An Overview of Ancient Ethnic Relations in China

For reference only, I hope it will help you. 1. The stages and characteristics of ancient ethnic integration in China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: At this time, the Central Plains was in war, and the princes competed for hegemony. The interaction between Huaxia and other ethnic minorities showed a trend of national integration. Its main feature is the formation of the Chinese nation (Han nationality). 2. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties: At this time, due to the large number of ethnic minorities moving inward, the first climax of the great integration of the Chinese nation was formed, and ethnic struggle and political reform further promoted ethnic integration. Its main feature is to accelerate the sinicization of ethnic minorities. 3. Five Dynasties Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties: At this time, the Han regime declined and the ethnic minorities became strong. In order to promote their own development, ethnic minorities have studied the political, economic and cultural systems of the Han nationality, which has accelerated the process of sinicization. The unification of Yuan Dynasty further promoted the unification and development of multi-ethnic countries. The characteristics of ethnic integration in this period are: the confrontation of ethnic regimes and the sinicization of ethnic minorities.

2. Ways of ethnic integration 1. Production struggle promotes integration: for example, during the Three Kingdoms period, the Shanyue nationality and the Han nationality jointly developed Jiangnan. 2. Class struggle promotes integration: for example, during the Western Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities resisted the tyranny of the Western Jin Dynasty. 3. Social reform promotes integration, such as the sinicization policy adopted by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. 4. Intimacy and feudalism promote integration, such as the policy of intimacy and feudalism in Han Dynasty and feudalism in Tang Dynasty. 5. National unity promotes integration: For example, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, ethnic minorities came to the Central Plains to study, and the Yuan Dynasty formed Hui people. 3. The jurisdiction of the ancient regime in China over ethnic minority areas was 1. Jurisdiction over Northeast China: Bohai Governor's Office and Heishui Governor's Office were established in the Tang Dynasty; In the Ming Dynasty, Nur was established as a disciple. The Qing Dynasty established three general jurisdictions, namely Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang. 2. Jurisdiction over the northwest: The Qin Dynasty sent Meng Tian to attack the Huns in the north, seize the Hetao area, resettle counties and build the Great Wall; In 60 BC, the government of the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Duhu. After the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions, he reset the capital of the Western Regions. In the Tang Dynasty, Anxi and Beiting were established to protect the government. General Uriah Tai Su and General Ili were founded in the Qing Dynasty. 3. Jurisdiction over Southwest China: Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty set up counties in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou; Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named Piluge the king of Yunnan; The Yuan Dynasty established Zheng Xuanyuan to manage Tibet; The Qing Dynasty established a system of conferring titles and appointed ministers stationed in Tibet. In order to strengthen the jurisdiction of southwest China, during Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, the system of local minority leaders as chieftains was changed, and it was directly ruled by the central government, which was called "changing the land to the stream". During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of floating officials were appointed instead of chieftains, which strengthened the central government's rule over southwest ethnic minority areas, promoted economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups, and was conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country.