Da Yue, Daxia, Rest in Peace, Tidu (India), Khotan, Zuoyun, Li Xuan (Alexandria) and other neighboring countries. It opened up the Silk Road connecting Eurasia. Among them, Li Xuan, the farthest place to reach, is located in Alexandria, Egypt, which is the farthest country reached by the envoys of the Han Dynasty. The silk trade between Europe, Asia and Africa was thus formed.

Defeat the Huns

From BC to BC, Emperor Wudi sent troops to fight against Xiongnu many times. There are three decisive battles: Henan Campaign, Hexi Campaign and Mobei Campaign.

In BC, Xiongnu nobles invaded Shanggu (Huailai County, Hebei Province) and Yuyang with 20,000 cavalry. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent general Wei Qing to ride a horse out of the cloud (Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia) and go west to Longxi (Longdong) to recover the Hetao area and sweep away the military strongholds invaded by Xiongnu. -Wei Qing adopted the method of circuitous attack, outflanked from the rear, and drove away the Loufan King and the Aries King of Xiongnu in one fell swoop, thus removing the threat of Chang 'an. So Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Shuofang County and Wuyuan County there, placed thousands of people, rebuilt the Old Great Wall of Qin Dynasty, and sent troops to station there. Wei Qing was promoted to Changping Hou.

In 300 BC, Wei Qing led the cavalry to drive away the right king of Xiongnu, captured the Xiongnu governors alive and returned home in triumph. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted Wei Qing as a general and became the commander-in-chief of the whole army. In the second year, in the battle with Xiongnu, an old general Huo Qubing appeared. He is Wei Qing's nephew. Once, he took the lead and led the cavalry into the Xiongnu camp for hundreds of miles, winning a great victory. On this basis, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made him the top scholar and built him a rich house for him to see. Huo Qubing said: "The Huns are not extinct, and there is no home!" .

BC. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Huo Qubing out of Longxi, crossed Yanqi Mountain (Rouge Mountain in the southeast of Shandan County, Gansu Province) to the west, and entered the territory of Xiongnu for more than 1,000 miles, where he fought hand-to-hand with the Xiongnu army and won a great victory. -In the summer of the same year, Huo Qubing made the second Western Expedition, crossed Yanze (Juyanhai, Inner Mongolia), attacked Qilian Mountain, and defeated the Xiongnu army. The Xiongnu nobles in Hexi suffered heavy losses. In the same year, the Xiongnu nobles split internally, and the evil king of Xiongnu led 40 thousand people to surrender to the Han Dynasty. After this campaign, Han established four counties, Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang, which were called "Hexi Four Counties" in history. Since then, the road of communication between Han and the western regions has been opened.

The Mobei campaign in BC was the largest. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to lead thousands of cavalry and hundreds of thousands of infantry, starting from Dingxiang County (southeast of Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia) and Dai Jun County (Yuxian County, Hebei Province) respectively, and * * * attacked Xiongnu Khan (Xiongnu leader) in Mobei. Wei Qing crossed the desert (Gobi Desert) more than 1000 miles to the north and reached Khotan Mountain (Mongolian Hang 'ai Mountain Range), killing more than 10,000 people. Huo Qubing walked many kilometers, pursued Xiongnu Zuo Wang Xianbing to Xushan (Mount Kent, Mongolia), captured more than 10,000 enemies, drank horses in the vast sea, and arrived at today's Lake Baikal (Russia). The Battle of Mobei dealt a fatal blow to the Huns, and there was a situation that the Huns were far away and there was no Wang Ting in the desert south. From then on, Xiongnu moved north to Mobei and west. From Shuofang in the north of the Han Dynasty to Lingju in the west (Yongdeng, Gansu), 10,000 officials were stationed in the fields to strengthen their defense. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty won the war against Xiongnu, which made the country more unified. The "indulgence of cattle and horses, accumulation of livestock and wild spread" inside and outside the Great Wall have created extremely favorable conditions for economic and cultural development. The Xiongnu Empire began to decline. -

Develop the western region

Expedition to Dawan: Dawan is located in Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered an emissary to take 202,000 gold and a golden horse made of gold to the capital city of Dawan, asking for a blood horse. However, King Dawan refused to regard the blood horse as the national treasure of Dawan. The envoys of the Han Dynasty swore in front of him, smashed the golden horse and turned away, so they were furious, killed the mission and took away the gold and silver treasures. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty flew into a rage when he heard that the messenger had been killed and his property robbed. He appointed Li Guangli as the general of the Second Division and sent tens of thousands of troops to explore Dawan. In the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (200 BC), Li Guangli was ordered to make an expedition to Dawan. The Han army was large and powerful. Small countries along the way did not dare to confront each other, and rushed out of Kaesong to provide food and drinking water. Only Luntai (Luntai, Xinjiang) resisted the Han army and sealed the city. The Han army besieged the city for several days and slaughtered the wheel platform. Since then, no one has dared to stop it. Directly attack Guishan City, the capital of Dawan, first cut off its water source, then surround Guishan City, attack it day and night, break its outer city, and kill the brave general of Dawan. At last, there was infighting within the Dawan ruling group, and its nobles complained bitterly about King Dawan, so * * * killed him and sent him to the Han camp to make peace with him, expressing his willingness to drive the good horses out for the Han army to choose. From then on, Dawan belonged to the Western Han Dynasty. Li Guangli ordered a surname Shangguan Jie to attack Yucheng. After fierce fighting, Yu Chengcheng's defenders finally couldn't resist the enemy, defeated and surrendered, and Yu fled to a comfortable nest. Shangguan Jie led the army to Kangzhou and asked for important people in Kangzhou. Seeing that Dayuan was broken, Kangju handed Yucheng to Shangguan Jie. Shangguan Jie's knights killed Yu on the road. The defeat of the Han army in Dawan had a great influence on the Western Regions. All countries in the western regions sent their children to contribute to the Han Dynasty and took them as hostages. Surrender to the western regions.

Battle of Che (Gu): In the third year of Emperor Yuan Feng of the Han Dynasty (400 BC), he ordered Zhao Ponu, the state of Pahou, to defeat Gu and conquer Wusun, Dawan and other western countries. In the fourth year (BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Hou Mantong (called Ma Tong) to lead 10,000 cavalry to attack Xiongnu, passing through the north of the automobile market. Yong Ming Cheng led troops from Loulan, Yuli, and other western countries to attack Cheshi, so as to remove obstacles to the advance of the army. The soldiers surrounded the chariot and the chariot surrendered, and the minister belonged to Korea.

Battle of Loulan: In the third year of Yuanfeng (400 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Zhao Ponu, a ticket collector, to lead tens of thousands of troops to attack Gu Shi (a chariot driver) and Loulan. Gu also repeatedly attacked and killed Ambassador Han. Zhao Ponu let Wang Hui, who was chased and intercepted by Loulan, be a pioneer, and led his men to break Loulan and capture Loulan Wang alive. Loulan surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty.

Battle of Qiuci: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions, and Li Guangli returned to the army after attacking Dawan, which coincided with Lai Dan taking hostage in Qiuci. Li Guangli sent someone to question King Qiuci. King Qiuci listened to Gu Yi's advice and sent troops to attack and kill Lai Dan. Later, he got scared and wrote a letter to apologize. In the third year (300 BC), the Duke Chang of Luo often took care of Wusun and sent troops to defeat the Xiongnu. On the way back to Korea, he wrote, please attack Qiuci and pay for the crime of killing Lai Dan. Chang Hui mobilized 10,000 troops to the west of Qiuci, and sent envoys to mobilize 10,000 troops from all countries to the east of Qiuci, so that Wu Sun sent troops to attack Qiuci on three sides. King Qiuci was shocked and told him that Lai Dan was killed by the former king after listening to Gu Yi's words, which had nothing to do with himself, and took Gu Yi to see Chang Hui. Chang Hui beheaded Gu Yi and stopped fighting.

Battle of shache: After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty passed through the Western Regions, shache established friendly relations with the Western Han Dynasty and sent his son to the Han Dynasty as a hostage. In the first year of Han Yuankang, Feng escorted the envoys of Dawan and other countries back to China and passed through Shanshan Guoyi Capital. Song, a captain of the Han Dynasty stationed here, reported shache's misconduct to him. At this time, the western regions all protected Ji Zheng in the northern countries. Feng discussed with the agreement that if shache was not attacked immediately, it would be difficult to subdue shache when it was powerful, which would inevitably endanger Han's rule in the Western Regions. So Feng ordered soldiers from all over the world to attack shache and shache, and called for the slaughter of suicides. Feng Li established the King of shache and other kings of Kun. Rebellions in other countries were also quelled, and the rule of the Western Han Dynasty was restored here.

Conquer Korea

In BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to attack by land and water, and destroyed Weishi Korea, which was entrenched in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. In BC, after the unification of the old territory by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, local administrative regions were divided there, and Lelang County (about South Pyongan Province in present-day Korea, and Wang Xiancheng, the capital of old Weishi Korea, is located on the south bank of Datong River in present-day Korea), Xuantu County (about Hamgyong Road in present-day Korea), Fan Zhen County (about one in the Yellow Sea Road in North Korea and one in Gyeonggi Road in North Korea) and Lintun County (about gangwon in present-day Korea) were under the jurisdiction of four counties. Obviously, the establishment of the "Four Counties of Han Dynasty" shows that Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty has brought the northern part of the Korean Peninsula under the rule of the Han Empire.

Open up Fujian and Vietnam

In the spring of the fifth year, Ding Yuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, killed the King of South Vietnam, the Queen Mother and the Chinese ambassador, and annihilated the Chinese Money Ball Army. That autumn, Emperor Wu sent soldiers such as Lü bode and yangfu to conquer South Vietnam along the waterway in five ways. In the winter of six years in Ding Yuan, the Han army captured Panyu, the capital of South Vietnam, and captured Lu Jia, the king of South Vietnam. South Vietnam is dead. In South Vietnam, Han Jianli established Nanhai, Bor, Zhu Kui, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaotoe, Old Town, Rinan and other counties. In the autumn of the sixth year in Ding Yuan, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered an adventurous conquest of East Vietnam. In the first year of Yuanfeng (the year before last), Han armies from all walks of life entered the border of East Vietnam. Hou Yi, whose ancestral home was in Yue State, colluded with Yu Shan and surrendered to Han. In view of the treacherous terrain in Fujian and Vietnam, Liang Wudi made many attempts to fight against Han, and ordered various generals to move the local people to Jianghuai area. Fujian and Vietnam are dead. At this point, East Vietnam and South Vietnam, which had been semi-independent for a long time, belonged to the Han Dynasty, and the southern territory reached the southern part of Vietnam today.

Open southwest

In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC), he worshipped Tang Meng as a corps commander, entered Yelang from Bashu, surrendered Yelang Hou Duotong, and divided his land into Qianwei County. In the west of Shu County, the princes of Qionglai and Ruo also requested to join them. "For example, Nanyi (Yelang) is an example." "Sima Xiangru, a Shu person, also said that Qionglai could be a county in the west." So in the fifth year of Yuanguang (500 BC), the Han Dynasty ordered that a captain be set up in Qiongyan area, and Yuxian county was under the jurisdiction of Shu county. In the third year of Yuanshou (400 BC), the Han Dynasty actively prepared to redevelop Southwest Yi. In the sixth year of Ding Yuan (BC), the Han army leveled South Vietnam, and then "tens of thousands of people who crossed Yunnan Road were beheaded, and Suiping was reduced to a county." Hou Yelang set out to fight in South Guangdong, which broke down and punished the rebels, so Yelang entered the DPRK. I thought Yelang Wang. "The Han Dynasty completely controlled Yelang area. Then, all the officials who rebelled against the Han Dynasty, such as Joan Jun, Yan Hou and Ran Gui, were shocked and demanded to be officials. Then, the Han Dynasty "took Du Qiong as Yue county, Yan Dou as Shenli county, Ran as Wenshan county, and Guanghan Xibaima as Wudu county". Yi Xi in western Sichuan was completely ruled by the Han Dynasty. The king of Yunnan in the Han Dynasty was conquered by foreign troops in the south, but was opposed by all the allies in Yunnan, Laojin and Mimo. It is convenient for the Han Dynasty to send troops to destroy Laojin and Mimo in the second year of Yuanfeng (BC). " When the soldiers arrived in Yunnan, the king of Yunnan began to get better, and the whole country fell. Please send officials to the DPRK. "So the Han Dynasty set up Yizhou County in Yunnan and gave it to Wang Yin, Yunnan, to repay its people. At this point, the Han Dynasty basically brought the southwest Yi area into its rule.

economy

Reform the monetary system

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to constant foreign conquest, the central government ran out of money and food from the former capital and could not teach. Abundance has become a dilemma of making ends meet. "And Dajia, a wealthy businessman, or a rich servant, turned around and abandoned the city, and you bowed your head and looked up." Dajia, a wealthy businessman, is as rich as an enemy, which is in sharp contrast with the financial difficulties of the central government. In addition to rapidly increasing fiscal revenue by conferring the title of martial arts, the central government also "smelts and cooks salt, makes money or exhausts its resources to fish, and does not help the country's urgent needs, making people miserable." So the son of heaven and the minister discussed that they should make more money to feed them and destroy the adulterer. "Increasing the central fiscal revenue and cracking down on big businessmen is the original intention of the monetary system reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, in order to meet the needs of the central government's economic management and political rule, he attached great importance to solving the currency system problem, and carried out six currency system reforms successively, which basically solved the currency system problem that had not been solved since the early Han Dynasty. On the one hand, it stabilized the finance, on the other hand, it reunified the local coinage right with the central government. After six reforms, the issue of "three officials and five baht" solved the problem of private casting and stolen casting that plagued the finance of the Western Han Dynasty for many years, and the monetary reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty achieved great success.

Yantie Guanying

Salt and iron official camp has continued since the Han Dynasty, and salt and iron tea is still mainly controlled by the government and state-owned enterprises. The implementation of this system enables the state to monopolize the profits of handicrafts and commerce, which are of the most important significance to the national economy and people's livelihood.

culture

think

Ideologically, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" was adopted. Economically, the idea of Sang Hongyang is adopted, and the government directly manages transportation and trade; The military appointed Wei Qing and Huo Qubing as generals, which eased the threat of Xiongnu, unified the present Guangdong and Guangxi regions and promoted the economic and cultural development. He is good at poetry and songs, attaches importance to the scholars from all directions and attaches importance to cultural construction. For the first time in history, the government ordered the nationwide collection of books, which opened the way for book donation. The strategy of building a library, employing officials to write books, and all kinds of books have been widely filled in the secret room for decades, which is called "a mountain of books" At that time, the collections of Taichang, a surname and doctors were all in the government library, and there were houses in the palace, such as Yan Ge, Guangnei and the Secret Room, with a huge collection of books. The royal family and government have an unprecedented wealth of books. This is the first national library with clear records in the history of China.

Respecting Confucianism alone

In the history of the development of the Chinese nation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created several firsts. According to Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting the Six Classics alone" means that Confucianism is regarded as feudal orthodoxy, and all scholars who control legalism and Taoism are excluded. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted Confucian education and held the imperial academy in Chang 'an. Imperial academy, the highest institution of learning in ancient China, took the Five Classics of Confucianism as the main teaching material and did not learn other theories. "To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect the Six Classics alone" has ruled the traditional cultural stage of China for more than 2,000 years, and it has been highly praised by rulers of past dynasties. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not restrict the development of other schools, but strongly advocated the development of Confucianism and the combination of Confucianism and law. This is the so-called "Confucianism showing law". For example, Xiahou Shichang studied Confucianism and was familiar with Yin-Yang and Five Elements. The prime minister also ruled Confucianism and Legalism; Zhufuyan started as a strategist; Sima Qian, a loyal Ji 'an Sima Tan, started from the theory of Huang Lao.

Tai Chu ge Li

In the first year of Tai Chu (BC), the taichu calendar law was changed, and the first month was taken as the beginning of the year, and the color was still yellow. The formulation of taichu calendar Law is an important calendar reform in the history of China and an immortal contribution of Chinese civilization to world astronomy. The scientific achievement of taichu calendar method lies in the precision and accuracy of calendar calculation. Before the early Han Dynasty, China mainly adopted the "Zhuan Xu Calendar" in the "Ancient Six Calendars" (Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Xia, Yin, Zhou and Lu).

Establish imperial college

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established imperial academy and after having obtained the provincial examinations, and established the system of recommending talents, thus forming a unique civil service system in China.

Music bureau

Yuefu refers to the official government that manages music. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Yuefu official office in addition to Taiyue official office, which was in charge of pop music and collecting folk songs. "Reading poems at night is entrusted by Zhao, Dai, Qin and Chu", "I thought that a captain of Xielv had led dozens of people to write poems and fu, and briefly discussed the law, with a total of 19 chapters and eight tones". Poems sung by later generations along with the music of Yuefu organs are also called Yuefu. -

diplomacy

Communicate with the western regions

China spreads technologies such as smelting iron, sinking wells, making silk and making lacquer, while the west (domain) introduces cucurbitaceae, cowpea, flax, pomegranate, carrot, grape, blood horse, walnut and gastrodia elata. A large number of silk fabrics and metal tools from the Central Plains were transported to the Western Regions, and the cast iron technology and water well drainage methods were also spread to the Western Regions, which has important historical significance.

Open up the Silk Road

The contact between the western regions and the mainland began in the distant historical era. By the first century BC, the western regions were divided into 36 countries, which were not unified with each other. There are Wusun, Qiemo and other countries in Junggar grassland north of Tianshan Mountain. Tarim basin, south of Tianshan Mountain and north of Kunlun Mountain, is divided into south China and north China.

Northern countries include Kuqa (Kuqa in Xinjiang), Shule, Yanqi (Yanqi in Xinjiang) and Cheshi (Turpan in Xinjiang). The South China includes shache (shache, Xinjiang), Khotan (Hotan, Xinjiang), Loulan (Lop Nur, Xinjiang) and other countries.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Zhang Qian as a corps commander, led more than 300 attache, and carried a large number of gold coins, silks, cattle and sheep to the Western Regions. After Zhang Qian arrived in Wusun, although he didn't achieve his original goal, he traveled to Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi, Daxia and other countries. When Zhang Qian came back in the second year (200 BC), Wusun sent dozens of envoys to Chang 'an with Zhang Qian. Since then, the envoys sent by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty have been to Rest in Peace (Persia), ptomaine (India), Amaricai (between the Aral Sea and Li Hai), Tiaozhi (the country of rest in peace), Li Xuan (Alexandria, Egypt, which belongs to Rome), and the envoys of China have also been warmly welcomed by 20,000 people from the Rest in Peace Special Organization. Since then, the Silk Road has been officially opened. It opened up a trade channel connecting Chang 'an in the East, the Western Roman Empire and Alexandria in Egypt as far away as possible.

In the third year of Yuanfeng (BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Zhao Ponu to lead an army to attack Loulan and the automobile market, and set up a pavilion in Jiuquan (Jiuquan, Gansu) to Yumenguan as a grain and grass supply post and defense post. In the first year of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (400 BC), Li Guangli was sent to Dawan. After defeating Dawan, the traffic in the western regions was smoother. In the Western Han Dynasty, a captain was set up in Loulan, Quli (north of Tarim River in Xinjiang) and Luntai (east of Kuche County in Xinjiang) to manage the reclamation. This is the earliest military and political institution established by the Han Dynasty in the Western Regions. In fact, the Western Regions have been formally incorporated into Chinese territory.