The Historical Evolution of Guangdong

As the abbreviation of Guangdong, the original meaning of "Guangdong" refers to Baiyue in South China. In ancient literature, "Yue" and "Yue" are interchangeable and can be used at will. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the meaning of the word "Guangdong" narrowed, generally referring to Lingnan area, or "South Guangdong".

About 6.5438+0.29 million years ago, the early ancients (Maba people) appeared in Lingnan. During the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, Guangdong ancestors had economic and cultural exchanges with the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lingnan had close relations and frequent contacts with Fujian, Wu, Yue and Chu. The legends of Chuting and Nanwucheng in history reflect the relationship between Lingnan and Chuyue in this period. There is also a record of "writing a letter" in Guoyu Chu Yu Shang, which shows that there was a military and political relationship between Lingnan and Chu at that time. In 222 BC, after Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, he sent Tu Youyou to lead 500,000 Qin Jun to attack Lingnan. In 2 14 BC, Qin Jun basically occupied Lingnan. Immediately, Qin Shihuang set up three counties of "Guilin, Elephant and Nanhai" in the Lingnan area he captured. Nanhai County governs the Southeast South China Sea, Hezhou, Guangxi, and Bei Nanling, including parts of eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. It governs Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo and Sihui (according to Hanshu), and the county governs Panyu. Today, most of Guangdong Province belongs to Nanhai County. In addition, parts of western Guangdong belong to Xiang County and Guilin County, and parts of northern Guangdong belong to Changsha County. This is the first time in the history of Guangdong to divide administrative regions.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the prefect of Nanhai County was critically ill, and appointed Longchuan County to make Zhao Tuo take his place. After Ren Tao's death, Zhao Tuo rose up and cut off Wuling's road to the Central Plains. When Qin died, Zhao Tuo attacked Guilin by force and established Nanyue State, calling himself the "King of Nanyue". At that time, except Lianzhou and Lechang North, Guangdong was under the jurisdiction of Changsha County. Zhao Tuo and later Nanyue implemented the county system like the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam, the Han Dynasty divided South Vietnam into Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Rinan, Boer and Zhuyajiu counties. In order to facilitate the supervision of county officials, the Han Dynasty also set up a 13 resident supervision agency, called the "Thirteen Division", which was located in the Land Division of Guangxin County (now Fengkai, Guangdong Province) in Cangwu County and was responsible for correcting the nine counties in Lingnan. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jiaotoe Department was changed to Jiaozhou. Besides the supervisory power, Jiaotoe Department also had military power and became a county-level government. The local administrative system was changed from county level 2 to state, county and county level 3. Today's Guangdong Province includes the whole Nanhai County under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhou (the central and eastern part of Guangdong), as well as Cangwu County, Hepu County, Guiyang County in Jingzhou and a part of Zhang Yu County in Yangzhou. Among them, Nanhai County added three counties compared with Qin Dynasty: Jieyang, Suzhong (now Qingyuan) and Zengcheng.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Battle of Red Cliffs, Wei, Shu and Wu gradually formed a tripartite confrontation. In AD 2 10 (15th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty), Wu Sunquan appointed Bu Zhi as the secretariat of Jiaozhou and led his troops to Panyu. In 2 17 (the 22nd year of Jian 'an), Buzhi moved the state administration of Jiaozhou from Guangxin to Panyu. In 264 (the seventh year of Emperor Yongan's reign), Soochow divided four counties (Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin and Gaoliang) from Jiaozhou, and set up Guangzhou to govern Panyu, hence the name. During the period of Wu Dong, Guangdong Province now includes Shixing County and Hainan Island in Jingzhou, in addition to the four counties under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou. In the early Tang Dynasty, counties were established. The 45 States of Lingnan belong to Guangzhou, Guizhou, Rongzhou, Yongzhou and Annan (also known as Lingnan Five Houses). After 655 years, all the five governments were assigned to Guangzhou, and the governor called them five governments (governors), and Guangzhou secretariat concurrently held the post. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Shantou area of Chaozhou once belonged to Fujian, which was under the jurisdiction of Fujian Governor's Office and Fujian Province. In 756 (the first year from Su Zong to Germany), he was promoted to be the minister of five governments in Lingnan. In 862 (Zong Yi lived in Xian Tong for three years), Lingnan Road was divided into East Road and West Road, with Guangzhou as the host and Guangdong as the host. This is the origin of the word "East" in the name of Guangdong Province, and it is also the beginning of the division of Guangdong and Guangxi into things.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Lingnan was occupied by Liu, and the administrative divisions basically inherited the organizational system of the Tang Dynasty. South Han promoted Guangzhou to prosperity, and increased 1 state in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong, where the county was scarce. In the late Southern Han Dynasty, the whole territory governed 60 states, 2 14 counties. In the third year of Liang Dynasty (9 17), Qinghai and Jinghai armies founded Ada, with its capital in Guangzhou. At the beginning, the title of Da Yue was dry. The following year, the name of the country was changed to Han, which was called Nanhan in history. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Southern Han Dynasty inherited the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty and generally followed the official system of the Tang Dynasty. Guangzhou was promoted to Wang Fu, and four more states were added in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong. The shogunate led the States alone, and the secretariat did not need military attache, thus getting rid of the disadvantages of the late Tang dynasty. Imitate the Tang system to recruit scholars and expand the official career of local scholars. Large-scale casting of copper and lead are two "dry treasures". This is the first time that Lingnan minted coins on a large scale, which promoted the circulation of commodities in Lingnan. Actively carry out foreign business activities; Establish good diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. The Southern Han Dynasty lasted four years, lasting 55 years. The establishment of the Southern Han Dynasty promoted the economic and cultural development in Lingnan area.

The local administrative system in Song Dynasty was divided into three levels: state (government, army) and county. Today, Guangdong Province includes Guangnan East Road 14 State and Guangnan West Road 7 States ***6 1 County. The Song Dynasty inherited and adjusted the Tang system. Eight prefectures were abolished in western Guangdong and Hainan Island, and four prefectures added in southern Han Dynasty were retained in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong except the Tang Dynasty. In 997 (three years from Song Taizong to Daoguang), Guangnan Road was divided into Guangnan East Road and Guangnan West Road, Guangzhou East Road and Guizhou West Road, and most of Guangdong was Guangnan East Road. "Guangdong" is the abbreviation of Guangnan East Road. The local administrative system in Yuan Dynasty was divided into four levels: provincial, provincial, prefectural (state, military) and county, and there was another way, that is, transport agencies below the provincial level and above the provincial level. Today, Guangdong Province is divided into Guangdong Road and Haibei South Road. Guangdong is ruled in Guangzhou, and Haibei Hainan is ruled in Leizhou today.

In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1369), Guangdong Road was changed to Guangdong and other provinces, and Haibei Hainan Road was placed under Guangdong, becoming one of the thirteen provinces in the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island, which belong to the same region as Guangxi for a long time, were included in Guangdong, ending the situation that Guangdong belonged to different administrative regions in the past, and the regional outline of Guangdong Province was basically formed. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong set up 10 mansion and 1 zhili mansion, which governed 7 states and 75 counties. Among them, 22 counties such as Shunde, Conghua, Gaoming, Raoping, Huilai, Tai Po, Puning and Chenghai were newly established in the Ming Dynasty. Most of these newly established counties are concentrated in eastern Guangdong, basically forming the distribution pattern of county system today. Nan 'ao Island was previously under the jurisdiction of Fujian, and will be under the jurisdiction of Fujian in the next three years (1575). Nan 'ao Island belongs to Fujian and Guangdong, and there is a Deputy Commander of Nan 'ao, that is, "Deputy Commander of Xie Shou Juck Zhang and other places in Nan 'ao", which is located in Guangdong and Fujian battalions. In the 24th year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1685), the commander-in-chief of South Australia was established, in charge of military affairs in southern Fujian, Taiwan Province Province and eastern Guangdong. The whole island of South Australia was not allocated to Guangdong until 19 15. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1553), Macao was asked by the Portuguese to borrow land to dry goods, bribe local officials and obtain the lease right of Macao.

In the early Qing Dynasty, local administrative organizations were divided into four levels: province, prefecture and county, but in the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially changed its name to province. Officially use the name of "Guangdong Province", and its jurisdiction is the same as that of Guangdong Government Council in Ming Dynasty. The Governor of Qing Dynasty was in charge of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, and was called "Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi". He was stationed in Zhaoqing for three years (1646). The descendants of Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed themselves emperor in Guangzhou, with the title of "Shaowu" and the history of "Nanming" regime, which only existed for 40 days. 1746 (11th year of Qianlong) The Governor's Office moved to Guangzhou. The southernmost territory of Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty was the Zengmu shoal of the South China Sea Islands. Xisha Islands (called "Qianli Changsha") and Nansha Islands (called "Qianli Shitang") are under the jurisdiction of Wanzhou, Qiongzhou District, Guangdong Province. The South China Sea Islands have been the territory of China since ancient times. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the China government exercised sovereignty here, and the Qing government often sent navy officers to inspect it. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guangdong moved northward, and "Jiangxi filled Huguang and Huguang filled Sichuan". During the Qianlong period, Guangdong and Fujian went to Nanyang.

1842, the Qing government was defeated in the Opium War and was forced to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking. Hong Kong (then Xin 'an County) officially became a British colony, and five ports including Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai were opened one after another. On June 1843, the talks were held in Wang Xia Village near Macau. July 3rd1October 8th 1843, 10 At the request of Britain, China and Britain continued their talks in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, and concluded the Five Ports Trade Charter and the Five Ports Trade Agreement (also known as the Humen Treaty). 1844 10 China and France signed the Huangpu Treaty in Huangpu (now Huangpu District, Guangzhou) near Guangzhou; 1On June 27th, 858, the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty was formally signed, and there was an Appendix to the Articles of Association of the Peace Treaty, which opened six ports including Qiongzhou and Chaozhou. China and the United States signed the Tianjin Treaty, opening Chaozhou (later changed to Shantou) and Tainan as trading ports. 1860 In August, the Sino-British Beijing Treaty was signed. The British army occupied Tianjin, Dagu Lake, Dengzhou, Beihai and Guangzhou, and China ceded Guangdong "Kowloon Division Local Area 1" to Britain. In the 13th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1887), Portugal was granted the privilege of "permanently administering Macao", and on June 9, 1998, "Special Provisions on Expanding the Border of Hong Kong" was formally signed in Beijing. Lease the rest of Kowloon Peninsula occupied by Britain in 1860 to Britain except Tsim Sha Tsui; 1899, 165438+ 10 month, 16 year (October 14th, 25th year of Guangxu), the Qing government signed the Guangzhou Bay Concession Treaty with France. "China Construction Corporation leased Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang City) to France for 99 years." France called the land and bay in the concession area Guangzhou Bay. Since then, Guangzhou Bay has become a French concession. 194910 June 14, Guangzhou liberation; 10 year 10 On October 28th, Guangzhou Municipal People's Government was established; 165438+1October 6th, Guangdong Provincial People's Government was formally established. There are nine special zones in the province: Pearl River, Dongjiang River, Xijiang River, Beijiang River, Central Guangdong, South Road, Xingmei, Chaoshan and Qiongya. * * * governs 7 cities and 98 counties, and Guangzhou is a municipality directly under the central government. From 65438 to 0952, Guangdong Province and Guangzhou City were led by Central South Management Committee, Beihai City and Qinzhou District were placed under Guangxi, and Huaiji County of Guangxi was placed under Guangdong. From 65438 to 0954, Guangdong Province was directly led by the central government, and Guangzhou, which was originally directly under the central government, was placed under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province. 1955, the counties belonging to Beihai City and Qinzhou District in Guangxi were transferred to Guangdong Province and renamed Hepu District. 1965, Beihai and Hepu counties were placed under the jurisdiction of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. From 65438 to 0979, Baoan County, which originally belonged to Huiyang area, was changed to Shenzhen City, and Zhuhai County, which originally belonged to Foshan area, was changed to Zhuhai City, all of which were directly administered by the province. Guangdong Province is directly under the jurisdiction of Guangzhou, Haikou, Shantou, Zhanjiang, Maoming, Foshan, Jiangmen, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shaoguan and other cities 10, which is divided into seven regions including Shaoguan, Huiyang, Meizhou, Shantou, Foshan, Zhanjiang and Zhaoqing, and Hainan Administrative Region and Hainan Li and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. * * * governs 92 counties in 14 city. 198 1 set up offices in Xisha, Nansha and zhongsha islands, which are directly led by Hainan administrative region. 1983, the new system of city governing county and township governing village will be implemented. 1988, the central government divided Hainan administrative region from Guangdong province and established Hainan province. In the same year, Guangdong began to cancel the regional setting and set up 18 prefecture-level cities (later increased to 2 1 prefecture-level city), and fully implemented the system of prefecture-level cities governing counties and townships governing villages.