Since its birth, the Communist Party of China has adopted different land policies in different historical periods.

1. Land policy in the later period of the people’s communes

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in December 1978, a great and far-reaching achievement was achieved in the history of our party since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Turn. Since then, Chinese society has entered a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. During this period, the country successively formulated some land policies. Among them, the most representative ones are: On December 22, 1978, the third meeting of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the "Regulations on the Work of Rural People's Communes", Chapter 15 and Article 60 , referred to as Sixty Articles. Policies and regulations related to land include: protecting the ownership of people's communes at all levels; land occupied by state and collective construction must be handled in strict accordance with legal provisions, and try not to occupy cultivated land; rural land, including homesteads, is not allowed to be rented or bought and sold; Communities and teams in wasteland can, with the approval of the county, conduct planned wasteland reclamation without damaging soil and water conservation or destroying forests and grasslands. All barren hills, wasteland, and sandy areas suitable for forestation must have planned afforestation and grass planting, and mountain closures for afforestation to expand coverage. area; the basic construction of farmland focuses on soil improvement and water control, follows the principles of comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields, forests, and roads, carefully plans, and carries out unified management in a step-by-step manner to build high-yield and stable farmland; vigorously improve the soil, and carry out regular soil inspections Conduct censuses, establish soil files, and take improvement measures based on soil conditions; continuously improve water conservancy conditions and do a good job in soil and water conservation; cultivate private land allocated by collectives.

On December 22, 1978, the third meeting of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the "Decision on Several Issues in Accelerating Agricultural Development (Draft)". The main contents are: it is not allowed to use and occupy the labor, land, livestock, machinery, and funds of the production team for free; members’ private land is a necessary supplementary part of the socialist economy; continue to implement the three-level ownership and team-based system; and do a good job in farmland infrastructure according to local conditions. ; Make full use of existing cultivated land, reclaim wasteland in a planned way, and reclaim land from the sea. The cultivated land created by the commune team will not be requisitioned for five years starting from the year of harvest. Pay attention to the ecological balance when reclaiming wasteland and reclaiming land from the sea, and do not destroy forests, grasslands, Aquatic resources are not allowed to hinder flood storage and discharge; capital construction must use land sparingly and try not to occupy less cultivated land; formulate land laws as soon as possible; use the power of existing large cities to gradually build satellite towns and small towns; strengthen the leadership of the party and the government over agriculture .

On April 1, 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Agricultural Reclamation, and the Agricultural Bank of China jointly issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Land Clearance in Rural People's Communes." The notice stipulates that communes should adopt the policy of small-scale, nearby and self-organized land reclamation; land reclamation societies and teams must plant existing farmland well to ensure that both land reclamation and land reclamation are done correctly; land reclamation must use its own financial capabilities; and the wasteland reclamation tasks for the year must be completed. Finally, it is necessary to register and submit for acceptance. You must report, underreport, or underreport more.

The 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held in mid-September 1982. On December 4 of the same year, the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China" was revised and adopted. Article 13 of the Constitution on the division of administrative regions restored the original system of townships, towns, and villages, marking the beginning of the disintegration of people's communes.

2. The evolution of the household contracting policy

Taking the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978 as the boundary: the first 20 years are the history of the people’s communes. The land policy has a strong flavor of people's communes, and the last 20 years are the history of the household contract responsibility system during the reform and opening up period. The land policy of this latter period was replaced by a new policy model characterized by land contracting, which brought the transformation of China's agricultural land system into a new stage of development. Looking back on the 20-year history, the household responsibility system and land contract policy② can be roughly divided into the following stages:

The first stage is the big breakthrough stage (1978.12-1984.12). At this stage, the rural land use system has undergone fundamental changes. Its institutional characteristics are the comprehensive disintegration of the "three-level ownership, team-based" management system of the people's communes, and the new family system marked by "contracting output to each household and contracting work to each household". The operating system has been basically established.

The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Issues Concerning Accelerating Agricultural Development (Draft)" adopted in principle at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in December 1978, although it affirmed that "contracting to work "Group, calculation of labor remuneration based on output" is a responsibility system, but it still stipulates that "it is not allowed to contract output to each household, and it is not allowed to divide the fields and work alone." In September 1979, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China revised and formally adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Issues Concerning Accelerating Agricultural Development", and included in the draft that "it is not allowed to contract output to each household, and it is not allowed to divide the land and work alone" , changed to "not allowed to divide the land and work alone", and initially confirmed the method of "household production quota". At the same time, the special needs of certain sideline production and single-family households in remote areas and inconvenient transportation are allowed to be contracted to the household. This is a step forward in policy relaxation. In the spring of 1980, there was a fierce controversy over the issue of whether to guarantee household production. On May 31, Comrade Deng Xiaoping officially stated: “After the relaxation of rural policies, some places suitable for household production quotas have implemented household quotas, and the results have been very good and the changes have been rapid.” ③ This strongly supports the rural land reform policy advancement. In September, the central government issued "Several Issues on Further Strengthening and Improving the Agricultural Production Responsibility System."

This document not only emphasized that the collective economy is the foundation of my country's rural economy, but also fully affirmed the professional contracting and joint production remuneration responsibility system, and basically affirmed the practice of household responsibility for production. After the central government's instructions were issued, the scope of promotion of the production responsibility system expanded rapidly, and various forms of joint production responsibility systems developed rapidly, especially the household-based production responsibility system and the household-based responsibility system developed faster. By October 1981, 97.8% of the country's basic rural accounting units had established various forms of production responsibility systems, of which 50% had household-based production and responsibility systems.

In January 1982, the "Minutes of the National Rural Work Conference" approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly affirmed for the first time the socialist nature of household-based production quotas, pointing out: "All kinds of systems currently implemented The responsibility system, including fixed-rate remuneration for short-term contracting, remuneration for professional contracting, joint production to labor, joint production to households, household and group contracts, etc., are all production responsibility systems of the socialist collective economy." This further eliminated people's ideological doubts and promoted the rapid development of household-based production quotas. According to statistics in November 1982, production teams implementing household contracting accounted for 78.8% of the total number of teams.

In January 1983, the document "Several Issues in Current Rural Economic Policies" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that the joint production contracting system with household responsibility and household responsibility as the main form "is "The great creation of our country's farmers under the leadership of the party" requires that "wherever the masses demand the implementation of this method, they should actively support it." Under the guidance and call of this policy, household-based production contracting has not only become popular in general areas, but has also developed rapidly in economically developed coastal areas and areas with a high degree of agricultural mechanization in the Northeast. By the end of 1983, the number of production teams nationwide that implemented household contracting accounted for 97.8% of the total number of teams. Since then, household contract management has entered a stage of stability and improvement.

On January 1, 1984, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Notice on Rural Work in 1984". This document further stipulated land contract policy issues. The main contents include: Stabilizing and improving the joint production system The contract responsibility system extends the land contract period, generally to more than 15 years; encourages the gradual concentration of land to farming experts; farmers who invest in land should be reasonably compensated; neither private land nor contracted land is allowed to be bought, sold, rented, or converted into residential buildings Bases and other non-agricultural land; in order to improve the system of combining unified management and decentralized management, regional cooperative economic organizations based on public land ownership should be established; further relax policies, accelerate the development of mountainous areas, waters, and grasslands, and encourage the planting of grass and trees , improve pastures, develop aquaculture, and protect natural resources.

The second stage is the running-in stage (1985.1-1991.12). At this stage, the household contract responsibility system is in a process of intense differentiation, reorganization and reintegration during the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Its institutional feature is that the reform of the rural economic system develops in depth and is fully transferred to agricultural products and agricultural production. In the field of data circulation, it launched an impact on one of the most basic economic systems during the planned economy period - the "unified purchasing and marketing system". In 1984, the first nationwide "difficulty in selling grain" occurred, which declared the success of the major reform policy of the household responsibility system. During this period, the main focus was on implementing the first-stage land policy and making innovations.

On January 1, 1985, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the document "Ten Policies on Further Vitalizing the Rural Economy". The document pointed out: After breaking the "big pot rice" in the collective economy, the focus of rural work is to further reform the agricultural management system, reform the unified purchase and distribution system of agricultural products, and expand market regulation under the guidance of the national plan to adapt agricultural production to market needs and promote The rationalization of rural industrial structure will further invigorate the rural economy. Taking this document as a symbol, my country's rural areas began the second step of reform, which mainly focused on reforming the unified purchase and distribution system of agricultural products and adjusting the industrial structure. On January 1, 1986, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Deployments for Rural Work in 1986." The document points out: my country's rural areas have begun to embark on the track of planned development of commodity economy. Agriculture and rural industry must develop in a coordinated manner, organically combining "no wealth without work" and "no stability without agriculture". These two policy documents actually deal with the issue of land contract management. On January 22, 1987, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Notice on Deepening Rural Reform." The notice points out: It is necessary to improve the two-tier management system that combines decentralized management and unified management, stabilize the household joint production contract system; develop various forms of economic alliances; and implement long-term and stable policies for various self-employed professional households and self-employed individuals in rural areas. ;Adjust the industrial structure and promote the transfer of agricultural labor force. On June 25, 1986, the 16th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress passed the "Land Management Law of the People's Republic of China", which confirmed the household contract responsibility system in legal form and further enriched the land management system at this stage. The connotation of contracting policy makes land subcontracting move from theory to reality.

The emergence of the first national "grain sales difficulty" in 1984 declared the success of the major reform policy of the household responsibility system. But at the same time, the household responsibility system has been criticized by some people. Under such circumstances, in the years from 1985 to 1988, the land contracting policy was somewhat "shaky". In some places, farmers' contracted land was forcibly taken back against farmers' wishes, and the contracting contracts were arbitrarily changed, etc., which greatly dampened farmers' confidence. Produce motivation.

In response to these ideological and practical confusions, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued two documents: one is the "Regulations on Agriculture and Rural Work in 1991" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on December 1, 1990. Notice" requires party committees and governments at all levels to continue to give top priority to agricultural and rural work, and to conscientiously do six tasks including "stabilizing and improving the responsibility system focusing on household joint production contracting, and establishing and improving an agricultural socialized service system." . Another document is the "Decision on Further Strengthening Agriculture and Rural Work" issued by the Eighth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on November 25, 1991. The decision clearly stipulates for the first time: "The responsibility system based on household joint production contracting and the two-tier management system combining centralization and decentralization will be stabilized and continuously improved as a basic system of rural collective economic organizations in my country for a long time. ”

The third stage is the great transformation stage (1992.1-1996.12). This stage means that the rural economy in the traditional sense begins to shift to the operating track of the modern market economy and gradually develops. After Deng Xiaoping's speech during his southern tour, the rural economy set off a new upsurge, especially the convening of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which opened the curtain on China's socialist market economy. The land policies at this stage mainly include the following.

In April 1993, the Eighth National People's Congress made another amendment to the "Constitution" revised in 1988. This amendment included the "household joint property contract responsibility system" in the "Constitution" for the first time. 》, making it a basic national economic system, thereby resolving the controversy and criticism that people have had over the years about the household responsibility system. This is an important support for the policy transformation of the household responsibility system. On November 5, 1993, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued "Several Policies and Measures Regarding Current Agricultural and Rural Economic Development", which clearly stated: "After the original farmland contract period expires, it will not be extended for another 30 years. Change." In accordance with the policy spirit of the central government, various regions across the country began the second round of land contracting in 1993, implementing the policy of "extending the land contract period unchanged for another 30 years." On March 28, 1995, the State Council approved the Ministry of Agriculture’s “Notice on Stabilizing and Improving Land Contracting Relationships.” The notice requires that the seriousness of agricultural contracting contracts be effectively maintained, the work of extending the land contracting period be actively and steadily done, and it is advocated that during the contracting period, increase people without increasing land, reduce people without reducing land, and establish a transfer mechanism for land contract management rights. Protect the legitimate rights and interests of heirs and strengthen leadership in extending the land contract period. On August 27, 1997, in order to further stabilize and improve the land contracting policy, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council jointly issued the "Notice on Further Stabilizing and Improving Rural Land Contracting Relationships". The circulation system has made specific provisions.

The fourth stage is the great development stage (1997.1-2002.12). This stage refers to the process in which the household contract responsibility system, after initially undergoing the baptism of the market economy, has fully begun its second round of land contract work and transformed into modern market agriculture. The main land policies at this stage include the following.

On September 12, 1997, the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. The conference adopted the "Hold High the Great Banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Comprehensively Advance the Cause of Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" 21st Century" report. The report emphasized the need to "stabilize the responsibility system based on household joint production contracting in the long term, improve the two-tier management system that combines unified management and decentralization, and gradually strengthen the collective economy." This clear guiding policy provides a good directional start for the development of land policy. On August 29, 1998, the 10th Session of the 9th National People's Congress passed the revised Land Management Law. This law for the first time elevated the party's land policy of "the land contract management period is 30 years" into law. This is a typical example of the legalization of my country's land policy, which gives the "30-year land contract period" legal protection.

On October 14, 1998, the third plenary session of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Agriculture and Rural Work" , this epoch-making agricultural policy, on the basis of fully affirming the household contract management, put forward cross-century policy guidelines and policy requirements for the land contract policy. The policy guideline of this decision is: "Basic policy for long-term stabilization of rural areas." This policy certainly also applies to land contracting policies. On January 11, 1999, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Opinions on Doing a Good Job in Rural and Agricultural Work in 1999", which further stipulated the extension of land contracting on the basis of the extension of land contracting in 1998. On October 11, 2000, the "Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development" adopted at the fifth plenary session of the 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China pointed out that, It is necessary to speed up the legalization of the rural land system and stabilize the two-tier management system based on household contract management and integrating unified management and decentralization in the long term. This was a new requirement for household contracting policies at the turn of the century. On March 15, 2001, the "Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China" adopted at the fourth session of the Ninth National People's Congress pointed out that the legalization of the rural land system should be accelerated. , long-term stability of the two-tier management system based on household joint production contract management and combining unified management and decentralization.

On the basis of long-term stable land contracting relationships, regions with favorable conditions are encouraged to actively explore the reform of the land management rights transfer system. On August 29, 2002, the 29th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress passed the Rural Land Contract Law of the People's Republic of China. This law stipulates land contracting policies. The main contents are reflected in the following aspects: First, the state implements a rural land contract management system. The second is to protect land contract management rights in accordance with the law. Third, women and men enjoy equal rights. Fourth, the transfer of land contract management rights must follow the principle of voluntariness. Fifth, the contracting party shall not take back the contracted land during the contract period.

3. The evolution of land management policies

Land management policies are relative to the current land management system. They include rural land management policies and urban land management policies. . Before 1982, land management policies were mainly rural land management policies. After 1982, rural and urban land management policies began to develop equally. Here we focus on land management policies after 1982. There are roughly the following stages:

The first stage is the reversal of bull management stage (1982.1-1985.12). Before 1982, my country implemented a system in which urban and rural land was divided and land-use departments were decentralized. After 1982, the Ministry of Agriculture established the Land Administration Bureau, forming a pattern in which rural land is managed by the Ministry of Agriculture and urban land is managed by the Ministry of Construction. The main land policies during this period include: the "Regulations on the Management of Land for Village and Town Housing Construction" promulgated by the State Council on February 13, 1982. Article 3 of the regulations stipulates: "Our country has more people and less land. Cherishing and rationally utilizing every inch of land is our responsibility." national policy”. On September 20, 1983, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on the Implementation of the Sino-Foreign Joint Venture Enterprise Law". Chapter 7 of the Regulations made special provisions on policy issues regarding site use rights and fees. On November 19, 1983, in response to the illegal purchase, sale and lease of land by some enterprises, institutions or individuals, the State Council issued the "Notice on Prohibiting the Purchase, Sale and Lease of Land", requiring that "it must be resolutely stopped"; on December 25, 1984, the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry The Ministry of Fisheries and other four ministries and commissions jointly issued the "Interim Measures on the Implementation of a Lump Sum of Land Acquisition Fees", which stipulates the relevant policies on the lump sum of land acquisition fees. On October 5, 1985, the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development and Environmental Protection issued "Several Opinions on the Implementation of Unified Development and Comprehensive Construction in Market Towns", which specifically stipulated relevant policies for land use in market towns.

The second stage is the unified management stage of urban and rural areas (1986.1-1996.12). Practice over the past few years has proven that the system of dividing urban and rural land and decentralizing management is extremely unsuitable for my country's basic national conditions of insufficient arable land resources. In March 1986, the Party Central Committee and the State Council made a decision to establish a new system for the unified management of urban and rural land administration. By the end of 1996, my country had initially formed a five-level management system: central, provincial, prefecture (city), county (city), and township (town). There were many land management policies during this period, mainly including: On April 1, 1987, the State Council issued the "Interim Regulations on Farmland Occupation Tax", which stipulated policy issues on the collection, payment and use of farmland occupation tax; in 1988 On July 12, 2019, the State Council issued the "Interim Regulations on Urban Land Use Tax", which stipulates policy issues for the collection, payment and use of urban state-owned land use tax. On May 19, 1990, the State Council promulgated the Interim Regulations on the Assignment and Transfer of Urban State-owned Land Use Rights, which stipulates a number of policy issues regarding the transfer of urban land use rights. On July 4, 1994, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, which stipulated specific policy issues such as the delineation, protection, and supervision of basic farmland.

The third stage is the institutional transition stage (1997.1-2002.12). With the deepening of reform and the development of the situation, land management policies under the current land management system are no longer able to meet the needs of strengthening land management and effectively protecting cultivated land. In this case, it is necessary to reform the current "integration system" and change the current land management policy that lags behind in practice. The land policies at this stage mainly include: the "Notice of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Further Strengthening Land Management and Effectively Protecting Cultivated Land" on April 15, 1997; the "Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China" on March 29, 1998. Notice of the General Office of the State Council and the General Office of the State Council on continuing to freeze the occupation of cultivated land for non-agricultural construction projects; on June 16, 1998, the "Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Issuing the Functional Allocation, Internal Institutions and Staffing Regulations of the Ministry of Land and Resources".

In addition, there are the "Regulations on Freezing the Occupation of Cultivated Land for Non-agricultural Construction Projects" issued by the State Land Administration and others on May 20, 1997; and the "Management of Allocated Land Use Rights in the Reform of State-owned Enterprises" issued by the State Land Administration on February 17, 1998. Interim Provisions"; the "Notice on Strengthening Land Transfer Management and Strictly Prohibiting Land Speculation" issued by the General Office of the State Council on May 6, 1999; the "Measures for the Disposal of Idle Land" issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on April 28, 1999; February 1999 On January 21, 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Further Improving the Management and Development of Rural "Four Wastelands" Resources; on January 6, 2000, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the "Notice on Establishing a Tangible Land Market to Promote Land Use Rights Transactions" Notice"; "Several Opinions on Further Improving the Pilot Work of Converting Farmland to Forests and Grasslands" issued by the State Council on September 10, 2000; "Interim Measures for the Management of National Investment Land Development and Consolidation Projects" issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on November 8, 2000 "; the "Interim Measures for the Management of Land Reclamation Projects for Comprehensive Agricultural Development" issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on December 29, 2000; and the "Tenth Five-Year Plan Outline for Land Asset Management" issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources in April 2002. Here we focus on three policy documents:

On April 15, 1997, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Notice on Further Strengthening Land Management and Effectively Protecting Cultivated Land" (also known as the Central Committee (97) Document No. 11), this is a policy document of great significance. The main policy contents of the notice are: strengthening the macro management of land; further tightening the approval management of construction land; strictly controlling the scale of urban construction land; strengthening the management of rural collective land; strengthening the management of state-owned land assets; strengthening law enforcement supervision of land management examine. On June 18, 2000, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the "Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Small Towns", which is a land management policy specifically formulated for small towns. The main content is: the development of small towns should be planned uniformly, land use should be centralized, and land use should be intensive and cultivated land should be protected; small town construction land should be included in the overall land use planning and land use plans of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government), cities (prefectures), and counties (cities). Make use of annual plans; construction land in small towns, except for areas that can be allocated by law, will be used with payment. On April 4, 2001, the State Council issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management of State-Owned Land Assets", which is a land management policy specifically formulated for state-owned land assets. The main contents are: strictly control the total supply of construction land; strictly implement the paid use system of state-owned land; vigorously promote the bidding and auction of state-owned land use rights; strengthen the management of land use rights transfer; strengthen land price management; standardize the administrative behavior of land approval.

IV. Several Discussions

1. In the 24 years since reform and opening up, land policy has undergone tremendous and astonishing changes compared with the 28 years before reform and opening up, and has achieved remarkable results. effectiveness. First, the formulation of land policies is becoming more and more rigorous, and the implementation and supervision system of land policies is becoming more and more complete. Second, the number of land policies is increasing. Third, the quality of land policies is getting higher and higher. Fourth, the content of land policy is becoming more and more comprehensive. Fifth, the land policy system is becoming more and more perfect. These achievements have played an important role in reforming and improving the land ownership system and land management system, increasing the productivity of land, and increasing land tax revenue.

2. Overall, the characteristics of land policy over the past 24 years are reflected in three aspects: First, it is innovative. For example, the household contracting policy is an innovative policy. Second, it is exploratory. For example, the paid land use policy is an exploratory policy. The third is to be good at and dare to learn from others. For example, the transfer of land use rights is a reference policy. Specifically, the land policy in the later period of the People's Commune has three characteristics: first, it continues to implement the land policy under the conditions of the People's Commune; second, it begins to pay attention to the formulation and implementation of rational land development and utilization policies; third, it establishes the The land is owned by the state and the land is collectively owned by the public. The household contracting policy has four characteristics: First, it is creative. In 1978, Xiaogang Village in Fengyang, Anhui Province creatively invented the "local method" of "household production quota", which solved the villagers' food and clothing problem that year. But this "household production quota" is only local and regional, and after all, it is still a "local method." Therefore, if you want to promote it on a large scale and gain legitimacy, you must rely on relevant national policy documents to regulate it. This point has been transformed, summarized and sublimated by the Central Committee Document No. 1 in 1982, the Central Committee Document No. 1 in 1983 and the Central Committee Document No. 1 in 1984, making the household contract policy show great creativity. The second is graduality. The development of the household contracting policy is not a one-stop policy, but is promoted step by step. In September 1979, the central government preliminarily affirmed the method of "guaranteing output to each household". In September 1980, the central government basically affirmed the practice of "guaranteing output to each household". In January 1981, the central government formally affirmed the system of "guaranteing output to each household" doctrinal nature. At this point, the "household production quota" policy has become a "positive result." The third is stage. The household responsibility contract policy was not rolled out across the country at once, nor was it set at 30 years all at once, but was carried out in stages. During the first round of contracting, although the central government began to promote the "household production contract" work in 1979, it was not truly promoted nationwide until the end of 1983.

In November 1993, the central government required that the first round of contracting be extended for another 30 years after the expiration of 15 years. This work began in early 1994, but it was not until June 1998 that 70% was completed, and 30% was still unfinished. It was not until 2000 that it was basically completed. If the land contract period is set at 45 years from the beginning, it is obviously inappropriate and unacceptable. The central government's household contracting policy is divided into two stages, one for 15 years and the other for 30 years. It conforms to the trend of the times and has been widely recognized by the whole society. The fourth is motivation. The advent and implementation of the household contracting policy has effectively promoted the development of land development policies, land use policies, land protection policies, grain circulation policies, real estate industry policies and other policies, and has become the source of economic and social policy development. Land management policy has five characteristics: First, it is bottom-up. For example, the policy of paid land use was first implemented in coastal areas such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai, and then became a nationwide policy. The second is to learn from transplantation. For example, policies on paid use of land, land leasing policies, land consolidation policies, and land use control policies are all products of borrowing or transplantation. The third is to state-owned first and then collective. For example, when land use rights are transferred, it is first stipulated that urban state-owned land can be transferred and transferred, and then regulations are made for collective land when conditions are mature. Fourth, try it out first and then promote it. For example, land registration policies, land planning implementation policies, and collective land transfer policies are piloted first and then promoted nationwide. The fifth is to change policies into regulations. Such as basic national land policies, land use control policies, land registration policies, and paid land use policies are all typical examples.

3. From the current point of view, there are four main problems in land policy: First, there are many macro land policies and few micro ones. Second, the land mortgage policy is still incomplete. Third, the land property rights policy is too principled and lacks operability. Fourth, the collective land transfer policy is incomplete.