The history of human evolution was billions of years ago.

People have different views on the origin of mankind. Archaeology believes that the origin of human beings has been 3 million years ago, but American scholars have calculated that the origin of human beings is only 6.5438+0.4 million years according to the results of genetic determination. In addition, because human beings have both the genes of terrestrial animals and aquatic animals, there is also a debate about whether human beings were born in terrestrial animals or aquatic animals. The author believes that human beings are infected by terrestrial animals with viruses carrying aquatic animal genes. Recombination mutation of two genes. The "ancestors" or "close relatives" of human beings were eliminated by natural selection, and as a result, human beings became small families without their own families. According to the similarity between humans and mammals, it is certain that they have the same "ancestor". In any case, human beings are the result of the long-term evolution of life on Earth, not whisperd.

1. Isn't Zhoukoudian ape-man the ancestor of modern China people?

According to the traditional view, human beings in the world originated from several independent regions, and it has been three million years since they first evolved into human beings. Some people have long doubted this view. They think that the civilizations of North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and East Asia, which first entered the agricultural civilization, are only one or two thousand years apart. If the primitive humans in these areas were "independent" and originated two or three million years ago, then they have hardly made any progress in countless generations. Incredibly, they all entered civilized society in the last 10 thousand years, and the time gap is less than one thousandth of their total history. This fact can easily make people think that the time of human origin may be much later than 3 million years, perhaps only tens of thousands of years. Considering that the expressions of emotions and sorrows of different races around the world are almost the same (nodding is affirmative, shaking your head is more valuable for discussion), it is certain that they have the same ancestor. If so, it is certain that they have the same ancestor. Then they may have gradually spread from a central area to all parts of the world in recent tens of thousands of years. If the fossils found by archaeologists in different parts of the world from hundreds of thousands to two or three million years ago can be counted as "human" fossils, then the descendants of these "fossil people" must no longer exist. Thousands of years ago, the ancient civilizations of Egyptians, Babylonians, Indians and Indians were created in the Nile Valley, the Two Rivers Valley, the Indus Valley and the Yellow River Valley.

Life Times reported on June 7, 2000 that researchers from Stanford University in the United States selected more than 65,438+0,000 men from 22 different regions of the world to analyze their Y chromosomes and classify their mothers' genetic materials. The results show that different races have a female ancestor and they have the same sex life. Male ancestors lived 59,000 years ago. Humans walked out of Africa about 44,000 years ago and went to the whole world. Faced with this latest scientific research achievement, archaeologists claim that the achievement of genetic research is only a possibility and cannot be used as evidence to deny archaeological conclusions. Only archaeological achievements have the meaning of final evidence.

In fact, this position of archaeologists is quite ridiculous. In all fairness, unbiased scholars and even middle school students are willing to believe the results of genetic research and have doubts about archaeological conclusions. Believe it or not, anyway, the author thinks that the ape-man who lived in Zhoukoudian, Beijing hundreds of thousands of years ago (not to mention 1.7 million years ago) is not our ancestor before the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. So, where are the descendants of those ancient apes found in archaeology?

Second, the long-term accumulation of biological variation can not produce new species?

/kloc-one of the great achievements of scientific research in the 0/9th century is that Darwin put forward the theory of evolution. Evolution theory can explain many biological phenomena, so it was quickly accepted by people. Darwin believed that the long-term accumulation of favorable variation of organisms adapting to the environment can produce new species, and evolution is gradual in nature. People have evolved from apes for a long time.

The development of science in the past 100 years has greatly enriched and perfected the theory of evolution, and also corrected many wrong views of Darwin. In recent years, biologists have pointed out that Darwin's theory of evolution has never been proved, but only believed. We know that modern apes are very different from humans (apes have tails and humans have no tails). According to the point of view of gradual evolution, there should be many intermediate links in the evolution from apes to humans (such as the tail gradually shortening until it disappears), and these links should be verified by corresponding fossils. But in fact, the existence of these intermediate links has not been confirmed by millions of various fossils found in archaeological work in the past 100 years. The more general conclusion drawn from fossil research is that the evolution of any living thing is jumping, not continuous. This conclusion makes people doubt the view that apes "gradually" evolved into "people". It is said that a scientist cut off the tails of newborn mice in order to find out whether biological variation can accumulate. They also cut off their tails after mating with each other and giving birth to the second generation ... They have been experimenting for more than 50 generations in a row, but each generation has tails like their ancestors. The new species "tailless mouse" has not yet been produced. Although this experimental result can't completely deny the idea of gradual evolution of organisms, it will undoubtedly make people doubt the statement that "biological variation accumulates for a long time to produce new species". From the genetic principle, this experiment is actually unnecessary, because no matter how many generations of mice have their tails cut off, their germ cells still contain genes that can grow tails, and they are "tailless".

Third, human beings are not the product of hybridization?

Since Darwin put forward the idea that human beings originated from apes, it has been gradually accepted by most people in the world. Because human beings live on land, and several kinds of apes in terrestrial animals are most similar to human beings, as long as they think that organisms have evolved, they can only be attributed to apes. However, many people think that human beings are more similar to aquatic animals in terms of the characteristics that they have no tail and hair at birth and have positive sexual behavior in adulthood, so they assert that human beings originated from aquatic animals instead of apes. However, the "aquatic animal theory" cannot explain why human beings have changed from aquatic to terrestrial. So some people think that human beings may be produced by hybridization between aquatic animals and terrestrial animals.

This idea is ridiculous, because only people who don't even have the most basic biological knowledge can imagine hybridization. Physiologically, aquatic animals and terrestrial animals are far apart, and there is almost no possibility of male and female mating between aquatic and terrestrial species in natural state. To say the least, even if males and females occasionally mate, it is impossible for them to produce hybrid offspring because of their distant genetic relationship; To say the least, even if it can produce hybrid offspring, these offspring will not be able to continue to reproduce, so they will soon become extinct. We know that people mate horses and donkeys with similar shapes and close kinship among large livestock, resulting in a new species of mule stronger than horses and donkeys; The staff of the Indian Zoo mated a lion and a tiger with similar size and close kinship, and gave birth to "liger". However, these "new" species obtained through hybridization lost their reproductive ability, and as a result, neither mule nor liger came to an end. So it is a dead end to explore the origin of human beings from the perspective of hybridization.

Fourth, gene combinations and mutations produce humans?

Since human beings can't be the product of hybridization, it can only be the result of gene mutation. Modern biology believes that only new species produced after gene mutation can maintain fertility and pass on new characteristics to future generations. Gene mutation is quite common in biology, and there are many examples in humans, the most typical of which is the "crab family" that once existed in North America.

Hundreds of years ago, after an English woman who immigrated to North America recovered from illness, all the boys and girls were born with crab claws. They lived among normal people and were discriminated against because of their physical defects, so they moved to the deep mountains and forests to live. Because they can't get married normally, they have to have children with their brothers and sisters as spouses, and as a result, all the descendants have the same limbs. After several generations, they have developed into a "crab family" of nearly 200 people. At this time, someone in the "crab family" accidentally gave birth to a completely normal boy (probably atavism, returning to normal humans). When the boy was a teenager, his family let him integrate into society and lead a normal life, so he went out of the mountains to a nearby city and married a normal woman. Surprisingly, the child he gave birth to has exactly the same crab claws as a normal woman. Normal women are so angry that they throw their children to death in a rage. After the tragic news reached the "crab family", all the people burst into tears, complaining that God was unfair to them, and * * * vowed never to get married or have children from now on. Decades later, the "crab family" disappeared from the earth.

What enlightenment can the emergence and disappearance of the "crab family" give us? The emergence of "crab family" must be the result of genetic mutation of germ cells after the illness of British immigrant women. Science has proved that the virus has the ability to "transfer" genes from one organism to another, so it is likely that the woman was infected with a virus carrying the "crab" gene, which led to genetic mutation in the germ cells. Since normal humans can mutate into "crab family", other species can also mutate into humans. Since human beings have both genes of aquatic animals and genes of terrestrial animals, it means that some kind of virus "passed" and combined the genes of aquatic animals and terrestrial animals. If this hypothesis is correct, then the infected species should be the direct "ancestors" of human beings. So which species may be infected? Because aquatic animals can't live on land, but many terrestrial animals like to swim and play in the water, it is more likely that terrestrial animals (in water) will be infected with viruses carrying aquatic animals' genetic genes. The direct ancestor of human beings should be terrestrial animals. The fact that humans live on land also shows that their ancestors should be terrestrial animals. Because if aquatic animals are the ancestors of human beings, when did they evolve to live on land?

From the point of view of biological evolution, the characteristics produced by gene mutation may be beneficial to survival competition or unfavorable to survival competition. Because of gene mutation, new species are regarded as "heterogeneous" among the original species, and the "rejection" of the original species makes it difficult for them to survive, and most of them are eliminated by natural selection. As far as the "crab family" is concerned, they have their own viability in the new environment, but it is not normal. We can imagine that if the earliest "people", like the "crab family", do not have the survival advantage in the competition with other animals in nature, they will soon be eliminated by natural selection and become passers-by in the history of biology. Fortunately, however, human beings actually have extraordinary adaptability and competitive advantages in survival. Therefore, after just tens of thousands of years of reproduction, they have migrated and spread to all corners of the world and become an indisputable existence on the earth.

5. What is the scientific nature of the view that human beings are homologous?

Gene mutation is extremely accidental. It is almost impossible for two individuals of the same organism to have the same gene mutation at the same time, so it is difficult to find the same gene mutation in evolutionary history. Therefore, it is difficult for us to imagine that in different regions of the earth, several individuals of a certain organism have the same mutation and each has produced human beings.

From this point of view, it can be said that the results of gene sequencing by American scientists completely confirm the idea of scientific reasoning, which is of great significance to scientifically clarify the origin of human beings. In other words, the conclusion that all human beings originated from the same female ancestor completely conforms to the general principle of gene mutation, and is also similar to the situation of the original female of the "crab family". The difference is that the limbs of boys and girls born to primitive women in the "crab family" have undergone the same changes, but because of the genetic mutation of human female ancestors, girls have undergone physical changes, while boys have not evolved after many generations (tens of thousands of years). How did men evolve later? We don't know. If it is also because of virus infection, then according to the contingency of gene mutation, only one man's gene must have mutated at the earliest, and his male offspring also had the same physical changes after the mutation, so both men and women have evolved into real human beings. In this way, the man who was originally infected with the virus should be the male ancestor of human beings.

However, another situation may happen, that is, women's genes are still mutated (second mutation). Since then, just like the ancestors of the crab family, all the boys and girls she gave birth to have evolved into real human beings. In this way, there is no male ancestor, only female ancestor. However, the female ancestor with the first genetic mutation cannot be called the direct ancestor of "human".

Sixth, the human "ancestors" have long since become extinct?

We know that the "AIDS" virus is posing a serious threat to human survival. In the era of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, the two countries accused each other of making this virus by studying biological weapons. However, after excluding political factors, we learned that the virus may have been transmitted from African orangutans to humans. It is said that the virus itself has not just "appeared", but has existed for tens of thousands of years. They have no destructive effects on the bodies of African orangutans. However, it has caused devastating harm to mankind. In recent years, mankind has mobilized all possible means to treat AIDS patients and control the spread of the disease, but the results are still not great. Some people even think that the "AIDS" virus is a biological force that forces human genes to mutate. If the body can't produce mutations that make the virus ineffective, human beings may be completely destroyed by this virus.

Although this view is a bit too emotional, it makes sense to think about it carefully. Suppose that human beings were infected with this disease 500 years ago, at that time, there was no scientific means for human beings to understand and resist it, and it was very likely that it would be quickly destroyed by this terrible virus, thus making the earth a world of wild animals again, unless some individuals had genetic mutations and had the ability to naturally resist AIDS virus, thus evolving into a more advanced species ... The author thought that at the origin of modern people, perhaps a virus was eliminated and survived for two or three million years, which was close to that of modern people. It is only because of the mutation of an individual's gene that the virus no longer has a (destructive) effect on his body. As a result, the offspring of this individual survived, which is the real human being. Those "pre-humans" who didn't have gene mutation were wiped out by irresistible viruses (none of them). Tens of thousands of years of natural evolution have lost their traces of existence, which makes it difficult for modern humans to find their own "ancestors" or "close relatives". So some people think that human beings originated from terrestrial animals ("topic"), while others think that human beings originated from aquatic animals ("duality").

Because the topic and duality can't fully explain why human beings have the characteristics of aquatic and terrestrial animals, and people can't unify them into a convincing "combined topic", some people suggest that human beings originated from alien creatures. The explanation of "alien biological theory" is actually simple and clear, but if you think about it carefully, it is a kind of "cancelation", which makes people give up their efforts to scientifically explain the origin of human beings. This statement is not as good as simply relying on religious teachings to attribute the birth of mankind to God. However, if we want to engage in scientific research, we cannot be satisfied with this statement. The author believes that although it is impossible for human beings to "prove" the process of their own origin, it is entirely possible to outline the most possible path of human evolution according to the results of scientific discovery and discussion, and this day is not far away.

Exploring and understanding the direction, way and final result of human evolution and human social development and perfection will realize the power to promote the formation of human evolution, the power to upgrade human social relations from animal state to human social state (advanced form), and the power to achieve a certain inevitable social form in social development and perfection. This kind of power, like other natural forces and laws, also has the characteristics of its natural formation and development, and it is temporary to block and promote human likes and dislikes. This understanding can be achieved by tracing the actual process of human production, formation and evolution. The human brain is far more developed than apes and other animals; The development of people's thinking and behavior ability has gone beyond the boundary of adapting to the natural environment, reached the level of using and dominating nature and urging nature to serve its own purposes, and reached the level of correctly understanding and applying the laws of nature. This natural formation condition of human beings inevitably determines the development direction and result of human social relations. The existence of society has caused basic social contradictions and some social and historical problems.

In ancient times, compared with powerful and fierce carnivores, human physique was so weak. However, why can humans survive against animals hundreds of times stronger than themselves? What promoted the evolution of primitive humans? If it is the result of natural evolution of species, then the living environment given by nature to all species is equal. Why did only Homo erectus evolve into humans and other animals didn't? If it is the instinct of survival, all animals and plants have the instinct of survival. Why did only Homo erectus evolve into humans and other animals didn't? If the genes of modern humans and mice are only slightly different from each other in terms of species genes, what is the difference between Homo erectus in primitive times that made them evolve into humans, while other animals did not? What are the key factors that distinguish human beings from other animals?

I remember that in early 2007, Dr. deepak said at the seminar on "Exploration of Life" jointly held by "Krishnamurti" and "Seeking Tao" Forum that life is formed by combining two cells of parents into one cell, and then the small cells invisible to the naked eye grow into adults, and it is born and gradually grows up. So what power made this miracle happen? Science tries to explain the origin of life from a physiological point of view, but today it tries to explain this problem from another angle. Is "cosmic wisdom" promoting the origin, evolution and evolution of life? Cosmic wisdom existed in the universe before the origin of life. In order to learn, express and improve, they use life form, that is, body as a carrier to realize their learning and expression needs. When they reach a certain stage, they may no longer need body shape? Did "cosmic wisdom" enter our bodies, thus promoting the evolution of human life? At that time, Dr. deepak's alternative views did not attract public attention. Dr. deepak's seemingly different viewpoint is his profound and incisive conclusion after his scientific and spiritual exploration of life and his own spiritual experience. Without witness, ordinary people can't understand the mystery. Because of the constant "learning" need of "cosmic wisdom", it has promoted the continuous evolution of mankind. The wise men in human history realized the "cosmic wisdom" and consciously communicated with it, so they created many splendid civilizations in ancient times, many of which could not be imagined and realized even in the modern times with high technological development. How did the ancients achieve those miracles with magical technology? The possible answer I can think of is that the "wise man" discovered the mystery and created a miracle under the guidance of "universal wisdom". Walking upright is a decisive step in human evolutionary history.

According to the law of survival of the fittest, many creatures were eliminated because they could not adapt to climate change, and some apes were forced to come down from trees to the flat ground in order to survive. It turns out that they live in trees and pick wild fruits to satisfy their hunger, so they don't have to worry about food. Nowadays, ready-made food no longer exists. In order to survive, they must find new food and catch wild animals. In this process, their limbs and brains began to develop. The need to hunt and transport prey gradually separates the functions of limbs. Engels once pointed out that walking upright is a "decisive step" in the process of transformation from apes to humans. The upright walking of apes led to the division of labor between forelimbs and hind limbs, and forelimbs engaged in more and more activities. After a long period of tempering and evolution, I gradually learned to make and use simple tools, from occasionally discovering and using natural tools, such as hunting with sticks and stones, to often using natural tools. In the harsh living environment, they have to fight against wild animals and nature. The division of labor and upright walking between brothers and sisters gradually broaden their horizons, get more and more information from nature, increase the capacity of their brains and promote their gradual development. Engels said, "Labor creates man himself." In the long process, their bodies and wisdom have been greatly developed. They have found more food sources and learned to cultivate crops.

Human evolution can be divided into the following four stages:

1. Early ape-man stage: "homo habilis" who lived about 1.8 million years ago belongs to this stage. It looks like an ape, with a brain capacity of 680 ml and a short stature, about1.2 ~1.3m.. Humans in this period have the basic characteristics of human beings and still have a lot of primitiveness. They can walk upright and make simple tools.

2. Late ape-man: including all types of ape-man and homo erectus, living about 2 million years ago or 6.5438+0.5 million years ago to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. The ape-man fossils of this period are the most abundant in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing, China. Peking man lived 500,000 ~ 600,000 years ago, with a height of about 1.6 meters, a thick brow ridge and a protruding mouth, similar to an ape. They live in groups, mainly gathering plant food, supplemented by hunting. Humans in this period have been able to make more advanced paleolithic tools and began to use fire.

3. Early Homo sapiens (the ancients) stage: In this period, human beings have gradually divorced from the nature of apes and are very close to modern people, living about10 ~ 200,000 to 50,000 years ago. The human fossils of this period were first discovered in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany. They were called Neanderthals (Neanderthals for short): their brains were almost the same as those of modern people, and they could make stone tools and artificial fires.

4. Late Homo sapiens (newcomer) stage: Humans in this period appeared 40,000 to 50,000 years ago until modern humans. Neanderthal fossils were found in Longgushan Cave in Zhoukoudian, Beijing in 1993, and lived 18 000 years ago. They have been able to process stone tools and bone tools, and their productivity has been further improved. They can build simple houses with big skins, and primitive religions have emerged. This period has entered the matriarchal clan society, with the art of sculpture and painting.

Follow the road of understanding natural forces and laws that human beings have taken since their formation, and follow the historical track of new scientific and technological inventions and creations to promote the development of social production and social forms.

Trace, under the condition of the continuous development of modern high-tech science and technology, it is not very difficult to realize that modern capitalist society must develop forward and judge the inevitable result of its development. Because the motive force of the historical development of human society is caused by this ability to understand the natural forces and laws, as well as the ability to understand human beings themselves, especially the development of human thinking. This power comes from natural evolution and is independent of the subjective will of anyone or any social force. This kind of natural and reasonable understanding, which is completely in line with the actual historical development, is what people follow in understanding and expecting social development.

With the continuous development of society, we will regard human society as a whole in consciousness. In this whole, science and technology and all knowledge industries will become the wealth shared by human society, and also the main part of the whole social wealth and the main factor of social development. At this time, people's right to enjoy social wealth tends to be equal, and people's social status will also tend to be equal. Human social relations will be upgraded from the animal state of "fighting for survival" and "free competition" to the "human state" with perfect social and moral consciousness. At this time, and only then, human beings finally completed the perfect evolution process in the brain thinking consciousness. At this time, human society has reached a highly perfect state, and the relationship between people has realized the "resurrection" of social morality. Compared with the primitive morality of primitive society, the social morality revived in the highest development stage of human society should have many ideological similarities. But the formation process is different. The formation of primitive morality is due to the formation and promotion of moral consciousness in the face of sinister natural environment and the need of life and survival in "social" life and production, which is passive in understanding; At the highest stage of social development, the "revival" of social morality is the historical experience after more than 5,000 years of private ownership controlled by private consciousness, especially the knowledge and experience accumulated by high technology and culture. Due to the great improvement of productivity and the great richness of living materials, human beings have achieved the consistency between their highest needs and the overall needs of human beings, and their desire for private possession and private consciousness have lost their meaning of existence. At this time, the "resurrection" of social morality has the characteristics of natural formation, so it is permanent. No matter what people who still hold the concept of "every man for himself, the devil takes the hindmost" think today, social development will be like this. The historical track of human development has long proved that there are two forces pushing the society forward. One is the intensity of the development of social wealth and productivity, and the other is the intensity of the development of people's thinking consciousness of mutual relations. Due to the infinite development of human cognitive ability, these two forces will eventually reach the level of fully meeting the needs of human society, that is, the level of the overall development needs of human beings. The desire for private possession formed by the lack of material needs of human life will disappear, and social moral thinking will complete the historical mission of this development. After the peak of "primitive morality", human beings have flourished under the nourishment of primitive morality. Only by relying on primitive social morality to exclude consanguineous marriage can we have good intellectual and physical evolution and development effects. The "resurrection" of human social morality will enable human beings to eliminate the threat of "self-destruction" and find the direction of development from the dilemma of moral decay. The social form of "living in groups", on which the formation, survival and development of human beings depend, will reappear in a more advanced form, namely "the union of free people" and the human whole of "Datong society". This very clear and bright way of social development, the development of human social history will make us truly realize.

The motive force of human evolution and social development is essentially the same, both of which are the "need consciousness" in brain thinking and the need consciousness of human survival and development. Once there is no "need consciousness" in brain thinking, there will be no history of human formation and evolution, the history of primitive social morality and the history of private ownership society after more than 5 thousand years, and there will be no possibility of social development. The "needs" of human beings and their all-round development should be the most sacred rights and the source of development.

Compared with the long history that human beings have evolved from animal state for millions to millions of years in biological characteristics, they have evolved from animal state for more than 5,000 years in thinking consciousness.

Eliminate the tortuous historical process, and then upgrade to the state of "resurrected" people in the new social morality. This kind of experience will make human beings more aware of the preciousness of social morality in interpersonal relationships, and deeply realize the preciousness of the whole human being raised from nature, thus truly forming a wide range of "fraternity" among human beings.