What do humans need to do to colonize Mars?

We humans are a kind of insecure creatures. Obviously, the earth is still very suitable for survival, but we have begun to fantasize about finding a planet as a spare tire in the vast universe, so that one day, when humans make the earth almost the same, another planet can survive.

However, this is not just about interstellar migration. According to the observation of scientists, a suitable livable planet needs to meet the model of livable zone.

1 is neither too far nor too close to the center of the galaxy.

First of all, you should not be too close to the center of the galaxy, because there are massive celestial bodies and many high-energy rays in the middle of the galaxy, so you can't survive. Nor should it be too far away from the center of the galaxy, otherwise it will not produce heavy elements. And the solar system is in a livable zone.

In addition to the center of the galaxy, the celestial body itself cannot be too close to its star, too close and too hot for human beings to survive; Not too far, too far, the planet is cold, and it is mostly gaseous, without heavy elements.

In the solar system, the Earth and Mars are in the livable zone of the solar system.

2. A stable star

Having a stable star can prevent people from being forced to move out again soon after emigration. At this point, Mars is similar to the Earth, and the sun is currently in a stable period.

3: There are bigger planets.

In fact, there are many asteroids and comets in the solar system. According to scientists' estimation, there are trillions of comets in the Oort Cloud, and there are about 65,438+10,000 celestial bodies with a diameter exceeding 100 km in the Kuiper asteroid belt. The reason why these celestial bodies didn't hit the earth is because Jupiter uses strong gravity to bind them to the periphery. From this perspective, Jupiter is also the guardian of the earth.

Jupiter also failed to protect itself. That time, the planet that crashed into the earth led to the extinction of dinosaurs.

Because Mars above is similar to Earth, Mars was the first to be included in the space migration plan.

There is a satellite that is not small relative to itself.

In the early days, the earth's rotation speed was very fast, even only eight hours a day, but the gravity of the moon played a braking role on the earth, slowing it down to 24 hours a day. The birth of the moon also tilted the rotation axis of the earth, making the autobiography of the earth stable and having four seasons.

Fortunately, the rotation axis of Mars is almost 20 degrees away from the Earth, and the four seasons are distinct. And the speed is not much different from that of the earth. Therefore, if humans live on Mars, they will not feel much difference in this respect.

5. Atmosphere

Although there is an atmosphere on Mars, the density of the atmosphere on Mars is less than 1% on Earth, and the composition of the atmosphere on Mars is slightly different from that on Earth. The main component of the atmosphere on Mars is carbon dioxide, followed by nitrogen, argon and a small amount of oxygen. There is no ozone used to isolate ultraviolet rays, which means that ultraviolet rays can directly enter the surface of Mars, which can destroy protein molecules and DNA of life on the surface of Mars, so organisms cannot survive on the surface of Mars.

6. There is a magnetic field

There is life on the earth because the earth's magnetic field has been protecting life on the earth from cosmic rays. The magnetic field lines of the earth pass through the South Pole from the center of the earth in the form of energy waves, then enter the sky, and then return to the center of the earth from the North Pole. Because the matter that the star blows to the planet is charged, and the existence of magnetic field can guide these charged matters to the poles. Because the magnetic lines near the poles are perpendicular to the ground, the radiation at the poles is extremely great. )

When a planet's magnetic field is weak or there is no magnetic field, cosmic rays can enter the planet's surface through the atmosphere, causing serious harm to living things. According to the curiosity of NASA, Mars has no magnetic field, which means that Mars is not suitable for human survival.

What preparations do humans need to make to colonize Mars?

In fact, although scientists have found that life once existed on Mars, it is not suitable for human survival.

Astrophysicist Dimitra Atri once thought about a question: Why is Mars so close to the earth, but the earth is full of vitality, while Mars is barren?

He explained: "The main reason is that the atmosphere of Mars is almost negligible compared with the earth, so the environmental radiation of Mars is very high. Secondly, Mars has no global magnetic field and lacks a protective layer against cosmic rays. Therefore, I think it is this difference that leads to a planet that should be similar, but its fate is completely different. "

We humans, although we have developed the technology to explore the universe or launched Curiosity to study Mars, are still unable to change the atmospheric composition and celestial magnetic field. Therefore, we can't treat Mars as a colony, we can only protect the earth. After all, we only have one home to live in.

Planets outside the colony have always been human's space dream, but limited by the existing scientific level, we can only covet the planets in the solar system and only consider the surrounding brother planets. Fortunately, there is such an earth-like planet around us, Mars. Unfortunately, however, much remains to be done to make Mars a habitable planet.

Although Mars has many conditions similar to Earth, it is absolutely impossible to survive on Mars without protection. The transformation of Mars is essentially to restore the atmosphere of Mars, and the restoration of the atmosphere of Mars begins with the restoration of the magnetic field of Mars. Scientists have many ideas about recreating the magnetic field of Mars, but all of them just stay at the level of ideas, which is far from being possible with the current technology of human beings.

But if you simply build a base on Mars, it is still possible. We all know that in the near future, humans will land on Mars, and perhaps a long journey of Mars exploration will begin from then on, but it is definitely a long journey. If human beings want to turn Mars into a living place, they must be able to provide the necessary living conditions themselves. It is obviously extremely unreliable to transport resources from the earth for a long time. So it is still a long dream for human beings to colonize Mars.

It's hard to really colonize Mars.

Mars has several major natural defects:

Lack of planetary magnetic field. Mars may have a magnetic field when it was just formed, but with the loss of internal energy, the core of Mars gradually cooled, the convection of liquid metal gradually weakened, and the planetary generator effect nearly stopped, so the magnetic field weakening almost disappeared. After the magnetic field disappeared, Mars was completely exposed to the destruction of solar wind and cosmic rays, and the atmosphere was stripped off.

Futurist, transforming Mars.

The second birth defect:

Compared with the earth, Mars is farther away from the sun, and the solar radiation received by the surface of Mars is about one third of that of the earth. Low temperature is not suitable for life on earth.

The third birth defect:

Mars lacks the atmosphere, and the atmospheric pressure on Mars is only1100 of that of the earth. Although there are a lot of dry ice (carbon dioxide) at the poles of Mars, it is heated to let them out, but the result is still stripped by the solar wind.

Dry ice at the poles of Mars

In some ideas, it is planned to supplement the atmosphere of Mars by asteroid impact, nuclear bomb explosion, chemical plant construction and heating the surface of Mars, but the cost of these methods is incalculable and it is difficult to work in a short time. Needless to say, these methods are still very sci-fi and futuristic, and human beings can't do it in a limited time.

Therefore, the initial stage of human colonization of Mars can not be to build those gorgeous future buildings and bases in science fiction films, but to build a Mars fortress similar to the refuge style, which can be described as an iron wall. Only in this way can we resist space radiation.

Obviously, these facilities can't be built entirely by manpower, but mainly by robots and a series of automation equipment. Therefore, a large number of equipment and robots need to be dispatched in the early stage to lay solar panels first. Due to frequent sandstorms on Mars, it is necessary to clean the surface of solar panels regularly and slightly frequently to prevent them from being covered by dust.

The next step is to use local materials. There are some on the earth, and there is no shortage on Mars. Some glass, metals and plastics can be produced on Mars. After decades of efforts, a semi-ground fortress with thick concrete protection was born. This Mars fortress can accommodate dozens of people for scientific research in the early stage. It is necessary to transport some necessities from the earth in the early stage.

If the above day is to be realized, I don't think it will be too long, and there will be a year of 100, which I think is entirely possible.