Question: How was the Han nationality formed? What stages have you experienced?

According to the statistics in 2000, the population of Han nationality in China was165438+59 million, accounting for 9 1.59% of the total population.

List of the proportion of Han nationality in China provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities)

(In order of height, according to the data of the fifth national census)

Proportion of provinces

Jiangxi 99.73%

Shanxi 99.7 1%

Jiangsu 99.67%

Shaanxi 99.50%

Shanghai 99.38%

Anhui 99.37%

Shandong 99.32%

Zhejiang 99. 15%

Henan 98.78%

Guangdong 98.58%

Fujian 98.33%

Taiwan Province Province 98.00%

Tianjin 97.36%

Hebei 96.00%

Beijing 95.70%

Hubei 95.66%

Sichuan 95.02%

Heilongjiang 94.98%

Chongqing 93.58%

Gansu 9 1.3 1%

Jilin 90.97%

Hunan 89.79%

Liaoning 83.98%

Hainan 82.7 1%

Inner Mongolia 72.24%

Yunnan 66.59%

Ningxia 65.47%

Guizhou 62. 15%

Guangxi 6 1.66%

Qinghai 54.49%

Xinjiang 40.6 1%

Tibet 5.90%

Cultural belief

Han people have traditionally believed in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and have much respect for Taoism and Buddhism on the social basis of Confucian culture! Unfortunately, under the impact of western culture in modern times, people's utilitarian thoughts have gradually occupied the mainstream form, while China's traditional culture and religion have gradually declined, and many people believe in western religions such as Christianity and Catholicism.

Han nationality, known as Chinese in Southeast Asia, also known as China or Tang people, is the main ethnic group in China and the most populous ethnic group in the world. At present, the population of Han nationality is about 65.438+03 billion, accounting for 654.38+09% of the world's total population, which is distributed all over the world. The Han nationality is distributed in Southeast Asia and North America, in addition to the four places on both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

history

From about 7000 BC, a branch of the Han nationality, Ba people and Chu people, developed in the Yangtze River basin. About 5000 years ago, the Huaxia nationality, another source of the Han nationality, originated in the Yellow River valley and began to develop gradually. It entered the Neolithic Age and went through matriarchal clan commune and paternal clan commune. In 2700 BC, there was a tribe named Ji in central Shaanxi, whose leader was Huangdi, and there was a tribe named Jiang in the south, whose leader was. Friction often occurs between the two sides. The battle of Han Quan finally broke out between the two tribes, and the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di. After that, the two tribes formed an alliance and captured the surrounding tribes, and the predecessor of Huaxia Kingdom was born.

About 2070 BC, the Xia Dynasty was established by Qi, and the Shang Dynasty was established 1600 years ago. Before 1046, the Zhou Dynasty was established. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, various ethnic groups and tribes in the territory have been continuously integrated, forming the Huaxia nationality in the Yellow River basin and the Chu nationality in the Huaihe River, Surabaya River, Yangtze River and Hanshui River basins. During this period, Huaxia and Chu ethnic groups gradually formed and became the predecessors of modern Han nationality, which was different from many ethnic groups such as Yi, Man, Rong and Di, but the distinction between Hua and Yi was not very strict at this time.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, Huaxia people further integrated with the surrounding ethnic groups, and Huaxia people gradually integrated with Chu people and Qin people. During the Warring States Period, the vassal states of China fought against each other, and the Yi, Man, Rong and Di who entered the Central Plains gradually merged with the Huaxia nationality, forming a relatively stable nation. At this time, the activity area of Huaxia nationality also expanded to the middle and lower reaches of Liaohe River, Taohe River Basin, Sichuan Basin, south of the Yangtze River and other places.

Qin destroyed six countries and unified China. In just over ten years, under the leadership of Chu people such as Chen Sheng, Guangwu, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, the Qin Dynasty perished. Subsequently, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, both Chu people, competed for supreme sovereignty. Liu Bang won, and the Han Dynasty was established and ruled China for more than 400 years. During this period, the territory of China expanded unprecedentedly, with Chu and Huaxia in the pre-Qin period as the core, and some tribes of Qiang and Xiongnu were integrated, forming the Han nationality. At this time, the distribution of Han population is still mainly in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins. From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han population gradually migrated to the Yangtze River, the Pearl River and the southeast of China. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the ethnic policy of the ruling class, the Han population in the south indirectly surpassed that in the north. Since the Republic of China, the Han nationality has gradually migrated to the northeast. From the Ming Dynasty, the Han nationality began to immigrate to Southeast Asia sporadically, and from the19th century, the Han nationality immigrated to Europe, North America and other places.

language

The language of the Han nationality is Chinese, which is written in Chinese characters. Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. According to the classification methods commonly used in academic circles, it can be divided into seven dialects: Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Gan Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect and Cantonese (see Chinese Dialect Entry for many different classification methods). In recent years, many scholars believe that Guangxi Pinghua and Shanxi Jin dialect should be juxtaposed with the other seven dialects. In different areas where Han people live, the provisions of standard Chinese are different. Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province and Singapore are regarded as standard Putonghua (languages developed on the basis of Beijing dialect in Putonghua areas are called Putonghua, Mandarin and Mandarin respectively due to different locations), and Hong Kong is regarded as standard Cantonese (Cantonese). Chinese is written in traditional Chinese and simplified Chinese respectively.

In addition, some scholars divide Fujian dialect into Minnan dialect and northern Fujian dialect. These dialects have their own distribution areas, and the interior of each dialect can be subdivided, thus forming a complex language state of Chinese dialects, and the north and the south are not connected with each other. Nevertheless, due to the high unity of Chinese characters, it has a strong cohesive effect on the Han nationality, so it seems no exaggeration to say that there would be no Han nationality without Chinese characters.

Building type

Due to the vast distribution area of Han nationality, its traditional folk houses have different styles due to different regions. Most of the traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the North China Plain are brick-and-wood bungalows, and most of the courtyards are quadrangles, represented by Beijing quadrangles. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the northeast are basically similar to those in North China, but the difference lies in the walls and roofs. The houses here are generally thick, mainly to keep warm. Han people living in northern Shaanxi dig caves to build houses according to the characteristics of thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau. Caves are not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also do not occupy cultivated land. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the south are mainly wooden structures, which pay attention to the eaves and pavilions and the structure of law. Due to the different customs and natural conditions in southern China, the layout of residential buildings is also different. For example, buildings in hilly areas are built on mountains, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang water towns pay attention to the front street and the back river. The earth buildings in Fujian are big and beautiful, while the pavilions in Suzhou are small and beautiful.

Regardless of the Han nationality in the south or the north, the traditional folk houses are characterized by sitting north facing south and paying attention to indoor lighting; Wood beam bearing, brick, stone, soil wall; Focusing on the main hall, he is good at carving beams and painting buildings, decorating roofs and cornices.

eating habits

theme

The staple food of Han nationality is rice and wheat, supplemented by vegetables, meat and bean products. Tea and wine are traditional drinks of the Han nationality. The main way to eat rice is rice, as well as porridge, rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes and other foods. Wheat is eaten with steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed stuffed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes and pancakes. Han people pay attention to and are good at cooking. Han people in different regions have formed different local flavors through cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, boiling, steaming, roasting and cold salad. Chinese cuisine is generally divided into eight major cuisines: Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.

tea

It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.

The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.

Holiday food

Festival food is rich and colorful. It often skillfully combines rich nutrition, pleasing artistic forms and profound cultural connotations to become a typical festival food culture. It can be roughly divided into three categories:

One is as a sacrifice. In ancient times, it occupied an important position in special ceremonies such as sacrifices and celebrations of courts, officials, clans and families. In most areas of contemporary Han nationality, this phenomenon has long since ended, and only in a few remote areas or on certain occasions, there are still some symbolic activities left.

The second is the specific food that people eat in festivals. This is the mainstream of holiday food and eating customs. For example, on New Year's Eve, every household in the north has the habit of wrapping jiaozi, while the custom of playing and eating rice cakes prevails in all parts of the south of the Yangtze River. In addition, fish is often indispensable at Chinese New Year family banquets in many areas of Han nationality, symbolizing "more than one year". The custom of eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival has been circulating for thousands of years. Moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival contain blessings for family reunion and human harmony. Others, such as spring cakes and spring rolls eaten in early spring, Yuanxiao on the fifteenth day of the first month, Laba porridge and cold food at the Cold Food Festival on the eighth day of the twelfth month, eating pig's head, eating broad beans and tasting new grains on the second day of the twelfth month, toasting at wedding celebrations, and birthday peaches, peaches and cakes at birthday banquets, are all special food and eating customs with special connotations.

Beliefs and taboos in diet

Most Han people avoid eating raw food on the first, second and third days of the first month, that is, the food on the first day of the New Year's Day is much more cooked than before the old calendar year, and it only takes three days to return to the pot. I think it's ripe and smooth, but my life is reverse. Therefore, in some places, everything is ready before the Spring Festival, and there is a saying that the knife can't be cut for three days. For another example, in some areas of Henan, the third day of the first month is Xiaomi's birthday, and rice is not eaten on this day, otherwise it will lead to millet production reduction; In the past, women had many dietary taboos during childbirth. For example, women in many areas of the Han nationality do not eat rabbit meat during pregnancy, and think that children who eat rabbit meat will have rabbit lips; In other places, it is forbidden to eat fresh ginger, because fresh ginger has many fingers, so as to prevent children from growing six fingers on their hands and feet. In the past, most childless women of Han nationality avoided eating dog meat, thinking that it was unclean and easy to cause dystocia.

Dress

Han people have their own long and colorful costumes, namely Hanfu.

Hanfu is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, which lasted from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Shen Jia era (1644). 1644 after the Qing army entered the customs, the Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave their hair and change clothes, which aroused national anger, dissatisfaction and armed resistance. Then the Manchu dynasty carried out bloody repression and armed slaughter, and Hanfu gradually died out.

1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan Province province and destroyed the rest of Zheng Chenggong. Since then, Hanfu has completely disappeared from the daily life of the Chinese nation. After more than 200 years of Manchu rule, today's Han people have gradually forgotten the gorgeous costumes they once had and become the only ancient nation in the world without their own national costumes. The "Tang suit", cheongsam, gown and mandarin jacket that people see today are not the national costumes of the Han nationality, but the national costumes or improvements of the Manchu nationality. It is gratifying that today, more and more Han people are proudly wearing their beautiful clothes. This spontaneous folk movement to revive Han costumes is often called "Hanfu Movement".

Cultural practices

The culture of Han nationality is rich and colorful. In the historical process of its formation and development, it is open and eclectic, forming regional cultures with different characteristics, such as Qilu, Zhongyuan, Zhao Yan, Guanzhong, Bashu, Jingchu, wuyue, Lingnan, Yunnan-Guizhou, Fujian-Taiwan, Songliao and Gan Hui, which embodies the diversity and diversity of Chinese culture.

Since ancient times, the Han people have adopted an inclusive attitude towards various religious beliefs. Lotte know life (self-determination, self-seeking) and respect for ancestors (no ancestor worship) are the main traditional concepts of the Han nationality. Historically, some Han people believed in Taoism and Buddhism; Later, Catholicism and Christianity were introduced to China, and some people began to believe in these religions. For thousands of years, Confucianism, which focuses on benevolence and attaches importance to ethical education, has had a far-reaching impact on the Han nationality.

traditional festival

Description of the name and date of the festival

New Year's Eve/Spring Festival The first day of the first lunar month is usually called China New Year. Traditionally, it lasts from New Year's Eve at the end of the year and the first day of the first month to the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month. )

On April 5th in the Gregorian calendar, Tomb-Sweeping Day worships ancestors and sweeps graves.

The Dragon Boat Festival, also called Duanyang Festival, is on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, with the theme of eating zongzi.

China Valentine's Day, the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, is also called the week, that is, China's love story, Valentine's Day, the day when the bridge meets in myths and legends.

The Mid-Autumn Festival on July 15th of the lunar calendar, also known as Magnolia Festival, is commonly known as July 30th, Ghost Festival, and there are folk customs such as offering sacrifices to souls.

Mid-Autumn Festival: A family reunion festival on August 15 of the lunar calendar, with the theme of enjoying the moon and eating moon cakes.

Double Ninth Festival, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month.

The Han nationality has a large population and different customs. Nowadays, most marriages between men and women are changing customs and adopting simple and lively weddings. However, in some rural areas of the Han nationality, traditional folk customs are still preserved.

Han people have always been known for their simplicity and creativity. The Han people have made many brilliant achievements in politics, military affairs, philosophy, literature, history, art and natural science.

In the history of Han nationality, the economy was dominated by agriculture, which was a typical natural economy of men plowing and women weaving. The agricultural production of the Han nationality has been very developed in history, especially known for irrigation and intensive cultivation. Before the Qing Dynasty, the handicraft industry and various technologies of the Han nationality also maintained the leading level in the world.

Textual research on the word "Han nationality"

The word "Han nationality" first appeared. As far as I can see, there are two kinds of statements:

There are 1, 1903. According to Han Jingchun and Li Yifu of the Institute of Ethnic Studies of China Academy of Social Sciences, Huang Zunxian first used the word "Han nationality" and wrote it in 1903 "Refuting the Revolution": "Those who advocate nationality are unwilling to be ruled by Han nationality, Xianbei nationality and Mongolian nationality, and are not exempted from being ruled by Teutonic nationality, Slavic nationality and Latin nationality."

2. The last years of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Some scholars believe that the name "Han nationality" was first recorded in "Letters to Consuls of Various Countries" written by Li Shixian, a courtier in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In fact, there is a word "Han".

3. The word "Chinese nation" was first put forward by Liang Qichao and appeared in his 1902 article "The General Trend of the Changes of China's Academic Thoughts": "In ancient times, the Chinese nation had four thinkers with their own characteristics."

4. The word "nationalism" first appeared in 1924 Sun Yat-sen's First Lecture on Nationalism: "Nationalism is nationalism".

The Han nationality has a long history and has never stopped. The sources of Han nationality are diverse, including main sources and branch sources.

Yanhuang nationality is the main source of Han nationality. At the end of primitive society in China, the tribes of Yan Di and Huangdi, which rose on both sides of the Yellow River in the Central Plains, formed a tribal alliance in order to compete for the power of the leader of the tribal alliance, which led to the famous "Battle of Hanquan" in history. The Yellow Emperor won a decisive victory and dominated the Central Plains. Tracing back to the source, Han people are known as "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" and "descendants of the Yellow Emperor", and their origins are based on this. Later, the Xia nationality, the first ethnic group in the history of China, had a direct relationship with the Huangdi tribe. In Historical Records of Xia Benji, Sima Qian clearly pointed out that the Xia nationality has a direct blood relationship with the Huangdi tribe. As the saying goes, "Yu's father called him Gun, and his father called him Zhuan Xu. Zhuan Xu's father called him Changyi, and Changyi's father called him Huangdi. Yu is the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor and the grandson of Zhuan Xu. " Not only that, the Zhou people who rose later also had ethnic relations with the Huangdi tribe and the Yanhuang tribe living in the Weishui River basin. For example, Shi Daya, the ancestor of the Zhou clan, said: "When Jue was born, he was born in the source of the river", that is, Historical Records of Zhou Benji said: "Zhou Hou Ji abandoned his name. His mother is Tai's daughter named Jiang Yuan. " It is a tribe called Jiang, which clearly tells us that the ancestors of Zhou people were tribes. About the male ancestor of Zhou people, it was an abandoned child born by Jiang Yuan. "Historical Records Zhou Benji" said: "Abandon the child.

Yutai, posthumous title Houji, don't be surnamed Ji. "The Yellow Emperor is a tribe named Ji, which clearly tells us that the grandfather lineage of Zhou people is the Yellow Emperor tribe named Ji.

It is precisely because the Yanhuang Group is related to the Han nationality. For example, Zhu De said in "Sacrifice to the Yellow": "The father of Hehe, I was born in China; Wei Yan took a photo of the face, saying "Hao". Smart and wise, the light is desolate; Build this great cause and stand tall in the East. " (Zhu De and Huang Xianli, Xinhua Daily, April 5, 1937. The Han people have respected the Yellow Emperor for generations, calling him "the ancestor of mankind". Up to now, the Huangdi Mausoleum, located in huangling county, central Shaanxi, is said to be the Huangdi Mausoleum. Surrounded by tens of thousands of ancient cypresses, it stands on the bridge hill and becomes a symbol of the origin of the Han nationality.

Dongyi nationality is another main source of Han nationality. In the era of the origin of the Han nationality, Dongyi and Yanhuang tribes formed an alliance to live in the Yellow River valley. Dongyi Group is mainly divided into five parts: Chiyou, Dijun, Xuyi, Lion and Huaiyi. Their geographical distribution is as follows: Chiyou lives in southwest Shandong, Di Junsheng lives in the border area of Lu Yu, Lion lives in eastern Shandong, Xuyi lives in Xuzhou, north of Huaihe River in northern Jiangsu, and Huaiyi lives in southern Jiangsu and southern Anhui. There are also some small clans or tribes. It can be seen from this distribution that Dongyi Group is mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the Huaihe River Basin.

In the ethnic origin relationship between Han nationality and Dongyi nationality, the most important ones are Chiyou Department and Dijun Department of Dongyi nationality. After fierce differentiation, interaction and integration, they broke through the network of primitive society, stepped into the door of civilization and formed the Shang nationality. The Book of Songs Shang Song Xuan Bird said: "Xuanniao was born by destiny." In other words, Shang was originally a tribe with birds as its totem, indicating that it is related to the tribe of Chiyou. "Mandarin Lu Yu" says: "Merchants are emperor shun". It also shows that Shang and Shun, that is, the emperor's department, are related by blood. "Historical Records of Yin Benji" contains: "Yin Qi, whose mother Zhu Di, has the daughter of Wa nationality, is the second princess. During a threesome shower, he saw a mysterious bird drop its egg, and Judy took it away. Because he was pregnant, he had a contract. " The relationship between Shang tribe and Chiyou department and Dijun department is mixed together. Specifically, the Chiyou department has maternal blood relationship with the Shang tribe, and the Dijun department has paternal blood relationship with the Shang tribe. The Shang Dynasty was a period of slavery development in China, and the Shang clan was an important part of the Chinese nation. This far-reaching relationship determines the historical position of Dongyi nationality as another main source of Han nationality.

Not only that, in the later historical development process, Xu Yi, Huaiyi and Lion, who were constantly anti-Zhou in the Zhou Dynasty, were all involved in the historical trend of national integration in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the whole Dongyi Group almost became a part of the Chinese nation. This profound relationship determines the historical position of Dongyi nationality as another main source of Han nationality.

Miao nationality is a branch of Han nationality. Miao people are the general name of clans, tribes or tribal alliances in southern China in ancient times.

Miao people are different from Yanhuang and Dongyi, and have diversified in the process of national development. On the one hand, some Miao barbarians became the ancestors of Miao, Yao and She nationalities, among which there are still legends about Pan Hu. On the other hand, some clans and tribes of Miao Man group later developed into Chu nationality and became one of the ethnic sources of the Chinese nation, thus becoming a branch of Han nationality.

Baiyue Group is the second branch of Han nationality. In ancient times, Baiyue, another indigenous people in southern China, was also active in the southeast coast of the lower Yangtze River and Lingnan area.

There are many kinds of Baiyue Group, which is called "the more Baiyue" in history. Like the development of Miao nationality, Baiyue Group has experienced diversification in the process of forming a nation. Some of them, after many times of differentiation and aggregation, have gradually formed ethnic minorities in Zhuang and Dong languages in southern China, such as Zhuang, Dai, Buyi, Dong, Shui, Mulao, Maonan and Gelao, while others have been in different historical periods or.

However, some other tribes or tribal alliances in Baiyue Group evolved into slang and servants after the Wei and Jin Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms. However, after the reunification of the northern and southern dynasties, some slang people and servants were also assimilated into the Han nationality. This issue has already involved the development of the Han nationality, but it can be seen that Baiyue Group is another source of the Han nationality.

Rong and Di are the third branch of Han nationality. Rong and Di are the general names of clans and tribes in the western and northern parts of the Central Plains in ancient Chinese books. In fact, the names of Rong and Di began to appear in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Before that, Rong and Di had a relationship. At that time, the clan tribes in the west and north of the Central Plains were mainly divided into three groups: Shen, Ghost and Qiang.

The ethnic relationship between Rong Di and Han nationality was mainly manifested in the period of the Yellow Emperor in ancient times, and our ancestors had an inseparable relationship with the Yellow Emperor. According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor fought, he trained six clans or tribes, including Xiong, Yi, Yi and Hu, to participate in the war and won. These six clans or tribes with northern beasts as totems are likely to belong to your clan or tribe. Therefore, at the time of the Yellow Emperor, some clans or tribes may have joined the Yellow Emperor Tribal Alliance. According to legend, huangling county, Shaanxi Province, where the Yellow Emperor's Crown Tomb is located, is your haunt. Secondly, in the process of the formation of Zhou nationality, an important branch of Qiang nationality-Jiang tribe was merged. According to Records of the Historian Zhou Benji, the first name of Zhou people was Jiang Yuan, the daughter of the Jiang tribe. In The Book of Songs, Jiang Yuan was simply regarded as the ancestor of Zhou people, and Jiang formed a strong marriage alliance with the Duke of Zhou taking care of his father. Later Zhou kings all married ginger girls until the end of the Zhou Dynasty. Third, in the great national integration in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, most of Rong and Di became part of the Chinese nation because they were conquered by Jin and Qin. For example, the relationship between Qin and Zhu Rong is very close. Qin Yuan, a human being, was reinstated for his meritorious service in protecting Wang and Ping. At that time, King Ping announced to him: "Rong will never invade our rich and productive land. If you attack Rong, you will have your place. " (Historical Records of Qin Benji). So, from Qin Wugong's attack on Lu 'an to Qin Mugong's Sui Ba Xi Rong and The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty. At that time, all the military forces in the west of Qin were integrated into the Qin Dynasty, the main branch of the Chinese nation in the west. "Naturally, China has no military forces." Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty. Fourthly, after the formation of the Han nationality, Xiongnu, the descendant of Bai Di, experienced a history of five or six hundred years. Except the northern Xiongnu, the southern Xiongnu was swallowed up by the torrent of national unity in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and became a part of the Han nationality. But Rongdi's is still quite a lot.

As mentioned earlier, under the new historical and geographical conditions and military pressure, they migrated to further areas, as the biography of the Western Qiang in the later Han Dynasty said, "the descendants of the later Han Dynasty were different." It has become one of the ethnic origins of Tibetan, Qiang, Yi, Naxi, Bo, Lahu and Hani in the southwest and northwest of China today. Therefore, Rong and Di are just a branch of the Han nationality.

In a word, Yanhuang and Dongyi are the main sources of Han nationality in history, while Miao Man, Baiyue and Rongdi are branches of Han nationality.

The formation of Han nationality

The formation of the Han nationality did not happen overnight. It experienced the development of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities from tribes to nationalities, and the integration of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities with some barbarians, Yi, Rong and Di nationalities into the Chinese nation, which finally formed in three long and complicated historical stages of the Han Dynasty.

1. The successive rise of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities.

The formation of Han nationality began with the rise of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities.

From the 23rd century to the 22nd century BC, the Xia nationality first rose in the loess area and the Luohe River basin in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. According to legend, Xia tribe was still in the era of clan commune system in primitive society before entering the Yellow River and Luohe River basins. Blood relationship is still the main bond that holds people together. According to historical records, Xia Benji and Xia Tribe share the same surname. *** 12 clan, namely, Youhu, Younan, Qiuxun, Tongcheng, Baoshi, Fei, Qi, Gou, Xin, Ming,. They are a big tribe with Xia Houshi as its core. With the change and development of productivity, the appearance and use of bronze tools in Dayu period is of great significance to the rise of Xia nationality, which promotes the formation of the economic type of irrigated agriculture with copper as the soldier, reflecting that the economic foundation and political conditions for the formation of Xia nationality are mature. At this new historical turning point, Yu zoned Kyushu, marking the completion of the transformation from the kinship of Xia tribes to the geographical relationship, and also marking the formation of Xia nationality.

Due to the imbalance of social development, when the Xia tribe rose in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, it was located in Shandong Peninsula, and the Shang tribe with bird as its totem worship still lived in primitive societies such as "no fixed place to live" and "Historical Records and Yin Benji". Not often in the city, Shangshu Shangshu Pan Geng. Mobile life. However, with the continuous development of productive forces, Shang tribes also embarked on the road of disintegration of primitive society without exception. "Xiangtu is very fierce and fierce, and there are interceptions overseas." The Book of Songs, Shang Song and Long Hair. This record is a message. Therefore, this minister originally belonged to the Shang tribe in Xia Dynasty, and in the process of establishing the Shang State, he was named "the vassal of Tang Zheng" and "Historical Records and Yin Benji". "Eleven signs and invincible in the world", Mencius Teng Wengong. Finally, in the battle of Mingtiao, Tang defeated Xia and established a new slave country-Shang Dynasty. At the same time, the Shang tribe also completed the transformation from blood relationship to geographical relationship, developed into a Shang nation, and rose in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Like the Shang Dynasty's destruction of the Xia Dynasty, the Zhou tribe living between the Qin and Ju basins in the upper reaches of the Shaanxi-Gansu Weihe River was originally a subordinate of the Shang Dynasty. Under the historical condition that I belong to Shang Dynasty, I completed the transition from primitive society to class society, and repeated the scene of the demise of Shang Dynasty, and established the Zhou Dynasty in Fair (Zuo Zhuan is twenty-four years old. Develop into Zhou nationality.

Following the rise of Xia, Shang and Zhou clans in the Yellow River valley, the Chu and Yue clans in the Yangtze River valley also rose. Compared with the Yellow River Basin, the social development process in the Yangtze River Basin is relatively slow. Because the country has not yet appeared, all clans and tribes in the Yangtze River basin have been called "barbarians" for quite a period of time. The man in Jianghan area was called "Jing Chu", and in Shang Dynasty there were "Wei Nv Jing Chu" and "Ju Nan" (The Book of Songs Yanwu). Said. According to the general law of "from tribe to nation", "Jing Chu", which was on the eve of class generation, state generation and nation formation, became strong rapidly in the process of waging war, because they turned war into a normal cause and advocated martial arts. In a sense, Zhou Chengwang named Xiong Yi as Chu, which not only laid the foundation for the establishment of Chu, but also marked the formation of Chu state.

The formation of the Yue nationality began with the appearance of Yue. Baiyue Group, located in the arc zone from Jiangsu, Zhejiang to Guangdong and Guangxi or Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, has long been in a "land where castes live together" because of unbalanced social development. Chen Zan was quoted as saying in the notes in Geography of Hanshu. The state of. However, due to historical opportunities and superior geographical location, Baiyue, a branch of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces adjacent to all ethnic groups in the Central Plains, stood out in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and began the process of forming a nation. The establishment of the State of Wu Yue reflects the disintegration and collapse of the primitive society of the State of Yue, and also marks the completion of the transformation from blood relationship to geographical relationship among tribes of the State of Yue.

From the rise of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities, we can see the magnificent scene of the formation and development of ancient nationalities in China, which is the first stage of the formation of the Han nationality.

2. The Chinese nation is in great integration.

As a historical event, nations, like other things, are constantly developing and changing. Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue, which developed from tribes to nations, are primitive nations. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, under the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, great changes and developments have taken place in ethnic relations. At this time, the main forms of development and change of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu and Yue nationalities are mutual contact, mutual penetration and mutual absorption, and there is a general trend of national integration.

The great ethnic integration in the Spring and Autumn Period was first carried out among the Xia, Shang and Zhou nationalities. For example, Jin's "being a soldier for the state" broke the military constitution regulations since the Western Zhou Dynasty, indicating that the opposition between "state" and "state" has been eliminated, and the state was originally the "Shu Ren" conquered by the Zhou Dynasty, which also shows that the gap between various ethnic groups in Jin has been gradually bridged.

The great ethnic integration in the Spring and Autumn Period also extended to some barbarians, barbarians, Rong and Di. For example, "Guoyu Zhou Yu" said: Glory "Tedi people take their daughters as their descendants." In the twenty-eighth year of Zuo Zhuan, Duke Zhuang said, "Marry two women and let them. Darong Fox gave birth to Zhong Er, and Xiaorong gave birth to Yi Wu. " In the Spring and Autumn Period, the famous Zhong Er was a bastard. Not only that, but when he fled to Di, "Ren took the blame, won his second daughter's uncle Kui, and won his sons. The son took Ji Kui and gave birth to "Ao, Uncle Liu". Twenty-three years of Zuo Zhuan. Strangely, Sidi is another kind, and Zhong Er married Sidi. There is also a saying that Dongyi people are concubines of Lu Xigong; Sidi, don't try another way.

The baby's wife is Kim's sister. The marriage between the Jin people of Zhou Dynasty and the Qin people of Rong nationality shows that the national boundaries including some barbarians, barbarians, Germans and Rong nationality were also broken in the Spring and Autumn Period.

All these things came together, and in the Spring and Autumn Period, a great national fusion was formed, so a new nation, the Huaxia nation, was born. This nation is neither Xia, Shang, Zhou, Chu, Yue, nor brute, nor brute, nor martial. The Chinese nation is often called "Xia" or "Hua" in pre-Qin classics. Confucius regarded "Xia" and "Hua" as synonyms. As the saying goes, "Chinese people do not seek summer, and foreigners do not disturb China." Zuo Zhuan has been published for ten years. In the twenty-sixth year of Zuo Zhuan, Xiang Gong said: "Chu lost China" is the earliest record of the word "Hua". Since then, "Huaxia" has become the national name of a new nation that was formed by the integration of Xia, Shang, Zhou and Yi in the Spring and Autumn Period, with some barbarians, Rong and Di as branches.

During the Warring States period, ethnic integration continued to develop at a deeper level, in a wider scope and at a faster speed. Chu in the south, after the Spring and Autumn Period, the Chu State crisscrossed the Hanshui River and the Yangtze River Basin. After more than 800 years of expansion and management, the level of civilization is getting higher and higher, and the integration between ethnic groups is getting deeper and deeper. The most typical example is Qu Yuan's Tian Wen, which describes a temple.