20 13 answers to the comprehensive history of Ningxia college entrance examination literature

The answer is as follows, plus analysis, the title is abbreviated.

Answer c

Focus of analysis and investigation: the establishment of centralization in Qin Dynasty.

The key to answer this question is to make clear the difference between the enfeoffment system of the Zhou Dynasty and the centralization of the Qin Dynasty: under the enfeoffment system, the Zhou Emperor and local governors shared power to manage the country, and under the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, the emperor appointed county magistrates to manage the place on behalf of the emperor; Under the system of enfeoffment, the hierarchical relationship among Zhou Tianzi, vassals, Qing doctors and scholars was clear. Under the county system, county orders are directly appointed and removed by the emperor, and there is no strict hierarchical relationship. They are all bureaucrats under centralized power.

Therefore, the changes from the Zhou Dynasty to the Qin tombs reflect the changes from the feudal system based on consanguinity to the bureaucratic politics under centralization.

The statement in item A is wrong, and the key and premise of maintaining the enfeoffment system is the blood relationship between Jing Tian system and large-scale small clans, not economic development; The wrong statement of item b lies in the separation of powers between governors and Zhou under the chaotic enfeoffment system; The statement of item D is inconsistent with historical facts, and the enfeoffment system collapsed during the Warring States Period.

Answer c

Analysis and Test Site: Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

The key to solve this problem lies in understanding the historical facts of the changes in the content and status of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism (which gradually became the official philosophy after the Song Dynasty).

In the Song Dynasty, the rulers still took the traditional Confucian way as their ruling thought, and Zhu's Neo-Confucianism was called pseudo-Confucianism, because compared with the Confucian way, Neo-Confucianism added many new ideas, such as "reason is the foundation of all things, the three cardinal principles and the five permanents", which was not accepted by the rulers of the Song Dynasty until the Ming Dynasty.

Item a has nothing to do with this topic, and item b is not the reason. It is contradictory for Ming Taizu to delete the thought of valuing the people over the monarch in Mencius, so Confucianism, the official thought of Ming Dynasty, is no longer the original way of Confucius and Mencius. D-center theory has not yet become the official philosophy.

Answer a

Analysis and examination point: the characteristics of Athenian democracy.

The key to answer this question is to understand that Athenian democracy is the democracy of Athenian citizens and the necessary quality for citizens to participate in politics, that is, they must have strong speech skills.

Items b, c and d can't explain the reason for the connection between political leaders and speakers.

Answer d

Analysis test site: glorious revolution.

The key to solve this problem is to understand the essence of the glorious revolution (the compromise between the bourgeoisie new noble and the old aristocracy, and finally the transfer of state power).

Because the glorious revolution was a palace coup jointly launched by the upstart bourgeoisie and the old aristocrats who believed in the Anglican Church, it not only continued the tradition of hereditary monarchy, but also enabled the bourgeoisie to gain state power.

Items A and C are incorrectly stated, and item B once again shows the hereditary male priority after the glorious revolution.

Answer a

Analysis Test Site: The Rise of Modern Natural Science-Heliocentrism.

According to the meaning of the title "Declaration of Independence of Natural Sciences" and the meaning put forward by Copernicus and Heliocentrism, the answer is given.

The development of science in the Middle Ages was controlled by the Christian Church. Heliocentrism overthrew the authoritative view of the church in science and made science develop independently without the control of church theology.

The scientific achievements of Galileo, Newton and Darwin were all developed under the influence of Heliocentrism's breakthrough in church theology, so the answer is A.

Answer b

Analysis and examination point: the development of modernization in the late Qing Dynasty.

The key to solve this problem is to understand the meaning of modernization: economic industrialization, political democratization, legalization, rational and scientific ideological and cultural aspects, thus excluding items C and D. The "New Deal" in item A is actually a continuation of the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, but it lacks political modernization.

So the answer is A, which reflects the modern development of China: the beginning of industrialization-the attempt of political democratization-the establishment of democratic politics.

Answer b

Analysis test site: the exploration of the revolutionary road.

According to the stem material "only associated with the new revolution in proletarian cities", it can be judged that at this time * * * put the focus of the revolution on the city, relying on the proletarian revolution in the city to lead the peasant uprising to win the national revolution, so choose item B.

Items A, C and D are inconsistent with the meanings expressed in the dry materials.

Answer d

Analysis and inspection points: 1929 American economic crisis and the New Deal.

The key to solve this problem is to find out the essence of President Hoover's measures to deal with the crisis-limited intervention under the premise of laissez-faire and the content of the New Deal.

Item A is not President Hoover's measure, and item B is President Hoover's measure, but Roosevelt did not learn from this practice in the New Deal. Item C is not "intervention" but laissez-faire, and item D is a weak intervention. Only some big banks have obtained loans from * * * *, and few public projects have been built, which is a "limited intervention". Later, in the New Deal, banks and public buildings were aided.

Answer a

Analysis and examination point: Western European Union.

The key to solve this problem is to understand and analyze the background of the establishment of European style.

After the Second World War, some countries in Western Europe became more and more closely linked in economic development, which led to the need to strengthen the economic union in Western Europe. However, the main factor affecting the Western European Economic Union is that many wars in history have led to profound feuds, especially in France and Germany. Therefore, the Schumann plan initiated by France aims at solving political contradictions and struggles through economic cooperation and realizing permanent peace in the region, which is conducive to economic development. Therefore, the direct reason is that A has been hit hard by repeated wars and defeats.

Item b has only one favorable condition, and item c is wrong. Among the six western European countries, the development level of France and Germany is higher than that of other countries, and the statement of item D is inconsistent with history.

Answer d

Analysis and examination point: Stalin model.

The key to solve this problem is to understand the disadvantages of Stalin's model.

1952 the increase in agricultural output in the Soviet union reflects the recovery of the national economy, rather than solving the problem of long-term lag in agricultural development under the Stalin system, so item a is wrong; 1937 industrialization, item b error; The agricultural reform started from Khrushchev and passed through 1953, so item C is incorrect; Malenkov's agricultural output increased from 65438 to 0952. The long-term lag of agricultural development under Stalin system was solved, which showed that malenkov maintained Stalin model, and the answer was D ..

Answer c

Analysis and examination point: the change of German territory.

The key to solve this problem lies in understanding the historical facts of Germany's division and reunification and the changes in the pattern of international relations in Europe.

Figure 1 and 1876 The establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

It disintegrated after World War I and the territory of Poland expanded after World War II.

In Figure ③, the territory of Germany includes Austria, which was annexed by Germany after 1938. In Figure ④, Prussia's presence in the Middle East was formed after World War I and the victorious countries re-divided German territory.

So the answer is C.

Answer b

Key points of analysis and investigation: China's economic system reform.

The key to answer this question is to compare and analyze the similarities and differences between China's economic system reform and Soviet Russia's new economic policy.

The "similar economic environment at home and abroad" in item A is wrong, and item B is correct. China's reform is to change the planned economic system and implement the system of combining planning with market. The implementation of the new economic policy of Soviet Russia is to change the highly centralized management of the economy formed by the implementation of the capitalist policy in wartime, and pay attention to the use of market, commodity and currency relations and state capitalism to restore the economy. So they all face the relationship between planning and market.

Error C, "The rural collective ownership economy did not exist during the implementation of the new economic policy, but was produced by many small farmers.

The industrialization in item D began after the Soviet Union 1925, not during the implementation of the new economic policy.

Key points of analysis and investigation: China's utilization of the ocean in ancient and modern times.

(1) Please pay attention to extracting important information from the materials: from the Qi Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the changes in the regional scope and use of the ocean, the different consciousness or methods of maintaining sea power reflected by Japanese pirates, and the use of tools such as compass in ocean utilization, and summarize the characteristics of ancient ocean utilization from these aspects.

(2) The question and answer is mainly analyzed from the perspective of semi-colonial and modern development of China in the late Qing Dynasty. Combined with the materials, it can be concluded that the policy of sea ban went bankrupt when the western powers invaded, and China's maritime rights and interests were infringed. Under the influence of the western aggression, the Westernization School and other bureaucrats advocated strengthening coastal defense construction, developing overseas trade and developing marine resources, and allowing China people to go abroad to summarize the main changes after the Opium War.

The analysis of enlightenment should focus on the western invasion of China's maritime rights and interests and a series of reactions caused by China people.

The answer (1) ranges from coastal utilization to ocean exploration; Advanced technology is applied to navigation; Give priority to economic and cultural exchanges and make peaceful use of them; Mainly based on non-governmental exchanges; Lack of marine awareness.

(2) Major changes: under the impact of the West, the sea ban policy failed, and * * * passively participated in marine utilization; All aspects of maritime rights and interests are interfered and controlled by western powers; The number of trading ports has increased and overseas trade has expanded; The understanding of the importance of the ocean is gradually deepening; Marine management agencies have been gradually established, trying to establish effective coastal defense forces; Overseas migration and study abroad have become an important phenomenon, which has a deeper impact on China.

Enlightenment: strengthen the consciousness of marine territory and sea power; Exploitation and utilization of marine resources.

China ancient local administrative divisions.

The key to solve this problem is to read as much effective information as possible from the chart.

Pay attention to compare the names and distribution of local administrative divisions in the two pictures, so as to analyze the learned knowledge.

As can be seen from Figure 10, in the Tang Dynasty, the number of local "Dao" increased and its distribution tended to be balanced between the north and the south. The division of "Tao" pays more attention to the topographic conditions such as mountains and rivers, while the number of Han countries reflected in Figure 9 is small, mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the southern States have a larger jurisdiction.

Read the information from the picture, and then explain the reasons by combining the knowledge learned: from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the economy of the south developed greatly, and its status and national strength increased day by day, so the Tang Dynasty strengthened its jurisdiction over the south and established more "roads", each of which had a smaller jurisdiction than the southern States of the Han Dynasty.

From the comparison between Figure 10 and Figure 9, we can know the historical changes between the Han and Tang Dynasties: the Tang Dynasty set "Dao" as the highest local administrative division, which was different from the Han Dynasty's "Zhou". The administrative divisions set in the south of the Tang Dynasty increased, and the geographical distribution of "Dao" tended to be more balanced between the north and the south, while the Han Dynasty's states were mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; In the Tang dynasty, many "Tao" were set up according to the terrain conditions such as mountains and rivers; In the south of the Tang dynasty, the jurisdiction of Tao was mostly smaller than that of the Han dynasty.

These changes reflected the great economic development of the south during the Han and Tang Dynasties, and its position in the whole country was improved. The Tang Dynasty strengthened its jurisdiction over the south.

The analytical solution to this problem is mainly based on the background, content and results of the "New Deal" in the late Qing Dynasty and the Reform Movement of 1898 in Compulsory No.1 Middle School.

From the background, there are serious influences of the national crisis and the feudal ruling crisis, including economic, military, education and other aspects, which are all reforms carried out by the rulers from top to bottom, and the results are all failures, but they are all conducive to the development of China's modernization.

The reasons for the great difference in the results can be analyzed from the attitude of local strength groups to participate in the reform, whether the number and implementation of measures are too hasty, and whether the leaders leading the reform have real power.

The essence of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty should be analyzed in combination with its subjective purpose.

Answer (1) Learn from the West; Top-down reform; Focus on institutional reform.

(2) Reasons: the leaders of the reform are different; Local strength groups have different understanding and support for reform; The implementation process is different; The situation at home and abroad is different.

Essence: maintaining autocratic rule and * * * revolution.

The development of modern newspaper industry in China.

The key to solve this problem lies in reading materials and mastering material information.

The first material expounds Li Hongzhang's views on the contents of running a newspaper: things related to foreign countries are intended to "see that China people hate foreigners, which will inevitably lead to changes."

When you hear it, you will know your fear. "That is, let foreigners know that China people hate foreigners, thus prompting foreigners to restrain themselves.

The second material expounds the intention of the reformists to run a newspaper-to publicize new ideas and inspire people's wisdom.

Analyzing the role of reformists in running newspapers can be combined with what they have learned-the role of newspapers in the development of two kinds of compulsory mass newspapers.

Answer (1) Purpose: The Westernization School pays attention to external publicity, while the Reformists emphasize political attributes.

Task: The Westernization School emphasizes the openness of Westernization, and the Reformists advocate serving the reform and reform.

Objective: The Westernization School aims at safeguarding the imperial court and warning foreigners, while the Reformists emphasize the use of newspapers to spread new ideas and change the mental outlook of Chinese people.

(2) gradually break through the prohibition of feudal autocracy and broaden the horizons of Chinese people; The propaganda of saving the nation from extinction and ideological enlightenment is conducive to opening up people's wisdom and preparing public opinion for social change.

Analysis and examination points: Korean War and Gulf War.

The key to answer this question is to make a comparative analysis of the differences between the Korean War and the Gulf War, and make a clear analysis of the differences between the two wars from the aspects of the initiator of the war, the strength comparison between the warring parties, whether they are supported by the United Nations, and the impact of the results on the United States.

The analysis of the influence of the two wars needs to be combined with its background (the existence and disintegration of the cold war pattern).

Answer (1) The United States learned from the Vietnam War and determined the principles of war decision-making; The Vietnam War was actually a contest between the United States and Vietnam and their supporters, and the Gulf War was a contest between multinational forces and a single country. The Vietnam War was initiated by the United States, and the Gulf War was an operation authorized by the United Nations. The Gulf War is a high-tech war.

(2) Vietnam War: promoting the relaxation of US-Soviet relations; Conducive to the trend of multipolarization in the world.

Gulf War: strengthened the status of the United States as the only superpower; This further complicates the situation in the Middle East.

Analysis test sites: the ancient prose movement advocated by Han Yu and the Confucian revival movement of compulsory three.

The key to solve this problem is to extract important information from reading materials and analyze it with the relevant knowledge of Confucian revival movement initiated by Han Yu.

It is mentioned in the material that Buddhism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and Buddhism did not talk about the meaning of monarch and minister, which impacted the orthodox position of Confucianism. Han Yu opposes flowery prose, and advocates that "literature carries Tao", that is, to carry forward the benevolence and morality in Confucianism; Besides, Han Yu was a writer and thinker in the mid-Tang Dynasty, and combined with the social changes in the mid-Tang Dynasty-the separatist regime in the buffer region, it flourished and declined.

This information is the key to inductive answers.

In addition, I answer (1)(2) with the relevant historical facts of the Confucian revival movement initiated by Han Yu in Compulsory 3.

The answer (1) was that the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline; Parallel prose with empty content prevails; Buddhism prevailed, and China tradition was impacted.

(2) Rejecting Buddhism, promoting Confucianism and putting forward the theory of "Tao" became the pioneer of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty.