What made Outer Mongolia independent after World War II? What is the state system of outer Mongolia?

From 65438 to 0945, Outer Mongolia became an independent sovereign state with the support of external forces.

This historical process bears a distinct brand of the times.

As early as11980s, Russia began to expand its influence in Outer Mongolia through unequal treaties, and regarded Outer Mongolia as its sphere of influence.

19 1 1 year, the Xinhai revolution broke out in China. Russia, which had been coveted by Mongolia for a long time, took advantage of the fact that the Qing government was in danger and had no time to take care of the frontier defense. The Consul General in Cullen (now Ulaanbaatar) came forward to instigate the living Buddha and maharaja of Mongolia to leave China. 165438+1On October 30th, the living Buddha of outer Mongolia, Zhebuzundanba, declared "independence" in Kulun and established "Greater Mongolia". Then, Russian and Mongolian troops surrounded the yamen, the minister of affairs of the Kulun Qing government, disarmed the Qing army and escorted Sanduo and his party out of the country.

After the founding of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai's Beijing government faced a difficult choice on the issue of outer Mongolia: negotiations with the Kulun authorities were rejected; The military repression was strongly interfered by the Russian government (the Russian government claimed that "if China invaded Mongolia, Russia should intervene").

On the other hand, the Russian government ignored the protest of the China government, and concluded the Russia-Mongolia Agreement on10.3 with the Mongolian authorities it fostered, 19 1265438, which stipulated that Russia should help Mongolia "self-govern" and train its troops. Outer Mongolia shall not allow China troops to enter the country, and shall not allow China people to transplant to Mongolia; Outer Mongolia allows Russians to enjoy a wide range of privileges in this treaty (such as free residence, business, mining, agriculture, and opening banks and post offices). ).

The Beijing government, which is trapped in internal and external affairs, has no choice but to negotiate with Russia to find a solution to the problem of Outer Mongolia.

1913165438+1On October 5th, the Russian authorities forced Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government to sign the Sino-Russian Statement. Although the statement also recognizes that Outer Mongolia is a part of China, it demands that Outer Mongolia cancel its independence. However, it is stipulated that China shall not station officials, troops or immigrants in outer Mongolia; By forcing China to recognize Mongolia's "autonomy" (that is, formally recognizing China's so-called "suzerainty" over Mongolia), Russia actually controlled Mongolia.

19 15 On June 7th, the Russian government, foreign Mongolian authorities and Beiyang government signed the Sino-Russian Mongolia Agreement in Chaktu, Outer Mongolia, confirming and concretizing the Sino-Russian Statement of 19 13.

Accordingly,1965438+On June 9, 2005, Outer Mongolia announced the cancellation of "Independent Great Mongolia". Yuan Shikai, then the great president, canonized the living Buddha of Outer Mongolia, Zhebuzun Danba, as "Hutuke Tuhan" and pardoned those who engaged in "independence". Outer Mongolia practices so-called "autonomy"; But in fact, it is increasingly becoming a place controlled by Russia.

19 17 years, the October Revolution broke out in Russia. Although the newly established Soviet government issued two declarations to China in 19 19 and 1920, it announced the abolition of the unequal treaty between Russia and China and gave up everything plundered from China. But on the issue of outer Mongolia, it actually inherited the mantle of Russia. The subsequent development shows that Soviet Russia did not and did not really regard Outer Mongolia as the territory of China.

19 19 On July 25th (shortly after the first declaration to China was issued), the Soviet government also issued a statement to Mongolia, saying that "Outer Mongolia is a free country, all its power belongs to Mongolia, and no foreign country has the right to interfere in its internal affairs". He also said that the Soviet Union and Russia demanded the immediate establishment of diplomatic relations with Outer Mongolia.

In the meantime, there was an episode:1919165438+10. On October 7, foreign Mongolian authorities suddenly called the Beijing government to cancel "autonomy" and restore the old system before the Qing Dynasty. Do the feudal forces of outer Mongolia, which became independent a few years ago, really want to return to the big family of the motherland? That's not true. Outer Mongolia originally relied on Russian support to maintain "autonomy." Now that the Russian government has collapsed, the remnants of Russia in the Far East also have their own problems. Mongolia's foreign aid was cut off, which led to financial difficulties, social chaos and people's opposition to "autonomy". Unable to protect themselves, the Cullen authorities had to turn to Beijing for help. Therefore, Xu Shichang, the great president of Beiyang government, took the boat as the logical conclusion, and on1October 22nd 165438+ ordered the cancellation of the "autonomy" of outer Mongolia and the restoration of the old system. At the same time, the Sino-Russian Declaration 19 13 and the Sino-Russian Mongolia Agreement 19 15 shall be abolished.

However, not long after, 192 1 year ago, Outer Mongolia made its second "independence". Here's the thing:

At that time, due to the direct Anhui war, the northern warlords fought fiercely and the situation in the north was chaotic. As a result, various external forces want to fish in troubled waters. On February 2, 2008, Kloc-0, Russian and Minov troops invaded Outer Mongolia with the support of the Japanese army in Northeast China. They occupied Cullen and established a new regime. The living Buddha and maharaja of Outer Mongolia once again declared "independence". Then, the Soviet Red Army used the Belarusian army as an excuse to enter Mongolia and also marched on Cullen. In July, with the support of the Red Army, a new pro-Soviet government was established in Outer Mongolia and a constitutional monarchy was implemented. 165438+1On October 5th, Outer Mongolia declared itself an "independent country" and established a "people's revolutionary regime". On the same day, the Soviet Union and Outer Mongolia concluded the Soviet-Mongolian Reconciliation Treaty, and both sides recognized each other as the legitimate government. In order to protect this regime, the Soviet army stayed until March 1925. Although the Beiyang government protested against the Soviet invasion and the subsequent government, it was powerless and powerless.

On the other hand, in order to establish diplomatic relations with China, the Soviet Union, after many twists and turns, signed the Sino-Russian Outline Agreement on Solving Outstanding Cases with the Beiyang Government on May 3 1 and 1924. In the agreement, the Soviet Union recognized Mongolia as a part of China, respected China's sovereignty over Mongolia, and promised to withdraw its troops from Mongolia. As a result, China and the Soviet Union formally established diplomatic relations.

However, a few months later, that is,1924165438+1October 26th, the outer Mongolian government announced the abolition of the constitutional monarchy and the establishment of the "Mongolian People's Republic".

People have reason to suspect that these two incidents are not just coincidences, but deliberate arrangements.

At that time, the political situation in China was chaotic for a long time: North-South confrontation, Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek's counter-revolutionary coup, national division, and diplomatic relations between China and the Soviet Union; And the fall of Northeast China after the September 18th Incident 193 1 and 1937.