Which era is the "Jingtian System"? How did the "Jingtian system" collapse?

What period is the "well site system"? How did the “wellsite system” disintegrate? The editor-in-chief will provide you with detailed relevant content.

Speaking of the well site system, it is actually very interesting. It was a product of the ancient society at that time. When it comes to wellsite systems, many people are still interested. Then someone asked, what is a well site system? Is this system any good? How did it finally collapse? Let’s take a look at this question and find out the secret. Interested users should not miss it!

The "Tian Jing System" is a state-owned land system in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. These fields are divided into small parcels by roads, ditches, etc. By north-south or east-west direction. Its shape is like a "well", so it is called "Tian Jing". Its ownership belongs to the Shang or Zhou dynasties.

In the well field system, the "well" is the agricultural unit, and each step is about 100 acres long and wide. God occupied a piece of land in the middle, called the "commons," which was about one-ninth the size of a well. The property of the serfs, known as "private lands," surrounded the common lands. Serfs were required to provide free labor, taxes, and corvees on public lands, and were required to give part of the harvest from private lands to their lords in the form of tribute. Serfs often lived around mining areas, forming natural villages to facilitate land management.

According to the "Book of Rites", mining areas may not be transferred or sold at will. This is the so-called "Wang Tian Bu Jing". Serfs were given the right to "private land" from the age of 20 and surrendered it at the age of 60.

The flat land behind the mining area, close to the river and facing the sun, is the main occupied public land, also known as "Tian Tian". These public lands are usually located on the outskirts of cities. Because the cultivation of Tiantian requires nearby management, these farmers usually live in cities and are called "country folk." They only pay military taxes and military service, and pay a small military expenditure to the country every year. They were common people of the Zhou Dynasty.

The second category is relatively barren land far away from the city, cultivated by common people living outside the city. The area outside the city is also called "wild land", so the people who go to the fields are called "barbarians". They had no rights, only the obligation to mine and do miscellaneous work for the lords.

With the development of the times, the "Jingtian system" gradually declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are many reasons for its decline. The most important thing is the change in demographic structure.

Said: "If you don't plow, the grass and trees will be enough. Women can't weave, and the skins and feet of wild beasts are covered with clothes. People don't argue because they don't care about their own strength, but support their own feet." However, as the population continues to grow, the pressure on land is increasing, and each vassal state is facing the situation of large population and small population. However, the contradiction between large population and small population is more prominent, because the vassal state continues to encourage births or immigration to enhance national strength.

In order to resolve this contradiction, slave owners forced people to reclaim land outside the mining areas to grow crops. This land is known as private land. Private land can be transferred and exchanged. As the power of King Zhou's room was divided into noble spaces, they not only opened up the private realm, but also set their sights on the public realm. Land wars and disputes between vassal states continued, and the original land system could no longer meet the needs of social production at that time.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, currency became mature in the market as a circulation tool. Guan Zhong pointed out that "the golden sword and the cloth are also the renminbi". Commodity exchange and commercial circulation also promoted the development of the market. The aristocrats gained huge benefits from collecting taxes on market transactions, but the taxes paid by the oilfield system were very limited in comparison. In order to change this situation, the nobles continued to explore and changed the original "tax exemption" to "mu tax" and introduced a new land form, the "first mu tax", which stipulated that in addition to the tax on public land, external taxes The commons, that is, the land of untaxed serfs, was also taxed at a certain share. It was precisely because the "first tax acre" could bring more tax revenue to slave owners that it replaced the well field system.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, with the emergence of iron, productivity improved greatly compared with the Zhou Dynasty. An iron rake was unearthed in Rongcheng County, Hebei Province. Iron was called "evil gold" at the time. Iron tools were unearthed from many tombs during the Spring and Autumn Period, which shows that iron tools were completely popular at that time.

As far as farming methods are concerned, since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Shang Dynasty, cattle farming has also replaced human farming. In the Spring and Autumn Period, raising cattle was a common farming method. Cattle are no longer simple sacrifices, but important tools involved in agricultural production.

It is precisely because of the development of productivity that agricultural production can be carried out on a family basis. The amount of land that can be cultivated per labor force has doubled. Large collective farms require large amounts of labor. Farmers' enthusiasm for production has been affected, resulting in a general situation where "people are unwilling to do their best in the public sector." Some commoners who stubbornly persisted in mining under the rule of the old aristocracy fled to the new aristocracy and established new social relations between landowners and farmers with these new aristocrats. Although they are not free farmers in the true sense, they are much freer than their previous slave status.

As cultivators abandoned farming, a large amount of public land was abandoned, which restricted agricultural production. The "well field system" that did not adapt to the social situation at that time was inevitably impacted and could not be sustained.

In 594 BC, the State of Lu officially abolished the well-field system, implemented a first-acre tax, recognized the legality of private land, and levied taxes on everyone. The new production relations and land system officially entered the stage of history.