Hangzhou Portuguese immigration fee

A: First, the development process of China's foreign trade in history:

Pre-Qin era

No trade documents were found before the Western Han Dynasty.

Han/Han/Chinese/human

Historical records of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty? Biography of Huo Zhi is the earliest written trade history in China.

the Silk Road

Main projects: Silk Road

Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty and Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty sent envoys to Central Asia, which contributed to the establishment of the Silk Road and the commodity exchange between China and India, Persia and the Roman Empire. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Gan Ying went to Daqin, but failed to reach Daqin, and reached the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea (also known as the east coast of the Persian Gulf) as far as possible. Gan Ying's westward journey consolidated the Silk Road.

Shu Shen Du i.

As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties in the history of China, Shushan Road was a private commercial road leading to India, which was communicated by businessmen from Sichuan and other places. In the summer of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian once saw Shu Bu and asked about the market, saying that he was toxic to the country because he knew it was not far from Shu. At that time, there was an independent Kunming post as an intermediary between Shu and India.

Maritime trade

Japan

During the Warring States Period, Liaodong Peninsula traded with Korea Peninsula and Japan. In the Han Dynasty, Dengzhou, Shandong Province became a trading port for eastern trade.

Jiangsu coastal provinces

In the Han Dynasty, Hepu and Xuwen became the main ports for trade with Nanyang. "History of Han Geography" said: "From the day when Xuwen Hepu was blocked in the south, ships could sail in May and there was a capital city; The ship can sail again in April, and there is no country in Lu Yi; After more than 20 days of sailing, he left the country; It's only ten days' walk away, and there's Fu Daitu in Lu. The ship can sail for more than two months, with Huang Zhiguo; Folk customs are slightly similar to Zhu's, with a large country, many registered permanent residence and many foreign things. It has been presented since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (140 to 187). There are translators, belonging to Huangmen, and the applicants are all in the Pearl of Haicheng, the wall is displaced, and the strange stones are foreign. Gold is gone, and the country you go to is accompanied by food; Transferring the barbarian Jia's boat to it is also beneficial to the transaction. If you kill people, you will drown in the storm. If you don't pay them back in a few years, the big beads are less than two inches in a circle. At the beginning of Pingyuan (one to five years), Wang Mang assisted the government, wanted to show Wade, left the king of Huang behind, and sent an envoy to give birth to rhinoceros. It takes eight days to get to Pizong from Huang Zhi by boat. The ship can sail in February and reach the forest boundary cloud in southern Japan. South of the Yellow Branch, there is a journey that is not a country, and Chinese-English translation has since. " The past is not Sri Lanka today.

In the ninth year of Yan Xi in the Eastern Han Dynasty (166), the Roman emperor Malcus? Hollier Wu Si sent a special envoy to the Han Dynasty to provide ivory, rhinoceros horn and tortoiseshell from southern Japan, which was the official transportation between China and Rome.

Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties

After the Eastern Han Dynasty, China split into three kingdoms and confronted each other. It is the only choice for Dongwu, which is located in the southeast coast, to strengthen maritime trade. Later Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen, and later Southern Song all repeated this situation.

According to the historical records of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the number of tributes from South China Sea countries through Guangzhou is as follows: Three Kingdoms 1 time, Eastern Jin 9 times, Song 23 times, Qi 39 times, Liang 39 times and Chen 14 times. Lin Yi, Funan, Champa, Pan Pan, Dandan, Langya Xiu, Shuopo, Bogli, Ganzhuli, Mahalo Beach, Huang Po, Lion Country, etc. Among them, Fu Nan and Zhan Po made more than 20 missions to the Southern Dynasties. Merchants of Daqin in the Jin Dynasty began to land in Guangzhou, and the Collection of Arts and Literature (Volume 85) said: "Daqin Kingdom offered the past and came to Guangzhou, and Gem was beautiful and the fire was wonderful."

Sui and Tang Dynasties

The heyday of the Silk Road

At the eastern end of the Silk Road, Chang 'an, the capital of China in the Tang Dynasty, became a metropolis center for foreign trade, tourism and residence.

Establish the city trade department

Main projects: municipal shipping department

In the sixth year of Tang Gaozong (66 1), the Municipal Shipping Department was established in Guangzhou to manage trade affairs. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, Tubo occupied the northwest, and the land traffic was blocked, and the maritime traffic was more prosperous. In the Tang Dynasty, Guangzhou and Yangzhou became important trading ports.

Export raw silk, silk, porcelain, hardware, etc. Import luxury goods such as pearls, incense, elephants, rhinoceros and tortoiseshell, as well as spices and medicinal materials.

Tea-horse Trade in Southwest China

Main projects: Tea-horse trade.

Song dynasty

Due to the decline of the Silk Road in the western regions in the 9th century-10/0th century, maritime trade gained opportunities for prosperity and development in this period and beyond.

In the fourth year of Song Taizu Kaibao (97 1), Guangzhou Shipping Company was established.

In the second year of Song Zhenzong Xianping (999), Hangzhou Ship Administration and Mingzhou Ship Administration were established one after another.

In the second year of Song Zhezong Yuan You (1078), Quanzhou Shipping Bureau and Mizhou Shipping Bureau were established.

During the Xining period in Song Shenzong, Xiuzhou Ganpu Shiping Company (now Haiyan, Zhejiang) was established.

Song Huizong Zhenghe established a company in Xiuzhou Huating City (now Shanghai Huating) in the third year (113).

In the 15th year of Shaoxing in Song Gaozong (1 145), Jiangyin Port and Wenzhou Port were established.

There were also eight shipping companies in the Southern Song Dynasty, mainly distributed in the southeast coast, Jiangyin, Xiuzhou Huating, Xiuzhou Ganpu, Hangzhou, Mingzhou, Wenzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou. Due to the increase of tea and porcelain exports, Quanzhou is close to the producing areas of tea and porcelain, thus replacing Guangzhou as a big trading port. The southeast coast of the Southern Song Dynasty was almost open to the outside world, which shows that the economy of the Southern Song Dynasty attached importance to foreign trade.

Yuan dynasty (1206- 1368)

The Yuan Dynasty had tense relations with Wokuotai khanate and Chagatai khanate in the northwest, but friendly relations with ilhan State in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty attached great importance to maritime traffic and promoted maritime trade. Moroccan traveler Ibn? Baitutai saw ships made in Guangzhou arrive here in India. He recorded: "At that time, all the transactions between China and India were in the hands of China." .

During the reign of Yuan Shizu, Quanzhou continued to prosper and became the most important foreign trade center at that time. After Pu Shougeng, the ship administrator of Quanzhou in the Song Dynasty, surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, the Houpu family was reused by the Yuan Dynasty and presided over foreign trade.

The Yuan Dynasty used paper money completely, and the commodity economy was developed. In the Yuan Dynasty, cotton textiles, porcelain and grain became bulk export commodities. Imported medicinal materials, spices, gold and silver and luxury goods. Silk and hardware were once listed as prohibited export commodities.

bright

Forbidden sea and Zheng He's voyage to the West

Main entry: Zheng He's voyages to the West.

Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas had dual missions: on the one hand, expanding the national prestige and establishing a tribute system; On the other hand, the maritime ban was enforced to crack down on China maritime traders who sneaked into foreign waters and immigrants who lived in Tibet privately.

trade war

Main projects: Tuen Mun naval battle, Shuangyu Port, changes in Geng Xu and Macau.

15 16, Portuguese Perestro visited China by Chinese sailboat from Malacca. 15 17 a Portuguese fleet of nine ships led by andrade went to Guangdong and managed to gain the trust of local officials in Guangdong. Six ships in the fleet were allowed to call at Tuen Mun near Macau.

In the 29th year of Jiajing (1550) of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty, Anda Khan came to Beijing to ask the Ming court to open the border trade by force, which was called Gengxu's change. In the 30th year of Jiajing (155 1), the Ming court was forced to open Fu Xuan, Datong and other places to trade horses with Mongolia. Soon, the Ming court rejected the request of the Mongols to trade cattle and sheep, unilaterally closed the horse market, and the two sides went to war again. 1570, the two sides began peace talks and reached an agreement the following year. The Ming court named Anda King of Shunyi and opened eleven border trade ports.

In the thirty-second year of Jiajing, Ming Taizu (1553), Portuguese shippers ran aground and their tributes were soaked, so they applied to borrow land to dry, bribed Wang Bai, a Guangdong official, to land in Macao and began to settle in Macao. However, the local administrative power and judicial power are still in the hands of the Ming government.

In the third year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (1575), the Spanish Philippine Governor Sandy sent staff to Zhongzuosuo (Xiamen) and transferred to Fuzhou to seek trade, but was rejected. The Spanish then tried to mobilize the fleet to attack China. Unfortunately, it was defeated by Britain and the plan fell through.

Twenty-nine years of Wanli in Ming Shenzong (160 1 year)? Neck's fleet arrived in Guangzhou, but after a month's stay, it was rejected by the local authorities in Guangdong because there were no tribute documents.

In the tenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1637), John Vedel, an Englishman, went to China on the orders of Charles I, and the fleet arrived in Macau. Later, he returned 600 tons of goods, mainly sugar, from Guangzhou, but failed to establish formal relations with the Ming Dynasty.

Border Trade Conflicts between Ming Dynasty and Northeast Ethnic Groups

The Ming court often closed trade channels, which made the necessities of life of all ethnic groups in Northeast China scarce. In the thirty-seventh year of single Wanli (1609), the border trade was stopped once, which made Nuerhachi's Jianzhou Nuzhen rotten 300,000 Jin of ginseng. This is the economic reason why Nurhachi betrayed the Ming Dynasty.

The trade boundary between the Ming court and Jianzhou Jurchen was Fushun Pass.

Qin Long switch

In the first year of Qin Long (1567), the Ming court abolished the maritime ban, and Fujian and Guangdong provinces partially opened their trade, but the trade rules of the two provinces were different. Fujian only allows Chinese businessmen to trade in the sea, and foreign businessmen are not allowed to come to trade. On the other hand, Guangdong allows foreign businessmen to do business, while China people are not allowed to go to sea to do business.

Ching Dynasty

In the fifth year of Emperor Sejong Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1727), the envoys sent directly by the Portuguese king for the first time began to arrive in Beijing one after another. In the past, the Qing Dynasty called Portugal a western country, but this time it was called the Gaelic State of Boldu, which was mistaken for the first tribute, and the reception was very thoughtful. Dutch East India Company set up a branch in Guangzhou.

The main export commodities in Qing Dynasty were porcelain, tea, cotton cloth, silk and raw silk.

The Forbidden Sea in the Early Qing Dynasty

Main entry: boundary removal command

Gan long yi kou trade

Main items: prevention of foreigners regulations

Caoyuancha road

Main project: Trade City

Opium War and Five-port Trade

Main entrance: five trading ports.