The background of Gengzi's Russian difficulties

Hailanpao is located at the junction of the west bank of Jingqili estuary and the north bank of Heilongjiang, facing Heihe City across the river. Its name comes from "Halabo", which means black bubble or Heihe River. As early as before the signing of the "Love-faint Treaty", the Russians went down the river from the east of Lake Baikal and infiltrated into the Heilongjiang River Basin. 1856, Tsar Cossack established the first military post and immigration stronghold in Hailanpao, named Hurst-Jayasky (meaning Jayashekou Village). The following year, it was upgraded to a first-class residential area named Huste-Jayaskaya. After the signing of the "Love Faint Treaty", Hailan Gun was incorporated into the territory of the Russian Empire and renamed Blagoveshchensk (meaning the city of good news). In the same year, on February 20th, 12, it was designated as the capital of Amur region of Russian Empire and became the local political, military, cultural and economic center. 1894 The population of Hailanpao was about 20,000, and it increased to 40,000 in 1900. Among them, China people accounted for more than 10,000, and thousands of people lived for a long time. Most of them are engaged in business and work for Russians, some of them are engaged in gold exploration in the late Jask period, and some are engaged in agricultural activities. Huangxian (now Rongcheng City, Shandong Province) and Yexian (now Laizhou City, Shandong Province) have the largest population, with a few from Zhili, Guangdong and other provinces. 1900 years ago, there were more than 500 firms in China, including carpenters, bricklayers, electricians, bricklayers, painters, blacksmiths and laborers. Even the housework of Russians was undertaken by China people. Main projects: 64 villages in Jiangdong.

Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun is located in the south of the mouth of Jingliqi River in Sunwu County, opposite to Horqin Tun, on the left bank of Heilongjiang, with a length of about 140 Li from north to south and 80 Li from east to west. It was developed from the military camp set up by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (jaxa) in the war of conquering Russia during the Kangxi period. In addition, there are different records in historical materials, such as "Twenty-eight Tun", "More than 30 Tun", "Forty-three Tun" and "Forty-eight Tun". Because there are sixty-four villages located in Aihui, Jiangdong (now Aihui Town, Aihui District, Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province), it is named sixty-four villages in Jiangdong. The sixty-four village in Jiangdong was developed earlier, with fertile land, and its annual harvest is more than double that of Jiangyou. Before the signing of the Love Faint Treaty, this place was under the jurisdiction of Deputy Commander Aihui, and all the residents in Tunzhong were included in the Eight Banners. According to Russian official statistics in 188 1, there are * * *14,000 local residents, including 8,600 Han, 4,500 Manchu, 900 Daur and *** 1266. Among them, the Han nationality is scattered in 64 villages in Jiangdong, mostly immigrants from Shandong and Shanxi provinces. Manchu and Daur residents are basically the same as Han residents in language, clothing and customs. They are mainly engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, gold mining and commerce, and are closely related to Hailanpao and Aihui. Before the tragedy, it is estimated that the number of residents in 64 villages in Jiangdong increased to 35,000, including 20,000 residents and floating population10.5 million. 1858 On May 28th, the Qing Dynasty, Yishan, the general of Heilongjiang Province, signed the Aihui Treaty with Muraviev, the governor of Eastern Siberia of Russian Empire, ceding more than 600,000 square kilometers of territory in Outer Manchuria to Russia, leaving only the permanent residency of China residents and the jurisdiction of the Qing government over the residents in the 64th Tun area of Jiangdong. The Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty signed in1860165438+10/4 reaffirmed this provision, but the Aihui Treaty did not clearly define the boundary of 64 villages east of the Yangtze River, thus laying a hidden danger for future disputes.

After the signing of the Treaty of Love, Russia accelerated the pace of emigration to the left bank basin of Heilongjiang. However, because the initial immigrants were mainly to meet the needs of military occupation, the main immigrants were Cossacks and retired soldiers, and the proportion of farmers was very small. Not only can immigrants not provide supplies for the garrison, but their rations need to be shipped from the distant Irkutsk. The advantages of fertile land and abundant food in sixty-four villages in Jiangdong naturally become a cheap supply place for Russian immigrants. 1900 On June 29th, the announcement of Konstantin GriBuschi, commander of the Russian Amur Military Region, also pointed out: Most of the unskilled labor of my residents in Blagoveshchensk is borne by China people, who provide all kinds of food for our residents and even help with housework, and deserve legal protection. It is precisely because of this economic dependence that the Russian authorities allowed China people in the two places to survive and develop for some time.

Since 1882, the number of Russian immigrants to the Far East has increased greatly, the proportion of soldiers has decreased, and the proportion of farmers has increased greatly. With the increase of the number of farmers, the demand for cultivated land is also increasing. However, there are many forests, wilderness and swamps in Amur Prefecture, and only the coastal areas in the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang Province are suitable for farming. Coupled with the Russian authorities' accelerated russification in the Far East and their ambitions for the Manchu-Mongolian region of China, the 64th village in Jiangdong, which is suitable for farming, has become the object of Russian covet and occupation. 1879, Russia occupied Shantun meadow and pasture. 1883, occupying more than 240 yuan of cultivated land and more than 40 miles of wasteland. 1880, 1883, 1889, the Qing government demarcated the boundary of 64 villages east of the Yangtze River, and erected piles to dig ditches. After three demarcations, the scope of the sixty-four village in Jiangdong was reduced to about 140 Li, about 42 Li, and the area was about 1600 square kilometers. After the demarcation is completed, there are still conflicts between the two sides. The biggest conflict is 1890' s Soviet-Arab incident. The Russian side accused the farmer Su Zhong 'a of crossing the border to cultivate land. After many representations from China, Russia finally admitted that the Soviet Union and Afghanistan did not cross the border. Under the constant encroachment of Russia, the land near Gyeonggi Province, north of 64 Tun in Jiangdong, was occupied by 189 1. There are Russians living in the area south of Holmezington.

In the early 1990s, due to the construction of the Siberian Railway, the number of Russian immigrants to the Far East surged, making the land problem in Amur more acute. 1894, Russian official Matyunin put forward the report "Solving Manchu Problems by Jieya River", which overthrew the provisions in the Love Faint Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty that China residents had permanent residency and the Qing government had jurisdiction over residents, and pointed out that the residents of the 64th village in Jiangdong did not abide by Russian laws on Russian territory, which was "far-fetched, unfounded and unfounded" and should be dealt with. After the Machunin report was submitted, the Russian authorities stepped up their actions. 1893, Russian soldiers destroyed more than 30 restaurants in Patun, and the wine in the village merged into a canal, resulting in a direct loss of more than 3 million. During 1898, Russian officers and men investigated the household registration, housing industry and the number of six animals in 64 villages in Jiangdong. Aihui authorities sent officers and men to cross the Heilongjiang protection flag and were forcibly disarmed by the Russian army, which almost led to armed conflict between the two sides. Due to the advance of the Russian authorities, the Hailanpao tragedy and the Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun tragedy finally happened.