Q: Western scholars' definition of municipal administration! ! Anxious online crazy waiting!

The one upstairs was moved from Baidu dictionary. And professional level ~ ~

Read my graduation thesis.

1966, Peter Hall, a British geographer and planner, gave a classic explanation of the concept of world cities: world cities refer to those world-class big cities that have had a global economic, political and cultural impact on the whole world or most countries. Specifically, it includes: the main political power center; International trade center, with large ports, railway and highway hubs and large international airports; Major financial centers; A center where all kinds of professionals gather; Where there is information collection and dissemination, there is a well-developed publishing, news and radio and television network headquarters; A large population center, and concentrated a considerable proportion of the wealthy population; The entertainment industry has become an important industrial sector. On this basis, Hall identified seven world cities: London, Paris, Rhine-Ruhr, Lanstad (Netherlands), Moscow, new york and Tokyo.

From 65438 to 0986, American urbanist Friedman divided the world cities according to the locations of corporate headquarters and big banks. He summarized the characteristics of world cities as: major financial centers, headquarters of multinational companies (including regional headquarters), international organizations, rapid growth of business service departments, important manufacturing centers, major transportation hubs and population size. According to these indicators, London, Paris, Frankfurt, new york and Tokyo are major world cities in developed countries, while Sao Paulo and Singapore are major world cities in developing countries.

British economist Shasen defines world cities as developed financial and commercial service centers. Shasen emphasized that world cities are not only the nodes of the coordination process, but also special production bases. World cities produce highly specialized services and financial products. She believes that producer services are concentrated in world cities, and these cities have gradually become "global service centers", forming a new industrial system with producer services as the core. According to Sassen's research, new york, London and Tokyo are the top cities in the global urban system.

199 1 year, the London Planning Commission put forward a set of comprehensive indicators to promote the sustainable development of world cities, which provided a basis for the development planning of Greater London. Its main point is that a dynamic world city should have good infrastructure, strong wealth creativity from international trade and investment, employment and income growth force to serve the international labor market, and high-quality life attraction to meet the needs of international culture and social environment. Among them, infrastructure is the basic factor to maintain the development of world cities, and other factors are interrelated and independent, which is the key to the sustainable development of world cities.

At the end of the 20th century, Professor Peter J Taylor of Loughborough University in the United Kingdom and others classified the world cities into three grades according to their connectivity and influence in the global urban system-alpha, beta and gamma. Among them, London, new york, Paris and Tokyo are the highest alpha world cities, while Beijing is the lower gamma world city.

International experience and similarity of the formation and development of world cities

The experience of higher-level world cities that have been formed and developed at present shows that world cities have some common characteristics, mainly including:

Modern tertiary industry is the leading industry of world cities. The process of shaping world cities is the reorganization of urban economy and industrial system. The increase in the proportion of tertiary industry is the main manifestation of industrial structure upgrading. Modern tertiary industry, especially producer services, mainly including accounting, advertising, finance and law, has become the leading industry in world cities. Cities all over the world have developed tertiary industry, and the proportion of tertiary industry is above 70%. For example, new york is the first financial center city in the world, and it also leads the service industries such as art, fashion, advertising, banking and finance, publishing and broadcasting in the United States. The development of modern tertiary industry can be used to measure the service level of a city. Shasen's empirical research shows that the employment growth of producer services in the United States, Britain and Japan has been higher than the national average employment growth rate since the 1980s. Moreover, the growth rate of producer services in new york, London and Tokyo is higher than that in the whole country.

World cities have global market influence. Global influence is the core index to measure the world's cities, which can be measured by the number of headquarters of multinational companies, the flow of transnational investment, the weight of foreign trade and transportation, and the concentration of production and operation activities. The influence of the global market is manifested in its distribution center for global capital flow and information flow, which provides a suitable environment for the survival and development of multinational corporations and international organizations. As the top cities in the world, new york, London and Tokyo have gathered more headquarters of multinational corporations, international financial institutions and international economic and political organizations. For example, London, new york and Tokyo accounted for 49.3% and 60. 1% of the total income and total assets of the top 100 banks in the world in1year. London, new york and Tokyo account for 99.3% and 97.8% of the total income and total assets of the 25 largest securities companies in the world. These world cities are the distribution centers of international capital and information, occupying the highest point of the global market, and their ability to control global market elements and market information plays an irreplaceable role in the global economy. Optimizing urban functions and spatial layout is a new trend of urban development in the world. Almost all cities in the world have experienced "urban diseases" caused by excessive urban scale and over-concentration of population and industry, which are mainly manifested in disorderly urban expansion, traffic congestion and environmental pollution. To this end, London, Tokyo, Seoul and other cities have carried out new city construction to evacuate the population and functions of big city centers. After World War II, in the face of the increasingly serious problem of London's big cities, Britain's urbanization development is mainly decentralized, such as the Greater London Plan and the New Town Law. In the new town movement, Britain built 32 new towns, including London 1 1.

Author: Daxing Huangcun 2006-8-1711:26 reply to this speech.

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How far is Beijing from "World City"?

Author: 5th gear cornering without shifting 2006-5-25 17:08 reply to this speech.

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How far is Beijing from "World City"?

Britain's new town movement was later widely imitated by other countries in the world. Building a new city is also an important way to implement the strategy of decentralization of urban functions in Tokyo, Japan. Since the 1960s, Tsukuba Academy City and Tama New City have been built around Tokyo. Driven by the upgrading and transformation of Tokyo's industrial structure in the 1970s and 1990s, the concentration of population and functions reappeared, leading to various problems in big cities. So Tokyo began to adjust its spatial structure in the 1980s, and gradually defined the development goal of "multi-core" urban structure, and successively built sub-centers, such as Ikebukuro, Shinjuku, Shibuya, and Osaki, to undertake different functions and become the regional center of Tokyo. Like London and Tokyo, the South Korean government has established new cities with different functions around Seoul in order to evacuate Seoul's population and disperse its functions, including building Nancheng to solve the problem of poor residential areas in Seoul, building Anshan to divert Seoul's pollution factory, building Guochuan City, filling the sea with mountains and Jilong to disperse Seoul's administrative functions, and building new cities such as Potang, Rishan and Pingcun to stabilize Seoul's housing prices and disperse Seoul's population. It can be seen that the concept of world urban development has shifted from passive control of urban scale to evacuation, guiding excessive concentration and expansion of urban functions and improving the overall vitality of cities.

World cities have strong international compatibility. Cities all over the world extensively carry out scientific, technological, educational, cultural and sports exchange activities and hold various international conferences. For example, Paris hosts 200 to 300 large-scale international conferences every year. World cities also have the characteristics of population diversity (the proportion of people born in other places and foreign countries to the urban population) and cultural diversity (multilingual working languages, equal treatment of non-native cultures and residents from different backgrounds to participate in municipal affairs). Different languages, cultures and nationalities gather and merge to form a relaxed cultural atmosphere. Cultural diversity is the main factor to attract and retain global talents, and it is also an external environment suitable for innovation. New york is a typical example of success in this respect.

There is polarization in the development of world cities. In the process of economic globalization, international migration has increased greatly, and the trend of international migration from backward countries (regions) to developed countries (regions) has increased. This has two effects on the social structure of world cities: first, the population is increasingly integrated into society, race and culture, which is a necessary element for the development of world cities; On the other hand, globalization has greatly strengthened social differentiation and created new barriers in cities. Western scholars' research shows that the world city at the top of the global urban system is also the place with the biggest gap between the rich and the poor. They have gathered great strength, and also caused polarization and marginalization within the city. There is a contradiction in world cities: on the one hand, the richest and most powerful people in the world are gathered in the headquarters of these world economies; on the other hand, the low-income population is growing, lonely and politically marginalized immigrants are increasing, and more and more ethnic minorities or nationalities are deprived. From the perspective of employment structure, one end is high-tech and high-income personnel engaged in management and business services, and the other end is low-tech and low-income personnel providing services for professionals. Polarization is a * * * problem in the development of world cities.

Comparison between Beijing and major cities in the world and its enlightenment

In the process of developing into a higher-level world city, Beijing should not only learn from the experience of London and other cities, but also follow the general laws of world city development, and at the same time give play to its comparative advantages according to Beijing's characteristics.

Improve the urban energy level and enhance its influence in the world urban system. In recent years, Beijing has made great progress in infrastructure construction, comprehensive economic strength and internationalization. However, through the comparative analysis of basic indicators with several world cities (according to the data of Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2004), the data show that compared with high-level world cities such as London, new york, Tokyo and Seoul, Beijing has the following aspects: per capita GDP (USD), the proportion of added value of tertiary industry (%), the number of headquarters of 500 multinational companies, and the annual passenger flow of airports (10,000 passengers). According to Taylor's research on the hierarchy of world cities, Beijing has become a gamma-level world city, or a third-level world city. These studies show that Beijing has entered the world urban system, but it is still at a low level. Therefore, the future development direction of Beijing should be to improve the urban energy level and enhance its influence in the world urban system. The focus of development is to upgrade the industrial level, especially to develop the modern tertiary industry; Improve the investment environment, attract multinational companies and other international institutions, open wider to the outside world, and improve the degree of internationalization of Beijing, from simply paying attention to the size of the city to optimizing its functions and spatial layout. This is a new concept of modern urban development. Beijing, like London, Tokyo, Seoul and other cities, because the city is too big, the industry and population are too concentrated, so the purpose of building a new city is to evacuate the urban population and industry. Drawing lessons from other cities, we should pay attention to: (1) the spatial separation between the mother city and the new city. In the process of building new cities in London, Tokyo and Seoul, the same practice is to set up green belts around the cities to separate the cities from the new cities. This practice not only beautifies the environment, but also avoids the spatial connection between the development of the new city and the mother city, otherwise the original significance of developing the new city will be lost. No matter what forms and measures are adopted in the development and construction of Beijing New Town, the new town should become a relatively independent subject in space. (2) The orientation of each new city is different, but each new city should have a relatively perfect urban function. New cities in London, Tokyo and Seoul all have different functions. For example, the positioning of Shinjuku, Shibuya and Osaki in Tokyo is mainly based on business office and entertainment, information and fashion industry, and high-tech information transportation. Yizhuang, Tongzhou and Shunyi, the new cities to be built in Beijing, also have regional positioning, which is in line with international experience. We need to pay attention to two aspects: first, the structural balance between life and employment in the new city. The first two new towns in London, Letchworth and Wehrwein, mainly function as "sleeping in the city". In view of their shortcomings, the new town construction movement in London since World War II has paid great attention to the balance of population and employment scale structure, ensuring the accessibility between residents' residences and workplaces and the convenience of various lives (shopping, children's schooling, etc.). ).