Seventh grade history review materials

★ Unit 1: The Origin of Chinese Civilization Lesson 65438 +0-3

1. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou man 1.7 million years ago, which was found in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. They opened the first page of China's history.

In the caves in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing, famous Peking man sites and Neanderthal sites were discovered and listed in the World Cultural Heritage List.

Beijing people's limbs have evolved rapidly, like people; The head retains the characteristics of apes and belongs to apes. They use rough stone tools, called paleolithic tools. They live by fishing, hunting and gathering, and can use natural fire.

The appearance of cavemen is basically consistent with that of modern people. They have mastered grinding and drilling techniques, can make fires by hand, and can sew clothes with animal skins. They already have ideas, love beauty and have a sense of shame.

2. The representatives of primitive farming era are Hemudu residents and Banpo residents. They will plant crops, widely use ground stone tools (called "Neolithic tools"), make pottery, build houses and raise livestock and poultry.

Hemudu site is the representative of primitive farming in the Yangtze River valley in southern China. They grow rice, make boats and live in wooden houses.

Banpo site is the representative of primitive farming culture in the Yellow River basin in northern China. They live near Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, planting millet, weaving linen with hemp, making exquisite painted pottery, and living in semi-crypt houses (semi-slope round houses).

3. Two famous tribes, Yan Di and Huangdi, live in the Yellow River valley.

According to legend, surnamed Jiang, known as Shennong (Yan Di Shennong); Huangdi's surname is Ji and his name is Xuanyuan. Huangyan tribe is the backbone of the Chinese nation, which is the predecessor of the Han nationality. Chinese people respect Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor as their ancestors, while China people call themselves "descendants of the Yellow Emperor" or "descendants of China". Yandiling and Huangdi Mausoleum are the ancestral graves of the descendants of the Yellow Emperor. Sacrificing the Mausoleum of Yandi and the Mausoleum of Huangdi can help us not forget the history (ancestors), remember the national responsibility, enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation and promote the early reunification of the motherland.

During the period of Yao, Shun and Yu, the leader of the tribal alliance was democratically elected by the tribal leader, which was called "abdication" in history.

Dayu used dredging to control water. Thirteen years later, he entered the door three times and didn't get in. He finally succeeded in controlling the water. He is not afraid of difficulties, putting the world first, pioneering and innovative, and stressing methods, which is worth learning.

Unit 2: The Emergence of the State and Social Changes Lesson 4-8

4. Xia Dynasty was the first slavery dynasty in China. About 2070 BC, that is, 2 1 century BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty. After Yu's death, Qi inherited the position of supreme ruler, which marked that the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. Due to the tyranny of Xia Jie, the Xia Dynasty perished.

About 1600 BC, Cheng Tang, the leader of Shang Dynasty, destroyed Xia Dynasty and established Shang Dynasty. About 1300 years ago, Pan Geng, king of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan Province), and the Shang Dynasty was stable from then on. The last king of Shang Dynasty was Zhou Wang, who was very cruel and was overthrown by Zhou Wuwang.

5. About 1046 years ago, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty. Its capital is Haojing (now west of Xi City, Shaanxi Province), which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

Zhou Wuwang implemented the enfeoffment system, which produced a lot of phenomena. The essence is to consolidate and strengthen their own rule. Since then, "rites and music have been conquered by the emperor."

77 1 years ago, the Gourong people invaded Haojing, and the Western Zhou Dynasty ended.

6.770 years ago, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province), and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 770 to 476 years ago. Features: ① Decline of kingship; (2) the right time, the right place and the right people, and strive to be the hegemon. It is manifested as "ritual and music conquering from all over the country".

Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue.

The first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period was Qi Huangong. He appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister and carried out reforms to make the national strength stronger. At the same time, the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" was played. The alliance in Kwai Chung heralds the success of Qi Huangong's hegemony.

Jin Wengong defeated Chu in the battle of Chengpu and became the second overlord. The related idiom is to stay outside.

Chu Zhuangwang was ambitious, won the Central Plains, and finally became a blockbuster overlord.

He Lv, the king of Wu, appointed Sun Wu, a famous strategist, to reform the internal affairs and strengthen the army, becoming the fourth overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Gou Jian, the King of Yue, endured humiliation, struggled hard and was unyielding in adversity, and finally became the last overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

7. The Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 BC1year, was characterized by chaos and change. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period are Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han (geographical location: southeast, northwest, upper, middle and lower).

During the Warring States period, iron weapons appeared, and infantry and cavalry replaced chariots; Famous military strategists include Sun Bin and Bai Qi; Famous battles include "Encircling Wei to save Zhao" (Sun Bin) and "The Battle of Changping" (Zhao Kuo: an armchair strategist).

In the middle and late Warring States period, Qin was powerful, which seriously threatened the six eastern countries. The foreign policies of all countries revolve around Qin. With the cooperation of the six countries, "the United States will attack one strong country", which is called "uniting Lian Heng" in history; Qin destroyed the six-nation alliance and bribed the eastern countries, which was called "Lian Heng" in history. "Zonghe" and "Lian Heng" constitute an important part of the disputes in the Warring States Period.

8. During the Warring States Period, the symbol of productivity was the use of iron and the popularization of Niu Geng.

Due to the backwardness of Qin, he was determined to reform and reform, and appointed and supported Shang Yang's reform. Contents of the reform: ① Reform the land system and implement private ownership of land. (2) emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. (3) Reward soldiers. (4) Move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. ⑤ Strict laws and regulations.

Shang Yang died after being hit by a car, but "although Shang Jun died, Qin Law was not defeated". Because Shang Yang's political reform was an important political and social reform in the Warring States period. Through political reform, abolish the old system and establish a new system; Qin Jun's combat effectiveness has been greatly improved; Qin's social economy is developed. Qin became the most powerful vassal state in the late Warring States period, which laid the foundation for Qin to unify the world.

★ Unit 3: Building a Unified Country 9- 13 Lesson

9. Qin Wang's "sweeping Liuhe" refers to destroying six countries and unifying the whole country.

Qin Shihuang's contribution: completing and consolidating reunification; Established the first unified multi-ethnic country in the history of China.

Before 22 1, Qin unified the whole country and made Xianyang its capital.

Significance: The unification of Qin ended the separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first unified multi-ethnic country in China history.

Measures to consolidate reunification: ① Establish the emperor system. Claiming to be the "first emperor" and having absolute power; In the central government, the Prime Minister, Qiu Wei and imperial envoys are established to manage administration, military affairs and supervision respectively; Cancel the local enfeoffment system and fully implement the county system (suggested by Li Si). Implement centralization. (2) Economy: unified currency and weights and measures; ③ Culture: unified writing.

After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the currency was a square hole with half a penny. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the script was Xiao Zhuan. Later, official scripts with more convenient writing became popular.

10, the root cause of the demise of the Qin Dynasty and the peasant uprising was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.

Tyranny: ① "burning books to bury Confucianism" (suggested by Lisi), which is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's autocratic rule in the field of culture and thought. (3) severe punishment. (4) Qin Ershi's fatuity and cruelty accelerated the demise of Qin.

Daze Township Uprising: In the first 209 years, Chen Sheng and Guangwu first revolted in Daze Township, and then established the Zhang Chu regime. This is the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China.

Later, Xiang Yu led his troops to cross the rubicon in the Battle of Julu, and defeated Qin Jun's main force by winning more with less. In the first 207 years, Liu Bangbing entered Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty perished.

1 1. 202 years ago, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in the capital Chang 'an and established the Western Han Dynasty. When Liu Che was in power, the Han Dynasty entered its heyday.

(1) ideologically, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone". (2) Culturally, imperial academy was established in Chang 'an, Confucianism education was vigorously promoted, and doctors were allowed to preside over teaching. (3) Politically, a "pardon" was issued, which solved the problem that the kingdom threatened the central government. (4) Economically, organize finance and strengthen the state's control over the economy: it is stipulated that the currency should be minted by the state and the salt and iron should be monopolized by the state. ⑤ Militarily, expand the territory: if we counter the Huns, we will send Zhang Qian to the Western Regions; Set up "Hexi four counties" to govern the vast area from Hexi Corridor to Yumenguan in Gansu; Strengthen the jurisdiction to the south of Wuling, including Hainan Island; Put "Southwest Yi" (referring to southern and western Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan) under the direct rule of the Han Dynasty.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty became a vast multi-ethnic empire.

12, Zhang Qian made two missions to the western regions. The Western Regions in Han Dynasty refers to the vast areas of Yumenguan, the west of Yangguan and the east of Congling.

The first mission to the Western Regions (BC 138): The purpose was to attack the Xiongnu with the Dayue people.

The second time (BC 1 19): The purpose was to contact Wusun and give the Huns a heavier blow.

The role of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions: it communicated the links between the mainland and the Western Regions, promoted economic and cultural exchanges, and made great contributions to the opening of the Silk Road.

Zhang Qian was an outstanding diplomat and explorer in ancient China. We should learn from his fearless spirit of taking risks; For the benefit of the motherland, I am not afraid to sacrifice the noble character of my life; The spirit of not being afraid of difficulties and sticking to the end. wait for

In the first 60 years, the Western Han Dynasty made the Western Regions its capital. Since then, the western regions have been officially under the jurisdiction of the central government; Today, Xinjiang has become an inseparable part of China.

13, Foreign Exchanges in the Han Dynasty

A commercial road that starts from Chang 'an, passes through Hexi Corridor and present Xinjiang, crosses Qingji, and leads to West Asia and Europe. Because it mainly exports silk, it is called the Silk Road. During the Western Han Dynasty, the "Southern Silk Road" starting from Chengdu actually took shape.

Lacquerware of Shu County was unearthed near Pyongyang, North Korea.

Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty presented a golden seal and a shepherd to the Japanese "King of Han Slaves".

In 97, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to Daqin, but Gan Ying only went to the Sea of Articles (now Persian Gulf) and never moved on.

/kloc-in 0/66, a group of Daqin people (Romans) came to China by sea. This is the first direct contact between China and Europe.

★ Unit 4: Political Separation and National Integration 14- 16

14 years, during the warlords' melee in the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the famous battles were the Battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs, both of which were famous examples of how to win more with less. Cao Cao is a party to the war, but Cao Cao has won and lost; Losers are proud and underestimate their enemies.

The battle of Guandu took place 200 years ago. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer victories, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Cao Cao wants to unify the whole country. In 2008, he fought with Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. As a result, Sun and Liu allied forces defeated Cao Cao with fewer troops. Battle of Red Cliffs laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries. After Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei divided the world into three parts.

The establishment of Wei, Shu and Wu: In 220, Cao Cao died of illness, and his son Cao Pi replaced the Eastern Han Dynasty as the emperor, establishing the Wei State with Luoyang as its capital, and the Three Kingdoms began. Cao Cao was a man in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, not a figure in the Three Kingdoms period.

22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called Shu in history; In 229, Sun Quan officially proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of Wu and its capital Jianye (now Nanjing, Jiangsu). At this point, Wei, Shu and Wu were formally formed.

After the tripartite confrontation, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country. After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, from the beginning of the 4th century to the end of the 6th century, the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty ruled the South successively.

15. Preliminary development of the South: The reasons are: ① a large number of people from the north moved to the south; ② the south is relatively stable, and the rulers attach great importance to economic development; ③ the south has good natural conditions and abundant resources; ④ immigrants from the north, people from Shanyue, people from South Vietnam and Han people who originally lived in the south contributed to the development of the south.

The performance of Sun Wu's development: ① agriculture: reclaiming land and popularizing Niu Geng; Handicraft industry: weaving hemp is the most important, and monthly cloth is a famous specialty. The celadon produced is quite exquisite; ③ The shipbuilding technology is high, and the shipbuilding centers are Houguan, Linhai and Panyu. In 230, Wei Wen and Zhuge of Wu went to Yizhou (Taiwan Province Province) by boat.

When Zhuge Liang was in charge of Shu, he handled ethnic relations steadily, so that the southern and central regions (now southern Sichuan and Guizhou in Yunnan) were initially developed.

The new development of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties: ① Rice was widely planted, and wheat and beans from the north were popularized; (2) Brocade, paper making, porcelain making, mining and metallurgy have developed rapidly. ③ The change of Jiankang (Nanjing, Jiangsu), the political and economic center and the largest city in the Southern Dynasties, is a microcosm of the development of Jiangnan.

16, the ethnic distribution in China has formed a pattern that the Han people mainly live in the Central Plains and the ethnic minorities are scattered in the border areas.

Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities such as Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Jie and Qiang have moved inward. Among the nationalities that moved inward, the Tuoba department of Xianbei nationality had the greatest influence.

Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty: ① Background: The trend of ethnic integration in the North has obviously increased, but the backward ruling style of Xianbei nobles has intensified social contradictions, and the Northern Wei regime is facing a crisis. ② Purpose: To consolidate the political power and maintain the rule.

Reform contents: ① Learn the political and economic system of the Han nationality and strengthen the management of the economy and officials. ② Move the capital to Luoyang. Vigorously carry out the policy of learning advanced economy and culture of Han nationality: change the surname of Han nationality, change Hanfu, marry Han nationality, learn Chinese, use Chinese characters, and improve the school education system.

The influence of emperor xiaowen's reform in the northern Wei dynasty: it accelerated the process of great integration of northern nationalities; It has promoted the progress and development of Xianbei nationality.

Emperor Xiaowen's spirit of forging ahead and being brave in reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty is worth learning.

★ Unit 5: China Ancient Culture Course 17-23

17. Outstanding achievements in bronze technology: Bronze played an important role in production, military affairs and life in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, which was called the Bronze Age in history. Exquisite bronzes were made in Shang Dynasty and unearthed in Hunan. The representative of the typical style of bronzes in Shang Dynasty is Simu Wuding unearthed in Henan. The bronze figurines, bronze masks and bronze trees unearthed in Sanxingdui, Guanghan, Sichuan, are unique in shape, style and artistic charm.

18 At the end of the Warring States Period, the State of Qin built two major water conservancy projects, Dujiangyan and Zheng Guoqu. Li Bing organized and mobilized people to build Dujiangyan on the Minjiang River near Chengdu, making Chengdu Plain a "land of plenty" where people are hungry with floods and droughts. Zheng Guoqu was built near Xianyang to irrigate Guanzhong Plain.

After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Qin Changcheng was built to defend the powerful Xiongnu and consolidate the northern frontier defense. Qin Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and reaches Liaodong in the east.

Significance: The Great Wall is a symbol of China's ancient civilization and one of the great projects of the ancient world.

19. The first country in the world to invent papermaking was China. China began to make paper with hemp in the Western Han Dynasty.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking. Advantages: The improved paper output is greatly improved and the cost is greatly reduced. Paper has become the main writing material. Compared with tortoise shell bones and bamboo slips, paper is light and cheap.

Significance: The invention and improvement of papermaking provided important conditions for the preservation, exchange and dissemination of culture, and it was a great contribution of ancient China people to the world.

We advocate the use of "recycled paper", which is conducive to saving resources and protecting the ecological environment. It is recommended to cherish every piece of paper and not waste it.

The mathematical monograph Nine Chapters Arithmetic was written in the early years of Eastern Han Dynasty. The concept of negative numbers and the addition and subtraction of positive and negative figures in the book are the earliest in the world.

Zu Chongzhi, a great mathematician, was the first person in the world to calculate the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point, about 1 100 years earlier than European mathematicians.

Zhang Zhongjing, a physician in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was honored as a "medical sage" by later generations; Hua tuo is good at surgery, and he is the first person in the world to invent general anesthesia drugs, so he is called an imperial doctor.

The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie, an agronomist in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is the earliest existing agricultural work in China, and also a world famous work. Notes on Water Classics by Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China.

20. Since Shang Dynasty, the history of our country has been recorded reliably in writing. In Shang Dynasty, people carved characters on tortoise shells, which was called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Chinese characters developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

The characters on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties were called inscriptions on bronze.

After Qin unified the whole country, Xiao Zhuan became the national standard font. During Qin Shihuang's tour, he often carved stones to record his merits, and the words on the stone carvings should be Xiao Zhuan.

The Han Dynasty was basically an official script. Cursive script and regular script were formed at the end of the Han Dynasty and matured in the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty.

2 1. Confucius temples built all over China are in memory of Confucius.

Confucius, a native of Shandong in the Spring and Autumn Period, is now a native of Qufu, Shandong.

Confucius was a great thinker in ancient China. He put forward the theory of "benevolence" and founded the Confucian school. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism has become the orthodox ideology of China feudal society, which has had a far-reaching impact on China culture.

Confucius was a great educator in ancient China. (1) Establish private schools and expand the educational target; (2) Editing poems, books and Chunqiu enriched the teaching content; ③ Be good at inspiring and inducing, and teach students in accordance with their aptitude. After the death of Confucius, his disciples compiled The Analects of Confucius according to his remarks, which provided valuable information for future generations to study Confucius.

During the Warring States period, profound changes have taken place in society, resulting in a large number of thinkers and numerous schools of thought, which is called "a hundred schools of thought contend" in history. The most important schools are Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism. Form a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend, and make academic thoughts more active than ever.

22. During the Warring States Period, the representative work of Qu Yuan, a poet of Chu State, was Li Sao. Later generations rowed dragon boats and ate zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival to commemorate Qu Yuan.

Historical Records is the representative work of Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty, which records the history from the ancient Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This is the first great biography of general history. Historical Records is the best historical work in ancient times, which has a far-reaching influence on the compilation of historical books.

Buddhism, which originated in ancient India, was introduced to China in the late Western Han Dynasty and early Eastern Han Dynasty. Taoism is a native religion in China. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism was formally founded, and Laozi was honored as the founder.

23. Musical instruments unearthed in Hubei: chimes in the Warring States Period. Its discovery and successful performance have been highly praised by Chinese and foreign art circles.

In the fine arts of Qin and Han dynasties, the achievements of sculpture are the most outstanding. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin and Han Dynasties are masterpieces of sculpture, and the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin and Han Dynasties can be called a large exhibition hall of ancient sculpture art in China.

The "Book Sage" is Wang Xizhi, a calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His masterpiece Preface to Lanting is called "the best running script in the world".

Gu Kaizhi, a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, is good at figure painting. The characters in his works have both form and spirit. Representative works include A History of Women and A Picture of Luoshen.