What is the northeast city with the largest immigrant population in Shandong during the trip to Kanto?

"Guandong" refers to Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces east of Shanhaiguan.

From the early Qing Dynasty to the founding of New China, due to natural disasters, wars and other reasons, a large number of poor people in North China, forced to make a living, went through hardships to survive in Northeast China.

Braving the journey to the east in history

Before the Qing Dynasty, the population of Northeast China was dominated by Manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities, among which Manchu was the majority and Han nationality was almost absent. In the Qing Dynasty, Shandong people can be divided into three periods:

1. 1644 to 1667, the Qing court promulgated the Regulations on Recruiting People for Land Reclamation in Liaodong, stipulating that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate and the army will be given the garrison". In the past 23 years, "there are many people from Shandong who immigrated to the Northeast", and many areas are "blessed with many benefits" because of immigration.

2. From1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs in Northeast China and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, the Qing court in the seventh year of Kangxi ordered that "Liaodong recruit people to grant officials and stop forever" and implemented the policy of prohibiting land closure in Northeast China. At that time, wicker walls were planted everywhere in Shanhaiguan, and the middle was connected by ropes. Manchu soldiers were stationed there to closely guard the pass, and Han people were not allowed to go out. However, this policy did not stop immigrants from Shandong. At this time, the immigrants "either carry baskets, help the old and carry the young, or go out to Guan Yu in the east, or cross the Bohai Sea in the east, with swarms of bees and ants." Once, Shandong people traveled all over the vast land of Kanto;

3. From 186 1 to191Kloc-0/After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the border areas gradually weakened, and Russia continued to encroach on the border areas of Heilongjiang. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of General Tepuqin of Heilongjiang Province and officially reclaimed land in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). With the gradual opening up of kanto region, immigrants "live abroad", getting older every year, and the immigrants from Shandong and Zhili are "following the trend" and "going into the Tao all the year round", making the Northeast finally become an "immigrant society". It is estimated that in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the population of Northeast China was * * * 184 1 10,000, of which the immigrants from Shandong, Hebei and Henan were about 1 10,000. It can be inferred that the number of immigrants who moved from Shandong to Northeast China in Qing Dynasty was between 7 million and 8 million. "The scale is large, as you can imagine.

192 1 year, there were only 209,000 immigrants from northeast China, and it increased to 567,000 in 1926, and then the number of immigrants soared, reaching1050,000 in 1927, and 1928. That is, from 192 1 to 10 in130, nearly 6180,000 people went to the northeast to make a living.

Shandong people are the main force of "going east"

The legendary "Crossing the Kanto" is known as an unprecedented movement in China's modern history, and Shandong people are the main force of this movement. There is a saying: "For the vast majority of Shandong immigrants, the three eastern provinces are nothing more than the expansion of Shandong Province." ...

In some areas of Jiaodong, almost every household "rushes to the Kanto", and even the young people in the village are regarded as worthless by the villagers if they don't. "Going to the East" is widely accepted as a social custom, which is a cultural phenomenon.

Guandong is the second hometown of Shandong people, where there are their old folks. When they encounter difficulties in life or natural or man-made disasters, they will first think of "going to the East" to visit relatives and friends for help. For example, in the early years of Guangxu, there was a drought in Shandong, and immigrants "helped the old and brought the young, and fled to Feng at the same speed ... to find relatives and friends of the clan and eat, hoping to plant wasteland in the future". Such examples are recorded in historical records and can be fully verified from the survey data:

Ma Fushan in Linqu County dictated: "1940, my parents took me and my sister * * * to the northeast ... we went to Shenyang to find my uncle. My uncle 1930 went to Shenyang in the northeast. At that time, he was only 16 years old, and he was an apprentice bricklayer in a Japanese iron works, with a monthly salary of 15 yuan. My uncle lives in Huanggutun, Shenyang, which is within 0/5 of Shenyang Railway Station. After we got off the bus, I hired a carriage according to the address to find my uncle and spent two yuan. After meeting my uncle, he took us to his home by bike. At that time, we lived in a room with a fellow villager in Shandong. "

These examples show that Kanto and Shandong have inseparable social ties. The expansion of social communication and the popularity of the phenomenon of "going to Kanto" are mutually causal, which endows the regional cultural tradition of "going to Kanto" with a deep social foundation, and at the same time makes the phenomenon of "going to Kanto" have a relatively less "blind" color.

Northeasters and Shandong people

Where are the "Eastbound Tour" people? At the end of Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China, followed by Japan. The two countries are competing to expand their power in the northeast, build railways and plunder resources, which requires a lot of labor and forces North China to go bankrupt. Outside the customs, most farmers immigrated from North China, especially from Shandong and Hebei provinces. Dengzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou in Jiaodong, Shandong, Baoding and Luanzhou in Hebei, and the Beijing-Tianjin area, with convenient roads and the custom of "crossing the Kanto", are the main transport areas for immigrants. Later, Henan province, the hardest hit area, relied on developed railways, and a considerable number of farmers fled to the northeast.

Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is not an exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. "

Shandong people and Hebei people have an absolute advantage in number. They "live in groups, and their languages and customs are as old as before." They can adapt to the local social customs and religious beliefs and use the local language without changing themselves.

In the face of Qilu culture and Yanzhao culture, Kanto culture can't be without vigilance, and it can't be without the contradiction of "natives". For example, "Introduction to Heilongjiang Province" said: "While hiring people to open up wasteland, there are many Zhili and Shandong provinces. Every time after the ice is valued, pedestrians can be seen everywhere in Ji Feng and Jilin provinces, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province is also an example. "An Guang County Records" records: "Before the county was founded, the Mongols were not proficient in farming. This is a barren land. After the Han people came to cultivate seeds, the flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongols bullied it more ... Guangxu 30 years, allowing members to develop wasteland and recruit households' territory. The guests arrived after hearing the news ... Mongolia is getting worse. "

Braving the Guandong, why is it?

The word "Chuang" highlights the hardships of this route. The Qing court took the northeast as the "land of Longxing", fearing that a large number of Han people in Shanhaiguan would harm the interests of flag-bearers and destroy the Manchu customs and order. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the policy of banning was implemented, and then the measures became more and more severe, from partial ban to comprehensive ban, from customs clearance to expulsion of refugees. However, due to the increasing pressure of life and the continuous natural famine, more and more farmers from Shandong and Hebei provinces sneaked across the ocean to Liaodong, or crossed the Great Wall privately via western Liaoning and flocked to the sleeping northeast Woye. These immigrants were all carried out under the conditions of the forbidden policy of the Qing court, so they were called "eastward crossing".

Shandong people all go to Kanto for survival. From the starting point, on the one hand, there are natural disasters, such as drought, water, hail, insect disaster and epidemic disaster; On the one hand, man-made disasters, such as the Second Opium War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, and local struggles, all swept across the provinces in North China. The direct Anhui war, the two direct Anhui wars and the melee between the old and new warlords year after year, the war disaster spread to the provinces in North China. Frequent military disasters and banditry increasingly aggravate the burden of land rent, tax, poor service and extra sharing.

From the perspective of immigrants, the social productive forces in Northeast China are relatively backward, most of the land has not been reclaimed, and North China is vast and sparsely populated. In Shandong and other places, it has a long history of "going east". Some immigrants send money to their hometown, some bring property back to their hometown for the New Year, and some get rich and get married. These have stimulated more people to make a living outside the customs. In some villages in Jiaodong, almost every household has "going to Kanto", and even the young people in the village who don't go to Kanto are regarded as worthless by the villagers, and the custom of "going to Kanto" has gradually formed. Therefore, in North China, especially in Jiaodong, Shandong Province and Jidong, Hebei Province, when the labor force is slightly abundant, or when encountering natural or man-made disasters, the first thing that comes to mind is to bring family members or gather friends and relatives to flock to Kanto to make a living.

Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga 1899 recorded the real historical picture of that year in a book: "From Fengtian to Xingjing, I saw a husband riding a unicycle on the road, a woman sitting on it, a child crying and falling asleep, her husband pushing from behind, her brother holding from the front, an old woman leaning on crutches and a young girl leaning on each other. On the way, my husband scolded the young woman and my mother called the child. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, Shandong immigrants slept all the way. "

Excerpted from Liaoshen Evening News on June 2, 2008 +65438.