Why are there so many dialects in Hunan?

Speaking of Hunan, it has a long history. When Mr. Huangdi traveled around the world, he once "traveled south to the great river, climbed bears and traveled to Hunan". Later, "Li" was praised as the fire of living, and he made great contributions to the world. Di Ku was named Zhu Rong ". This Di Ku is said to be the great-grandson of the Yellow Emperor, and his father is Yao Di and Zhu Rong. The book says: "Chu is also the Queen of Zhu Rong", and the first peak of Nanyue is named Zhu Rong. Later, Dayu usurped the throne, and Shun's "southern tour hunting" collapsed in the wild of Cangwu. Nine suspects were buried in Jiangnan, for Lingling. Nine suspects are called Lingling today. It was called Lingling a few years ago, but now it is called Yongzhou. Kyushu, Yu Kai, "Hai Huai Weiyang, Jingheng Weinan", is now the land of Hunan and ancient Jingzhou. In summer, it was Yin, Yin, Zhou, the royal family of Zhou, and then Chu. When Mr. Zhu Rong's N-generation grandson was ill in Zhou Yiwang, he took advantage of the poor management of the central government to stand on his own feet and said, "I am a barbarian, and I am not proud of the name of China." However, Chu was very small at that time, so now there is only a small piece of Chu land in Hunan (Hubei brothers love to say that Hunan people are not Chu people, but it makes sense to refer to Chu at this time). By the time Chu Zhuangwang ("silent for three years, a blockbuster") arrived in the central plains in the suburbs of various places, the territory of Chu State was already very large, probably including a large part of Hunan. Of course, when Chu was at its strongest, it probably included not only the two lakes, but also the two rivers, Sichuan, Henan and other places (so Liu Hexiang was not from the same lake, but also called himself a Chu). After that, Qin unified the six countries and divided the world into thirty-six counties. At that time, the south was vast and sparsely populated, so there was only one Changsha county in such a big Hunan (Xiangxi area should be the county in central Guizhou). Because its county is too big, Han established Changsha State, which governs eastern Hunan and northern Hunan, and set up Wuling, Lingling and Guiyang counties, which govern western Hunan and southern Hunan. Hunan at this time is no longer a wilderness. At the peak of the Western Han Dynasty, the population of three counties and one country exceeded 700,000. Of course, compared with the total population of the country (about 60 million), it is still insignificant. Changsha was the county at the end of Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Hunan belonged to Wu, which was divided into four counties: Changsha, Xiangdong, Hengyang, Wuling, Tianmen, Lingling, Shi 'an, Zhaoling, Guiyang and Shixing, belonging to Jingzhou (later Guangzhou Shixing and Shi 'an). Xiangzhou was set up in Hunan at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, and merged into Jingzhou at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was set up in the time of Emperor Wu, then governed ten counties, and was destroyed by Chen. This Xiangzhou, which covers roughly the whole territory of Hunan, has existed for more than 200 years. Perhaps China's concept of "Ren Xiang" began at this time? Sui changed Xiangzhou to Tanzhou, Tanzhou and Yongzhou to the Governor's Office, and changed to yi county. There are Hengshan, Lingling and Guiyang in southern Hunan, and Changsha, Baling, Wuling, Yuanling and Liyang in northern Hunan. The Tang Dynasty was divided into fifteen roads in the world, and Hunan belonged to Jiangnan West Road (Shannan East Road in the north and Qianzhong Road in the west), including Yuezhou (Baling County), Tanzhou (Changsha County), Hengzhou (Hengyang County), Lizhou (Liyang County), Langzhou (Wuling County), Daozhou (Jianghua County), Chenzhou (Guiyang County) and Chenzhou. In the Five Dynasties, Chu, a subordinate of Hunan Province, was the so-called "King Ma". In Song Dynasty, Hunan was Jinghu South Road and Beier Road, which were roughly divided into southeast Hunan and northwest Hunan (plus Hubei). Due to the narrow territory of the Song Dynasty, especially after the southern crossing, Hunan became the hinterland, with an area and population close to the "world" and unprecedented cultural prosperity. Obviously, Hunan at this time is no longer "Amon under Wu"! Mongolia and Yuan were unified in the sea, and the two lakes, Guangdong and Guangxi (part of them) and Hainan were combined into "Zhongshu Province". Hunan is divided into dozens of "roads". Yuezhou, Changde, Lizhou, Chenzhou and Yuanzhou belong to Hubei Road in the south of the Yangtze River, and Tianlin, Hengzhou, Daozhou, Chenzhou, Baoqing, Wugang and Guiyang. In the early Ming Dynasty, Guangdong and Guangxi were demarcated, but the provincial name of "Huguang" (Huguang Bureau) was still retained. In the twenty-eighth year of Wanli, "the emperor took Chu as a vast land", and analyzed that Huguang was biased towards Governor Yuan to govern Hunan. "The early qing dynasty. In the third year of Kangxi, Hunan Ministry of Foreign Affairs moved to Hunan Province, and moved to Changsha as the governor of the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of Yongzheng, Governor Yuan was changed to Governor Hunan, which was also under the jurisdiction of Governor Huguang. " So far, Hunan Province has basically taken shape, and its name, capital and boundary are still in use today.

Historically, Hunan was insignificant before the Song Dynasty. In ancient times, "China" was very small, and Hunan was located among the "four barbarians" and was a place to be served. The territory is sparsely populated and culturally backward, and it is a famous exile. Even in the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty, Jia Yi lived in exile in Changsha, especially Fu Bird, fearing that he would not live long. It can be seen that Hunan was not a good place at that time. Supposedly, the Song Dynasty was better, but in fact, Hunan was also the garrison of the Song Dynasty, and its territory was "crowded" and very restless. Although "the mountains are rich in wood, the land is rich in gold and iron, and the soil is suitable for grain and rice", it is "a little more blessed", but it is far from "rich in things and healthy in people". At that time, Jiangsu and Zhejiang were "granaries in the world"-the so-called "Suzhou and Lake are ripe, and the world is full". Hunan's money valley is not as good as Jiangxi's, and naturally it is far less than Jiangnan's "land of fish and rice", with a much smaller population and a disproportionate number of talents. The turning point of Hunan's remarkable rise in status was in the early Ming Dynasty: during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Hunan was outnumbered and its population plummeted (folklore says that Zhu Yuanzhang drove Hunan people to a hilly land to suppress Chen Youliang's "blood washing" of Hunan, leaving the people in this hilly land behind and killing all the others), which made Hunan, which had a small population, a wasteland. After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang took a series of measures, including calling for exile, releasing slaves, persuading farmers to cultivate mulberry and encouraging reclamation. And carried out large-scale immigration to Hunan. This is the so-called "Jiangxi lake filling". Immigrants mainly come from Jiangxi, of course, a small number come from Hubei and Anhui. Because Jiangxi and other places are more developed than Hunan, the arrival of a large number of immigrants not only improves the overall quality of Hunan's population, but also makes a lot of land developed, especially the development of Dongting Lake area in northern Hunan and its surrounding plains, making Hunan gradually develop into an important grain producing area. At this time, fertile fields in Jiangsu and Zhejiang have been replanted with cotton, and the population is dense, and the food can no longer be self-sufficient, so it is eaten in Jiangxi and Huguang. Therefore, the folk proverb becomes "the lake is wide and ripe, and the world is enough." In the Qing dynasty, this sentence even appeared in the "imperial edict" of Kangxi. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Hunan repeated the process of war, appeasement and recovery, and the Qing government also adopted the policy of rewarding cultivation and reducing taxes, which also achieved remarkable results. If Hunan is still catching up with Jiangxi, then Hunan has been catching up since the Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the population of Huguang was not as good as that of Jiangxi, but by the end of the Qing Dynasty, the population of a province in Hunan separated from Huguang was nearly double that of Jiangxi, so the population was a very important factor in the rise of Hunan and the decline of Jiangxi since the Qing Dynasty. In an agricultural society, a population has money, food, taxes, soldiers and talents, so it has a position. Therefore, in the past few hundred years, as one of the best agricultural provinces in China, Hunan's position is hard to lose. But now we have entered the industrial society, and not only the industry, but also the tertiary industry has fallen far behind agriculture. In the past few years, Hunan still emphasized "a big agricultural province" and "a strong agricultural province", and as a result, the three industries were depressed. How does Hunan maintain its position in the whole country? This is impossible! Fortunately, the policy direction has changed in recent years. Recently, the concepts of "Pan-Pearl 9+ 1" and "Rise of Central China" were introduced, which made Hunan regain its glory. More than 20 years have passed and almost disappeared.