In the history of China, what was the most mixed period when the Han nationality was invaded by the Hu people?

since the Han dynasty, Hu people have been migrating to the inland of the Central Plains, gradually occupying North China, and their power has been growing. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Hu people had settled in Guanzhong, Jingshui and Weishui basins, and surrounded Luoyang, jindun.

After the Eight Kings Rebellion during the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty, the Jin clan was divided, the national strength was empty, the people's livelihood was depressed, and the military strength of the Han nationality in the Central Plains declined rapidly. The Hu people took the opportunity to fight, so there was chaos in the Central Plains. In the past hundred years, dozens of regimes with different strengths and sizes were established by the Hu people and the Han people, which was called "five chaos" in history.

Because of the book Spring and Autumn of Sixteen Countries written by Cui Hong, a historian at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which recorded 16 representative regimes independently, some people called this period "Five Hu Sixteen Countries". In fact, the number of regimes far exceeded sixteen, and the founders were not limited to Hu people.

The historical stage of Wumanghua

The historical stage of Wumanghua

From 34 AD to 439 AD (from the first year of Yongxing in the Western Jin Dynasty to the unification of the Northern Wei Dynasty), sixteen separatist regimes were successively established in the Huaihe River in the south, Yinshan Mountain in the north, Qingling Mountain in the west, East Sea in the northeast, north of the lower reaches of Yalu River and east of Lancang River in the southwest. That is, Cheng (Ba Di) and Han (Xiongnu) established in the Yongxing year of the Western Jin Dynasty, and Qian Zhao (Hungarian slave), Hou Zhao (Jie), Qian Liang (Han), Qian Yan (Xianbei), Qian Qin (Di), Hou Qin (Qiang), Hou Yan (Xianbei) established after the death of the Western Jin Dynasty. In addition, there are Ran Wei (Han) and Xi Yan, but they are not included. Han and former Zhao were counted as one country, which was called the Sixteen Kingdoms Period in history. The five main tribes that entered the Central Plains, namely, Xiongnu, Jiejie, Xianbei, Bianyi and Qiang, were known as Wuhu in history. It is known as the Five Hues and Sixteen Countries.

in the western Jin dynasty, the fertile land of Qin, Yong and bing had been inhabited by Qiang, di and Xiongnu, and Qiang and miscellaneous Hu lived in the north of Jingshui and the lower reaches of Wei River, while Di lived on both sides of the middle reaches of Wei River and the south bank of the lower reaches. Huns live in the middle and lower reaches of Fenshui, while Jie people live in the upper reaches of Shuzhang River. The ethnic discrimination and cruel oppression and exploitation of the Western Jin government caused their resistance.

in 294, Hao San, the Hun, attacked the Party and was killed soon. In 296, Hao Duyuan joined forces with Qiang and Hu to kill the Northern Prefecture, and defeated Feng Yi's Prefecture and Yongzhou's Secretariat. Qin, Yong, Bian and Qiang all responded and promoted Qi Wannian, the commander of Bian, as emperor. The great epidemic, drought and famine made the uprising more and more powerful, and it took four years to be suppressed. Han people went into exile in Liang, Yi, Jing, Yu and other states for food. Persecuted by the officials, the Yizhou refugees elected Te Li and his son as the leaders, and successively defeated Zhao Gao and Luo Shang, the secretariat of Yizhou. In 34 A.D., Li Xiong became king according to Chengdu, and in 36 A.D., he became emperor, with a great title. He implemented the policy of frivolous and generous taxation, and the people were rich. It was destroyed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 347 AD.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, the gentry monopolized the political power, excluding the gentry and the minority aristocrats, which caused the latter's strong dissatisfaction. The Eight Kings Rebellion brought great disasters to the people of all ethnic groups. The cruelty and decay of the Western Jin government were exposed, the ruling mechanism fell apart and the ruling power was weakened sharply. At this time, the Xiongnu nobles secretly discussed that "it is time to revitalize the country and resume business." * * * pushed Liu Yuan to fight against Jin in dispatch troops in 34 AD, called Hanwang, and built Zuoguocheng (now northeast of Lishi County, Shanxi Province). Liu Yuan studied Confucianism as a child and lived in Luoyang for a long time, making contact with kings, Zaifu and celebrities. He claimed to inherit the Han Zuo and set up three ancestors and five families of the Emperor Gaozu to worship it. Wang Mi, Schleswig-Holstein and others also led the troops. In 38 AD, he became the emperor and moved to Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen City, Shanxi Province). Sending troops to attack Luoyang twice failed. Liu Cong succeeded to the throne in 31 AD. In 311 AD, Liu Yao, Wang Mi and Schleswig captured Luoyang and captured Emperor Huai of Jin. In 316 AD, Liu Yao was sent to capture Chang 'an (now northwest of Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province), capture Emperor Yi of Jin Dynasty, and perish the Western Jin Dynasty. In 319 AD, Liu Yao, the emperor, was located in Chang 'an, changed his country name to Zhao, and sacrificed the Xiongnu Khan and Liu Yuan, known as the former Zhao in history. The territory reaches Shuozhou (now Guyuan County, Gansu Province) in the north, Lueyang (now Tianshui City, Gansu Province) in the south, Baohan (now northeast of Linxia County, Gansu Province) in the west, Xin 'an (now east of Mianchi County, Henan Province) in the east and Houzhao as the boundary. In 329 AD, it was destroyed in Shile, Houzhao.

Shile, a small handsome Jiezu in Shangdang Wuxiang, was once plundered and sold as a slave because of hunger and cold, and later gathered for 18 rides as thieves, and then summoned desperate people to break his powers with Kidsang (now Yezhen, southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province). After running attached to Liu Yuan, repeatedly made the meritorious military service. In 311 AD, Wang Yan led more than 1, Sima Yuejun, and together with Liu Yao and Wang Mi, he captured Luoyang. Then the fire merged with Wang Mi and attacked Jiang and Han in the south. Zhang Binji, a counselor, took Xiangguo (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) as the stronghold and took Youji two states. In 319 AD, it was called the King of Zhao, and in history it was called Hou Zhao. In 329, Gongyuan destroyed the former Zhao, forced the former Liang to be a vassal, and unified the north. The territory is east to the sea, west to Baohan, north to Yinshan and Yuyang (now the north of Beijing), and south to Xiangyang, Hefei and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Schleswig-Holstein takes the Jie nationality as its nationality. Establish Imperial College, cultivate the scholars of the Jie nationality and improve the cultural quality of the Jie nationality. Implement the nine-product official system to recruit people. "Send envoys to follow the counties, verify household registration, and persuade farmers to teach mulberry." "Everyone rents half the land." Production was resumed and developed. After Shi Hu succeeded to the throne, he moved to Yeh, the capital, and was destroyed by Ran Wei in 35 AD. Ran Min established the state of Wei, which was called Ran Wei in history. It was destroyed by Qian Yan in 352 AD.

Since then, the Central Plains has been ruled by Qian Yan and Qian Qin, while Liangzhou has been divided by Qian Liang. In 31 AD, Zhang Gui was appointed as the secretariat of Liangzhou, pacified the state, became a city (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province), and defended the state and the people. He sent troops to defend Luoyang and Chang 'an many times. After the death of the Western Jin Dynasty, it still served as the new moon in the Western Jin Dynasty, and many scholars in the Central Plains took refuge here. History calls it cool before. Zhang Jun, his grandson, once sent Yang Xuan to lead his troops across quicksand, cutting Qiuci and Shanshan, so all the western regions fell. The territory is east to the Yellow River, west to the green ridge, north to Juyanze (now Ejina Banner in Inner Mongolia) and south to Nanshan (now Qilian Mountain in Gansu). In 376 AD, it was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty.

Murong Department of Xianbei is backward in economy and culture. It originally lived in Liaohe River Basin, and gradually became feudal under the influence of feudal production mode of Han nationality. It moved to Dajicheng (now Yixian, Liaoning), Longcheng (now Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Jiyu (now southwest of Beijing) successively. In 352 AD, he destroyed Ran Wei, called himself Emperor Yan, and moved to the capital. History is called Qian Yan. The territory is bounded by the sea in the east, Lishi in Shanxi, Luoyang in Henan, Nanyang and Qianqin in the west, Daixian in Shanxi in the north and Huaihe River and Dongjin in the south. Northeast to the north of the lower reaches of Yalu River. It was destroyed in the former Qin Dynasty in 37 AD. Since then, the former Qin dynasty unified the north. Haoyuhong of the Di nationality originally lived in Linwei, Lueyang (now Qin 'an County, Gansu Province).

in the post-Zhao dynasty, he moved to fangtou (now qimendu, southwest of Xun county, Henan province) and was the governor of refugees. After the death of Zhao, his son, Jian Jian, led all the people to Guanzhong in the west, claiming the title of king, the capital of Chang 'an, and the title of Qin. History is called Qian Qin. In 357 AD, Fu Jian was the emperor, and he used Wang Meng, a scholar of the poor family, to reform politics, suppress the strongmen and develop production. "Tian Chou cultivated addiction, enriched the treasury, and prepared laws and materials." He destroyed Qianyan, Qianliang and Daiguo (Xianbei Tuoba Department), conquered the western regions and unified the north. Also take the eastern Jin Liang and Yi two states. Its territory stretches from the west to the green ridge, east to the sea, southwest to Panzhihua City, Sichuan Province, northeast to the north of the lower reaches of the Yalu River, north to Yinshan Mountain, and south to the Huaihe River and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 383 AD, Fu Jian invaded the Eastern Jin Dynasty on a large scale and was defeated by Feishui, so Murong, Qiang, Zahu and other places in Xianbei rebelled and became independent. Under the fierce attack of Xiyan, it was destroyed by the late Qin Dynasty in 385 AD. Since then, the Central Plains has been divided by Houyan and Houqin, while Liangzhou has been divided by Houliang.

Xiyan, founded in Xianbei Mu Rongchong in 384 AD, was a capital city (now northwest of Chang 'an City, Shaanxi Province), and was rushed to death. Murong Yong moved to the eldest son of the capital (now southwest of Zhangzi County, Shanxi Province), and was destroyed by Houyan in 394 AD. Houyan was built in Xianbei Mu Rongchui in 384 AD. Du Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province). In 397 AD, the Northern Wei Dynasty captured Zhongshan, and Murong Bao moved to Longcheng. In 47 AD, Murong Xi was killed by Feng Ba, and the country died. Feng Ba made Gao Yun emperor, known as Beiyan in history. In 49 AD, Feng Ba succeeded to the throne, "saving money and paying little tribute." It was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty in 436 AD.

Southern Yan, founded in 398 AD by Murong De, Xianbei (now southeast of hua county, Henan Province), was forced by the Northern Wei Dynasty, and led many people to take Qingzhou counties in the east, all of which were wide and solid (now east of the mountain and northwest of Qingzhou City). It was destroyed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 41 AD.

in the late Qin dynasty, Yao Chang, the chieftain of Qiang, rebelled against Fu Jian in 384, and his capital was Chang' an. Yao Xing succeeded to the throne in 394. In 417 AD, it was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Xia, founded in Helian Bobo, Xiongnu in 47 AD, was the capital of Wancheng (now Baicheng in the northeast of Jingbian County, Shaanxi Province). In 417 AD, the Eastern Jin Dynasty destroyed the later Qin Dynasty. Energetically defeated Jin soldiers and took Chang 'an. After He Lianding destroyed the Western Qin Dynasty in 431 AD, it was attacked by Tuyuhun, and the country died.

the western Qin dynasty was built in 385 ad in Xianbei, Longxi, and was the capital city (now the west of Lanzhou, Gansu). In 431 AD, it was destroyed by the summer.

Houliang, Lv Guang, a general of Qin Dynasty, returned to the Western Regions before 386 A.D. and was built in Liangzhou, the capital of Gansu Province (now Wuwei City). The territory starts from the Yellow River in the east, reaches the green ridge in the west, the Qilian Mountain in the south and Juyanze in the north. It was destroyed in the late Qin Dynasty in 43 AD. Its western part is Xiliang, which was built by Li Songjian in 4 AD. It was originally the capital of Dunhuang and later moved to Jiuquan (now Jiuquan City, Gansu Province). In 42 AD, it was destroyed in Beiliang; In the east of it is Nanliang, which was built in 397 AD in Xianbei, Hexi, and became Ledu (now Ledu County, Qinghai). It was destroyed in the Western Qin Dynasty in 414 AD. The other is Beiliang, which was built in 397 AD in Linsong Lushui Huju Qumeng Xun, and was the capital of Zhangye (now northwest of Zhangye City, Gansu Province), and later moved to Guzang. It was destroyed in the Northern Wei Dynasty in 439 AD.

Although the Sixteen Kingdoms period was divided, it had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of China. First of all, it set a precedent for ethnic minorities to enter the Central Plains. "What kind of princes would rather have?" It was realized not only by Chen Sheng, a farm laborer, but also by Liu Yuan, Liu Cong, Schleswig-Holstein, Fu Jian, etc., and the exclusive rule of the Han clan was broken. Instead, it was replaced by the joint rule of ethnic minorities and the Han people's gentry. Most of them were educated by Confucianism, reused the gentry, restored and developed agricultural production, and gave the people a breathing space, but this short-lived stability was quickly broken by the war between Hu ethnic groups and between Han and Hu ethnic groups. This has a great influence on the historical development of China. Secondly, how the rulers (and Han counselors) of ethnic minorities correctly handle ethnic contradictions and class contradictions is a new topic put forward by history. Some of them were not well solved at the beginning, while others were well solved at the beginning, realizing the reunification of the north, and then they failed. Their rule soon collapsed and the north fell into a state of division. However, their experience and lessons have a great influence on the history of China. So in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the reform of Emperor Xiaowen appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

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the influence caused by

after the Yongjia Rebellion, the northern part of China was plunged into war for a long time, and the Jinshi regime went into exile in the south and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Intellectuals, farmers, craftsmen and merchants who were originally in the Central Plains also fled to the south, which greatly promoted the local economic and cultural development, made the Jiangnan area increasingly rich and prosperous, and finally replaced the Central Plains and became the focus of the whole country. The tribes of the Central Plains who moved to the south merged with the local people and Baiyue ethnic groups, forming a new culture full of Jiangnan characteristics; The Hu nationality who gained political power in the north was gradually sinicized in culture. During this period, the Han nationality, as an absolute cultural dominant position in the Central Plains, also absorbed the cultural essence of other ethnic groups and injected cultural genes into the high prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. At the same time, the Hu people's destruction of the achievements of the Central Plains civilization and the slaughter of local residents made the development of the civil class stagnate, and their political ethnic segregation and repression led to the inability of craftsmen to improve production technology under the harsh burden, thus forcing commercial capital to continuously transform into usury capital. Hu people's atrocities

Among the Hu people who entered the fortress, the tribes such as Jie, Bai Xiongnu, Ding Ling, Tiefu, Lushuihu, Xianbei and Jiudahu are all white people with blond hair and blue eyes. These savage Hu people from the wild land still retain their primitive cannibalism, among which Jie, Bai Xiongnu and Xianbei are the most ferocious.

In 34 AD, Duan Xianbei plundered the Central Plains, robbed countless wealth and robbed tens of thousands of Han girls. Wang Jun, the secretariat of Youzhou, wouldn't let them take people away. They didn't want to let the prisoners go, so they all drowned 8, girls, and Xiao Shui was cut off.

under the rule of Jie Zhao regime established by Jie nationality, the Han nationality, which once established Xiongqin and Shenghan, has reached the brink of extinction.

By the time Ran Min wiped out Jie Zhao, there were only about 4 million Han people left in the Central Plains (the population of the Western Jin Dynasty was 2 million) (doubtful), and after Ran Min liberated Yedu, it reached 2, after the first rescue.

(amlen Note: There can't be so few Han people in the Central Plains. After the demise of Zhao, it experienced several years of large-scale war, and it didn't come to an end until Yan was trapped in Ye 353 years ago. Qianyan occupied the second half of Zhao Dong and died in 37. Its registered population of Han nationality was 9.99 million, while the population of Qianqin, which occupied the western half, was unknown. Due to the death of a large number of relocated households after the elimination of Jie Zhao in Ran Min, it is estimated that the population of Han nationality in post Zhao is about 1 million to 12 million, and the population of Han nationality in Western Jin Dynasty is 16 million)