Why did all countries cultivate land during the Three Kingdoms period?

Reclaiming farmland means letting soldiers cultivate fields. To put it bluntly, the army is engaged in agricultural production. Of course, land reclamation also includes recruiting people to farm like soldiers, but in the Three Kingdoms period, this kind of land reclamation was similar to direct land reclamation by the army, because it needed military management and protection. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Shuwu had different forms and different system designs, but all three countries had reclamation. So why did all countries cultivate land during the Three Kingdoms period? & gt Let's take a look at the situation in the Three Kingdoms. & gt The earliest practice of land reclamation was in the first year of Jian 'an (AD 196). It is not only recorded in the Ji of Emperor Wu, but also appointed a competent agricultural official for this purpose. Later, during the Wei Wendi period, posthumous title was added, which was a great hero. This man is Ren Jun, and the reclamation of Wei started with a man named Zaozuo. His early position was Dong 'e county magistrate, and later he became Yulin overseer. He first set up a reclamation institution in Yingchuan. Seeing the great potential of this matter, he appointed Ren Jun as the corps commander of Canon Agriculture, and recruited people to farm in the suburbs of Xuchang, and he harvested more than one million welcome grains that year. With this demonstration, Cao Cao ordered the establishment of field officials in various counties and vassal States, and within a few years, the granary was full. Because of this, the Biography of Ren Jun said that "the wealth of Cao Wei's army library" was "formed from here to Ren Jun". Cao Cao was named the capital of Hou Ting because of his military achievements, and he was promoted to an honorary senior official like a captain in Changshui. Ren Jun died in Jian 'an for nine years. At the same time, only Jia Xu and Xun, besides Xia Houdun, can be named as the capital city. & gt Wu Dong's reclamation scale is not as large as that of Wei State, and probably not institutionalized by Wei State, but they just don't have a state-level "military reclamation farm", and their reclamation scope is also the whole jurisdiction. At the age of twenty-one, Lu Xun was the captain of reclamation in Haichang, that is to say, reclamation in Wu Dong was established at the latest in 202 AD. Lv Meng made great contributions to the attack on Anhui County. In addition to appointing him as the satrap of Lujiang, he was also rewarded with 600 people to find Yang to open up wasteland. All these indicate that Wu Dong has a system of reclaiming farmland, which may be common in counties. & gt reclamation in Shu and Han countries is also scattered in various records. In the 12th year of Jianxing (AD 234), he made the last Northern Expedition, confronted Sima Yi and stationed in Wuzhangyuan, Wudu. "I often worry that food and grass are not enough to help me, which makes my wish difficult to realize. Therefore, I divided my troops and settled the field as a long-term plan. " There is also Jiang Wei's "Avoidance". After Jiang Wei finished, the Lord wanted to kill Huang Hao, but he didn't agree. Jiang Wei had to station troops outside and demanded "planting wheat in the stack to avoid persecution by the capital." Although this kind of thing is an excuse for Jiang Wei to avoid disaster, it shows that Shu Han has such a policy system. Otherwise, making such a request can not only "avoid disaster", but also become the target of others' attacks. & gt According to Shu Wei's records, there has been a lack of food since the famine. With the rise of various places, we can't make a perennial plan. If there is no food, they will plunder everywhere. When they are full, they will throw away the rest. Countless teams disintegrated in displacement and without enemy attack. For example, when Yuan Shao was in Hebei, soldiers would pick mulberries from trees to eat, and when Yuan Shu was in Jianghuai area, soldiers would eat mussels in the water to satisfy their hunger. As for ordinary people, even cannibalism happened, which eventually led to the depression of the ruling area. In fact, this situation is also very full in the film. Cao Cao's Yanzhou was captured and Cao Cao returned to the army to recapture it. The two families are already fighting to the death, and there can be no room for compromise. However, because there is no food, both sides have to go on strike. In the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao failed, and Cao Cao did not follow suit and entered Hebei. In fact, food is unsustainable. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition had to be abandoned several times because of food supply. It is precisely because of this situation that Cao Cao believes that the way to national stability lies in a strong army and sufficient food. Qin annexed the world by giving priority to developing agriculture, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty settled in the western regions by ploughing fields. This is an effective and good method of the previous generation. So he ordered the implementation of reclamation and set up reclamation officers in various counties. The reclamation effect is obvious. In the year of reclamation, Wei harvested millions of tons of grain in Xu County alone. It is a bit too full to say that Cao Cao was able to wipe out heroes and the world later because of the system of reclaiming farmland with sufficient food supply. However, in the conquest, there is no need to transport food for a long distance, and the army does not have to worry about food to stabilize its morale. This is the basic guarantee for winning. Undoubtedly, the advantage of reclaiming farmland is one of Cao Cao's advantages. & gt Of course, the basic condition for reclaiming farmland is to have a large area of idle land. Why is there so much land idle in the world? This is a serious consequence of the war. & gt Reclaiming farmland can give you more food to support your troops, but others will not fail to see the benefits. When the rulers follow suit, it will only lead to the expansion of the scale of the campaign and more deaths in the war. This is what Zhao Yang is most worried about. & gt In war, food is the material basis of the campaign. To ensure the supply of grain and grass, developing agricultural production is also a very important means. At the same time, in ancient times, some wars often lasted for a long time, even for decades. In order to obtain long-term and stable grain production and supply in this protracted war, it is even more necessary to establish some form of grain production base. And this kind of grain production base, it is best to build near the war zone, so as to ensure that the loss of grain on the road can be reduced by hiring civilian workers to transport grain. And this method is land reclamation. & gt The feudal dynasty in China organized laborers to farm on official land. There are military camps and civilian camps, mainly military camps. After defeating the Xiongnu in the fourth year of Yuan Shou (BC 1 19), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reclaimed land on a large scale in Xixiang to support the border guards. & gt Reclaiming farmland is sometimes called reclaiming farmland, which means that soldiers cultivate farmland and people cultivate farmland. In fact, soldiers were often used in many camps and even civilian villages in the past dynasties, and the food produced was mainly used for military supplies. Reclaiming farmland is forcing people to reclaim official land. Soldiers stationed in the fields of Cao Wei, Yuan and Ming Dynasties have special military status and hereditary service, and their status is relatively humble. During the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, the soldiers stationed in the field were just civilian households incorporated into the army, and their status was no different from that of villagers and ordinary people. There are three forms of exploitation: ① Labor rent. In most cases, officials provide tools and seeds, work collectively, and all the harvest is given to officials except for family consumption. Most of the fields cultivated in the Tang and Song Dynasties belong to this category. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was also a kind of labor rent. (2) It is divided into rent in kind. Cao Wei cultivated land, used official cattle, and harvested six officials and four people; With private cattle, half and half. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty and Yan Qian, the official cattle were used, and the official eight private two; Use private cattle, official seven private three. ③ Fixed rent in kind. The Western Han Dynasty cultivated land in the northwest, renting 4 buckets per mu. The achievements of reclamation are closely related to the reclamation policies of past dynasties. Generally speaking, all the land reclamation dynasties made remarkable achievements in the early days of their establishment. With the increasingly decadent feudal rulers, exploitation became more and more serious, a large number of wasteland workers died or fled, survivors walked slowly, and wasteland gradually deteriorated and disintegrated. & gt Why did all countries open up wasteland during this period?

Reclaiming farmland means letting soldiers cultivate fields. To put it bluntly, the army is engaged in agricultural production. Of course, land reclamation also includes recruiting people to farm like soldiers, but in the Three Kingdoms period, this kind of land reclamation was similar to direct land reclamation by the army, because it needed military management and protection. During the Three Kingdoms period, Wei Shuwu had different forms and different system designs, but all three countries had reclamation. So why did all countries cultivate land during the Three Kingdoms period?

Let's take a look at the situation in the three countries.

The earliest practice of land reclamation was in the first year of Jian 'an (A.D. 196). It is not only recorded in the Ji of Emperor Wu, but also appointed a competent agricultural official for this purpose. Later, during the Wei Wendi period, posthumous title was added, which was a great hero. This man is Ren Jun, and the reclamation of Wei started with a man named Zaozuo. His early position was Dong 'e county magistrate, and later he became Yulin overseer. He first set up a reclamation institution in Yingchuan. Seeing the great potential of this matter, he appointed Ren Jun as the corps commander of Canon Agriculture, and recruited people to farm in the suburbs of Xuchang, and he harvested more than one million welcome grains that year. With this demonstration, Cao Cao ordered the establishment of field officials in various counties and vassal States, and within a few years, the granary was full. Because of this, the Biography of Ren Jun said that "the wealth of Cao Wei's army library" was "formed from here to Ren Jun". Cao Cao was named the capital of Hou Ting because of his military achievements, and he was promoted to an honorary senior official like a captain in Changshui. Ren Jun died in Jian 'an for nine years. At the same time, only Jia Xu and Xun, besides Xia Houdun, can be named as the capital city.

Wu Dong's reclamation scale is not as large as that of Wei State, and it is probably not institutionalized by Wei State, but they just don't have a national-level "military reclamation farm" and their reclamation scope is also the whole jurisdiction. At the age of twenty-one, Lu Xun was the captain of reclamation in Haichang, that is to say, reclamation in Wu Dong was established at the latest in 202 AD. Lv Meng made great contributions to the attack on Anhui County. In addition to appointing him as the satrap of Lujiang, he was also rewarded with 600 people to find Yang to open up wasteland. All these indicate that Wu Dong has a system of reclaiming farmland, which may be common in counties.

The reclamation of Shu and Han countries is also scattered in various records. In the 12th year of Jianxing (AD 234), he made the last Northern Expedition, confronted Sima Yi and stationed in Wuzhangyuan, Wudu. "I often worry that food and grass are not enough to help me, which makes my wish difficult to realize. Therefore, I divided my troops and settled the field as a long-term plan. " There is also Jiang Wei's "Avoidance". After Jiang Wei finished, the Lord wanted to kill Huang Hao, but he didn't agree. Jiang Wei had to station troops outside and demanded "planting wheat in the stack to avoid persecution by the capital." Although this kind of thing is an excuse for Jiang Wei to avoid disaster, it shows that Shu Han has such a policy system. Otherwise, making such a request can not only "avoid disaster", but also become the target of others' attacks.

Why did all countries cultivate land during the Three Kingdoms period?

According to Shu Wei's records, there has been a lack of food since the famine. With the rise of various places, we can't make a perennial plan. If there is no food, they will plunder everywhere. When they are full, they will throw away the rest. Countless teams disintegrated in displacement and without enemy attack. For example, when Yuan Shao was in Hebei, soldiers would pick mulberries from trees to eat, and when Yuan Shu was in Jianghuai area, soldiers would eat mussels in the water to satisfy their hunger. As for ordinary people, even cannibalism happened, which eventually led to the depression of the ruling area. In fact, this situation is also very full in the film. Cao Cao's Yanzhou was captured and Cao Cao returned to the army to recapture it. The two families are already fighting to the death, and there can be no room for compromise. However, because there is no food, both sides have to go on strike. In the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao failed, and Cao Cao did not follow suit and entered Hebei. In fact, food is unsustainable. Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition had to be abandoned several times because of the problem of food supply. It is precisely because of this situation that Cao Cao believes that the way to national stability lies in a strong army and sufficient food. Qin annexed the world by giving priority to developing agriculture, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty settled in the western regions by ploughing fields. This is an effective and good method of the previous generation. So he ordered the implementation of reclamation and set up reclamation officers in various counties. The reclamation effect is obvious. In the year of reclamation, Wei harvested millions of tons of grain in Xu County alone. It is a bit too full to say that Cao Cao was able to wipe out heroes and the world later because of the system of reclaiming farmland with sufficient food supply. However, in the conquest, there is no need to transport food for a long distance, and the army does not have to worry about food to stabilize its morale. This is the basic guarantee for winning. Undoubtedly, the advantage of reclaiming farmland is one of Cao Cao's advantages.

Of course, the basic condition for reclaiming farmland is to have a large area of idle land. Why is there so much land idle in the world? This is a serious consequence of the war.

Reclaiming farmland can give you more food to support your troops, but others will not fail to see the benefits. When the rulers follow suit, it will only lead to the expansion of the scale of the campaign and more deaths in the war. This is what Zhao Yang is most worried about.

In war, food is the material basis of the battle. To ensure the supply of grain and grass, developing agricultural production is also a very important means. At the same time, in ancient times, some wars often lasted for a long time, even for decades. In order to obtain long-term and stable grain production and supply in this protracted war, it is even more necessary to establish some form of grain production base. And this kind of grain production base, it is best to build near the war zone, so as to ensure that the loss of grain on the road can be reduced by hiring civilian workers to transport grain. And this method is land reclamation.

The feudal dynasty in China organized laborers to farm on official land. There are military camps and civilian camps, mainly military camps. After defeating the Xiongnu in the fourth year of Yuan Shou (BC 1 19), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reclaimed land on a large scale in Xixiang to support the border guards.

Reclaiming farmland is sometimes called reclaiming farmland, which means that soldiers plow farmland and people plow farmland. In fact, soldiers were often used in many camps and even civilian villages in the past dynasties, and the food produced was mainly used for military supplies. Reclaiming farmland is forcing people to reclaim official land. Soldiers stationed in the fields of Cao Wei, Yuan and Ming Dynasties have special military status and hereditary service, and their status is relatively humble. During the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, the soldiers stationed in the field were just civilian households incorporated into the army, and their status was no different from that of villagers and ordinary people. There are three forms of exploitation: ① Labor rent. In most cases, officials provide tools and seeds, work collectively, and all the harvest is given to officials except for family consumption. Most of the fields cultivated in the Tang and Song Dynasties belong to this category. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was also a kind of labor rent. (2) It is divided into rent in kind. Cao Wei cultivated land, used official cattle, and harvested six officials and four people; With private cattle, half and half. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty and Yan Qian, the official cattle were used, and the official eight private two; Use private cattle, official seven private three. ③ Fixed rent in kind. The Western Han Dynasty cultivated land in the northwest, renting 4 buckets per mu. The achievements of reclamation are closely related to the reclamation policies of past dynasties. Generally speaking, all the land reclamation dynasties made remarkable achievements in the early days of their establishment. With the increasingly decadent feudal rulers, exploitation became more and more serious, a large number of wasteland workers died or fled, survivors walked slowly, and wasteland gradually deteriorated and disintegrated.

The yellow turban insurrectionary uprising at the end of the year was strongly suppressed by the imperial court, which also brought about mass killings of insurgents, and the population of areas with a large number of insurgents decreased sharply. After Dong Zhuo monopolized the power, he carried out the action of usurping the Han Dynasty step by step, and his army massacred the people around the capital. This also caused strong opposition from the Kanto governors, so they rose up and attacked them. Dong Zhuo moved the emperor and the capital to Chang 'an in order to avoid his sharp edge. In the process of migration, Dong Zhuo set fire to Luoyang City, and Luoyang and its surrounding areas were almost in ruins. After Dong Zhuo's death, his ministry will attack Chang 'an with Li Jue and others, because they fight for power and gain and attack each other. They fought each other for several months, and Chang 'an and its surrounding Sanfu area almost became a piece of white land. Examples of this kind of indiscriminate killing abound, and so on. There are countless examples of conquering between princes, which leads to the suffering of the people and the sharp decline of the population. For example, the long siege made most people in the city starve to death, filled the city with water, and slaughtered the city after it was broken, all of which caused desolation. As far as the national situation at that time was concerned, the situation was very serious. When Emperor Xiandi returned to Luoyang, he couldn't even eat, so Cao Cao moved it to Xuchang, and this new capital was actually to be recovered. In addition, Zhuge Liang, when there is a war, there will even be a place to wasteland, which shows how serious the country has become! & gt With the need to protect the family and strengthen the army, and the basic situation of large areas of idle land, cultivated land is imperative as the most effective mode of production. & gt The benefits brought by this system are very obvious. In Cao Cao's words, it is: "Therefore, Daejeon is rich in military uses". And because of the abundant supply of food and grass, he will "destroy the rebellion and conquer the world." Cao Cao's words are definitely not lip service. Jujube, the earliest rose in Wei wasteland, was not knighted because of its early death. Cao Cao not only added a title to his son, but also reviewed that it was too late to give him a title. During the period of the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, the benefits of establishing farmland reclamation system were more obvious. Although the war is still going on, it is basically not forced to stop because of food problems. This is the reason why Wei Di wants to add posthumous title to Ren Jun. Some people may say that Zhuge Liang of Shu withdrew his troops twice because of food problems. But the bigger reason for the grain problem in Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition lies in transportation. Of course, the war intensity and intensity of Wu and Shu are worse than that of Wei, so the scale and system construction of their reclamation are also poor, which is also the demand that determines the organizational form of reclamation. There is no doubt that the reclamation system played a role in the Three Kingdoms period, but why is it rarely used in peacetime? This is the difference between wartime and peacetime. In wartime, this organizational form is easy to form the advantage of centralization and unification, and it is also easy to deal with the complicated situation in wartime. In normal times, this form is not convenient to give full play to the individual's subjective initiative, and it is easy to form different results that vary from person to person. & gt Why did all countries cultivate land during the Three Kingdoms period?

The yellow turban insurrectionary uprising at the end of the year was strongly suppressed by the imperial court, which also brought about mass killings of insurgents, and the population of areas with a large number of insurgents decreased sharply. After Dong Zhuo monopolized the power, he carried out the action of usurping the Han Dynasty step by step, and his army massacred the people around the capital. This also caused strong opposition from the Kanto governors, so they rose up and attacked them. Dong Zhuo moved the emperor and the capital to Chang 'an in order to avoid his sharp edge. In the process of migration, Dong Zhuo set fire to Luoyang City, and Luoyang and its surrounding areas were almost in ruins. After Dong Zhuo's death, his ministry will attack Chang 'an with Li Jue and others, because they fight for power and gain and attack each other. They fought each other for several months, and Chang 'an and its surrounding Sanfu area almost became a piece of white land. Examples of this kind of indiscriminate killing abound, and so on. There are countless examples of conquering between princes, which leads to the suffering of the people and the sharp decline of the population. For example, the long siege made most people in the city starve to death, filled the city with water, and slaughtered the city after it was broken, all of which caused desolation. As far as the national situation at that time was concerned, the situation was very serious. When Emperor Xiandi returned to Luoyang, he couldn't even eat, so Cao Cao moved it to Xuchang, and this new capital was actually to be recovered. In addition, Zhuge Liang, when there is a war, there will even be a place to wasteland, which shows how serious the country has become!

With the need to protect the family and strengthen the army, and the basic situation of large areas of idle land, cultivated land as the most effective mode of production is imperative.

The benefits brought by this system are very obvious. In Cao Cao's words, it is: "Therefore, Daejeon is rich in military uses". And because of the abundant supply of food and grass, he will "destroy the rebellion and conquer the world." Cao Cao's words are definitely not lip service. Jujube, the earliest rose in Wei wasteland, was not knighted because of its early death. Cao Cao not only added a title to his son, but also reviewed that it was too late to give him a title. During the period of the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, the benefits of establishing farmland reclamation system were more obvious. Although the war is still going on, it is basically not forced to stop because of food problems. This is the reason why Wei Di wants to add posthumous title to Ren Jun. Some people may say that Zhuge Liang of Shu withdrew his troops twice because of food problems. But the bigger reason for the grain problem in Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition lies in transportation. Of course, the war intensity and intensity of Wu and Shu are worse than that of Wei, so the scale and system construction of their reclamation are also poor, which is also the demand that determines the organizational form of reclamation.

There is no doubt that the reclamation system played a role in the Three Kingdoms period, but why is it rarely used in peacetime? This is the difference between wartime and peacetime. In wartime, this organizational form is easy to form the advantage of centralization and unification, and it is also easy to deal with the complicated situation in wartime. In normal times, this form is not convenient to give full play to the individual's subjective initiative, and it is easy to form different results that vary from person to person.