Russia's oil and gas

9. General situation of natural resources in Russia

Russia's total natural resources rank first in the world. According to the report "Russia: The Road to Rejuvenation" published by the Institute of Social Politics of Russian Academy of Sciences in 2004, Russia is the only country in the world that is almost completely self-sufficient in natural resources. As a resource-rich country in the world, Russia's proven resource reserves account for about 2 1% of the world's total resources, ranking first in the world. This has been one of the basic factors affecting the direction of Russia's domestic and foreign policies. From the category point of view, almost all the resources in Russia are in the forefront of the world, especially in minerals, forests, land, water and other very scarce resources in other countries, Russia has obvious advantages.

First, according to the calculation of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, from the perspective of proven reserves, the protection degree of various mineral resources in Russia is quite high, including oil for 35 years, natural gas for 8 1 year, coal for 60 ~ 180 years, iron ore for 42 years, copper, nickel and molybdenum for 40 years, tungsten for 37 years and zinc 18 years.

Second, Russia's forest coverage rate is about 50%, and it has the world's 1/5 timber reserves. Russia's forest resources reserves have exceeded the whole of North America. Russia has become the third largest timber exporter in the world, second only to the United States and Canada.

Third, the agricultural land in Russia is 2 1 100 million hectares, of which cultivated land10.25 billion hectares, with a per capita cultivated land of 0.85 hectares; The world's arable land area is only 65.438+45.7 million hectares, and the per capita is only 0.32 hectares. It is worth noting that the land in Russia is very fertile. As Dokuchayev, the founder of Russian pedology, pointed out, the black soil belt is Russia's main wealth. Russian black soil once lost 20% ~ 50% humus, but it is still the most fertile soil in the world.

Fourth, Russia is rich in water resources. Lake Baikal alone contains 65,438+0/5 of the total surface fresh water in the world. There are more than 500 navigable rivers in Russia, with a total length of 300,000 kilometers and an actual navigable mileage of 80,000 kilometers. If all the hydropower resources in Russia are utilized, it can generate 2 trillion kWh of electricity every year.

Russia has a vast territory, diverse natural conditions and extremely rich natural resources, and the regional combination of natural conditions and natural resources has its own characteristics. All these have had an important impact on the formation and development of Russian industrial layout and economic regional system. Russia is located in the middle and high latitudes, with low terrain in the west and high terrain in the east, which roughly forms three geomorphic units.

There are some eastern European plains (also known as Russian plains) and western Siberian plains in the west, and their plain area accounts for about 1/2 of the whole Russian area. The Central Siberian Plateau is located between the Yenisei River and the Lena River, accounting for about 1/4 of the national area, and the mountainous area consisting of the Ural Mountain, the eastern mountain zone and the oblique mountain zone in the central and western areas accounts for about 1/4 of the whole Russian area. Most of Russia's territory belongs to temperate and frigid climate. The temperature rises gradually from north to south, and the northeast plateau and mountainous area have the lowest temperature and large annual temperature difference, which is the worst climate area.

Due to the influence of westerly belt, Atlantic warm moisture mass and western Atlantic warm current, and the barrier effect of eastern mountains, it is difficult for water vapor in the Pacific Ocean to enter, which leads to a decreasing trend of precipitation distribution in Russia from west to east and from forest belt to north and south. The Pacific coast belongs to temperate monsoon climate, with more precipitation in summer. There are several rivers in Russia with a length of more than 2,000 kilometers, and several of them are listed as the longest rivers in the world, all of which are distributed in the east of the country, such as the Yenisei River and the Lena River. Due to the influence of topography and climatic conditions, most rivers in the eastern region originate in the southern mountainous areas and flow into the sea northward and eastward. Most rivers in Europe originate in the central hilly area and radiate to the surrounding areas. Because Russia has a vast territory, most of the terrain is flat, and many areas are developed late, so the horizontal zonality characteristics changing with latitude are very obvious. From high latitude to low latitude, there are natural landscape belts (or natural belts) such as polar desert belt, tundra zone, forest tundra zone, forest belt, forest grassland belt and grassland belt in Russian Bangs. In mountainous areas, vertical landscape features are formed according to height changes.

The natural conditions and regional combination characteristics of the Russian Federation have an important influence on its economic development. Russia's natural landscape belt provides an important natural material basis for the formation and development of its unique agricultural belt and agricultural production regional types. The vast forest belt (forest coverage accounts for more than half of Russia's land area) and abundant land resources (agricultural land area accounts for about 10% of Russia's land area) provide a very broad space for the development of Russian forests and agriculture. The cultivated land area accounts for 8% of the world's cultivated land area, ranking first in the world. The diversity of natural conditions provides broad possibilities for the all-round development of Russian economy. However, Russia's natural conditions also have many obvious unfavorable factors, which bring many difficulties to the development of agricultural production, industry and transportation. The main problems are: the contradiction between water and heat is prominent, the comprehensive natural conditions of agriculture are poor, and the natural conditions in Northeast China are bad. The inconsistent distribution of heat resources and water resources and the sharp contradiction between water and heat are outstanding problems in the geographical combination of natural conditions in Russia. Heat resources gradually increase from north to south, while surface runoff gradually decreases from north to south. At the same time, most rivers flow from south to north, so 80% of runoff flows into the northern waters. The annual atmospheric precipitation in Russia is about 7,000 cubic kilometers, half of which is evaporated and leaked, and the annual runoff is still over 3,000 cubic kilometers, equivalent to 6% of the world's annual runoff, ranking first in the world. It can completely meet the needs of Russian industrial and agricultural production and people's living water, which is more than enough. However, due to the uneven distribution of water and heat, the southern forest and grassland areas have less precipitation, extremely unstable and large evaporation, which belongs to semi-arid or even drought and cannot meet the growing demand for industrial and agricultural production and urban water. In the vast areas in the north, however, the temperature is low, there is more precipitation, less evaporation, more rivers and more water.

In a word, the shortage of water resources in the south-central region is in sharp contrast with the surplus of water resources in the north. In particular, the cyclical agricultural drought in South China is a great threat to agricultural production, which is one of the direct reasons for the instability of grain production. How to solve the problem of drought in the south and waterlogging in the north is an important task facing the land consolidation work in Russia at present. The fundamental measure is the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and the surface runoff is redistributed manually. If the Irtysh-Karaganda Canal has been completed, other trans-regional and inter-basin water transfer schemes are also being planned and implemented. At the same time, the development plan of non-black soil belt in Russia, which focuses on solving the problem of excess water resources, is also being actively prepared for implementation. Although the Russian Federation is the country with the richest land resources in the world, on the comprehensive analysis of agricultural natural conditions, Russia is far from the United States and Canada in North America in latitude and is not as good as western European countries. Comprehensive analysis of climatic conditions such as heat and moisture shows that the biological potential of agricultural land in Russian Federation is 60% lower than that in the United States, 55% lower than that in France, 40% lower than that in Germany and 35% lower than that in Britain. The eastern part of the Russian Federation has a vast territory, extensive frozen soil and harsh natural conditions, which not only seriously affects the development of farming, but also brings many difficulties to industrial and urban construction and population migration.

Russia is rich in mineral resources. At present, Russia has discovered and proved more than 20,000 mineral deposits (including fuel resources). The degree of protection of mineral resources in Russia is higher than that in other countries, and most of the mineral reserves are in the forefront of the world: the proven reserves of iron ore, diamond, antimony ore and tin ore rank first in the world, the reserves of aluminum ore rank second, the reserves of gold ore rank fourth, the reserves of potassium salt account for 3 1% of the world, and the reserves of cobalt ore account for 21%of the world; Other mineral reserves also account for a considerable share of the world. Such rich mineral resources are a solid foundation for ensuring Russian domestic demand and realizing export.

10. Oil and gas resources in Russia

Among energy sources, oil and natural gas are the most important. At present, oil and natural gas have become an important bargaining chip in political, military and diplomatic relations between countries. Russia is playing an increasingly important role on the world stage with its rich energy reserves. Russia has a land area of 17098200 square kilometers and is rich in oil and gas resources. The land and sea area with oil and gas prospect is about12,900 square kilometers, including the continental shelf and sea area of 5.6 million square kilometers. The total resources of Russian oil, condensate oil and natural gas are 35.35 billion tons, 840 million tons and 98.74 trillion cubic meters respectively. As of June 65438+February 3, 20061,Russia has proven oil reserves of/kloc-0.09 million tons, accounting for 6.6% of the world's total reserves, and proven natural gas reserves of 47.65 trillion cubic meters, ranking first in the world, accounting for 26.3% of the world's total natural gas reserves. In 2008, Russia's newly proven oil reserves reached 500 million tons and natural gas reserves reached 650 billion cubic meters. Russia has become the world's largest natural gas producer and the second largest oil exporter.

1 1. Five major oil and gas regions in Russia

(1) Western Siberia large oil and gas area. Western Siberia oil and gas area covers an area of about 3.5 million square kilometers and is rich in oil and gas resources. The maximum output of 1988 reaches 41100,000 tons, and more than 300 oil and gas fields have been discovered in this area. The developed oilfields are mainly concentrated in the Lower Vartovsk, Surgut and Sem oilfields in the middle reaches of ob river.

(2) Volga Urals oil and gas area in Europe. This oil and gas area is located in the west of Russia, with an area of about 780,000 square kilometers, and the highest production reaches 200 million tons in 1970. More than 900 oil and gas fields have been discovered in this area. Its oil output is second only to that of western Siberia.

(3) Timanbo Chaola Basin. The basin is located in the northeast of European part of Russia. It is an important oil and gas producing area and prospect area in Russia after western Siberia and Volgograd, and more than 70 oil and gas fields have been discovered.

④ Eastern Siberia large oil and gas area. This oil and gas area is located between the Yenisei River and the Lena River, covering an area of about 4 million square kilometers. It is predicted that oil reserves11500 million tons and natural gas reserves are 44 trillion cubic meters. At present, only a small part has been proved, which is another large oil and gas area to be developed after the large oil and gas area in western Siberia. The discovery of dozens of oil and gas fields has become an important oil and gas productivity replacement area in Russia;

(5) Oil and gas prospect of the continental shelf around Russia. The sea area around Russia is 6.2 million square kilometers, of which the continental shelf area is 4.5 million square kilometers, accounting for 13% of the world marine continental shelf area. According to geologists' prediction, 80% of the above-mentioned continental shelf area, or 3.6 million square kilometers, is an oil prospect area. The potential recoverable oil and gas resources in the waters around Russia can reach 90 billion ~ 1000 billion tons (converted into crude oil), which is 6 times larger than the oil and gas reserves in the North Sea. In the oil-gas ratio, the predicted natural gas resources are absolutely dominant, and the oil ratio does not exceed 15% ~ 20%. According to the plan formulated by the Russian government, by 2020, the proven oil and gas reserves on the Russian continental shelf are expected to reach 654.38+0.3 billion tons and 20 trillion cubic meters respectively. Although Russia is rich in oil and gas resources, its geographical distribution is not very reasonable. Most of its reserves are concentrated in Siberia, far from the main domestic oil and gas consumption centers. In East Siberia and the Far East, the development and utilization of reserves are low, only 3% and 9%, while in areas with high oil and gas consumption, the development and utilization of reserves has exceeded 50%, which greatly reduces the probability of discovering new oil and gas fields.

12. Oil and gas resources in West Siberia

Russian oil is mainly stored in western Siberia, accounting for 2/3 of Russia's total oil reserves. The predicted oil reserves are concentrated in the middle reaches of ob river, where there are three major oil regions: Nizhny Vartovsk, Surgut and Sem.

Lower Vartovsk oil region includes Samotolol, Maigian, Wakin, Loko Kosovo, Forrest Gump, Samoilov Ka, BeLauzel Sk and Sosnin Sk oil fields. Among them, Samotolol oil field is Siberia and the largest oil field in Russia. The oilfield was discovered in 1965, with an area of 1800 square kilometers, with geological reserves as high as 6 billion tons and recoverable reserves of about 2.6 billion tons. The oilfield is divided into five oil layers with a thickness of 78.5m. The sulfur content of crude oil is 0.75% ~ 0.85%, and the wax content is 1.45% ~ 4.42%. Oil well depth1685 ~ 2230m, 1969 put into production. Wakin Oilfield was discovered in 1963, with a recoverable reserve of 50 million tons. Oilfield * * * is divided into eight oil layers, with a thickness of 18 ~ 34m and an oil well depth of 1690 ~ 2450m, and put into production at 1965. Forrest Gump Oilfield was discovered in 1965. The oilfield is divided into three oil layers, and the oil well depth is 2184 ~ 2280m, and it was put into production at 1973. Slavic oil production companies include Maijian Oil and Gas Company and Maijian Oil and Gas Geological Company. Ustibarek, West Surgut, Liangtorsk and Bestla Ya oilfields are distributed in Surgut oil region, among which Ustibarek Oilfield was discovered in 196 1 year, with proven reserves of 680 million tons. Oilfield area 142 km2, divided into 14 oil layers, with a thickness of 28.7m.. The sulfur content of crude oil is1.33% ~1.51%,and the wax content is 3.3% ~ 3.6%. The depth of the oilfield is 2000 ~ 2020m, and it was put into production on 1964. West Surgut Oilfield was discovered in 1962, with recoverable reserves of 3180,000 tons. The depth of the oil well is 2000 ~ 2330m, which is divided into six oil layers. The sulfur content of crude oil is 1.53% ~ 1.82%, and the wax content is 3% ~ 3.2%. 1968 put into production. Sem oilfield is the earliest developed oilfield in western Siberia, including Telyohe Ozernoye oilfield, Ubinsk oilfield and Moldimia Teterev oilfield.

The natural gas reserves in western Siberia are large, the potential natural gas reserves in western Siberia account for 60% of the whole Russia, and the natural gas reserves of A+B+C 1 account for 70% of the whole Russia. Natural gas is mainly stored in an area of about 620,000 square kilometers in the north of western Siberia. There are Wuliangoi, Youngburg, Medvezhye, Tazovsky, Kruzin Ster Novsk and other gas fields. The quality of natural gas in western Siberia is very good. The methane content in natural gas is above 97%, and the sulfur content is low. The exploitation cost of natural gas is also the lowest in China. The cost of natural gas exploitation per 1000 cubic meter here is 44% lower than that in Caucasus and 34% lower than that in Ural Volga. Yamal Nenets Autonomous Region in Autumn and Ming Dynasties is the main natural gas producing area in Western Siberia. The most famous Russian gas fields, such as Lunguly, Youngburg and Medvedev, are located in the autonomous region.

Oil and gas fields in eastern Siberia.

The oil and gas resources in East Siberia are mainly located in the south of Siberian platform. The oil reserves of Siberian platform are 65.438+33 billion tons, and the natural gas reserves A+B+C 1+C2 are 3.64 trillion cubic meters. The proven degree of oil and natural gas is only 1 1% and 8.3%, and the potential reserves are11.

The oil and gas of Siberian platform are mainly concentrated in Bushenotohomsk and Sobinsk in Yulu, Krasnoyarsk, Villenet Jonesk and Jovikin in Irkutsk, and Taragansk and Chayanjinsk in Sakha, Botoo Obinsk in the middle, Yulyus in the middle and Joan Gasca in the middle.

At present, the focus of Russian resource development has shifted to East Siberia. East Siberia is becoming the hope of Russia's future energy development. According to the report in the 24th issue of Expert magazine in 2005, the oil reserves in East Siberia are as high as 654.38+075 billion tons. Trutnev, Russian Minister of Natural Resources, called for speeding up the exploration of the eastern Siberian oil region, making a new tender plan for exploration and development, and opening up new oil sources. The director of the Russian Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources said that in 2005, more than 40 licenses for oil and gas projects in East Siberia were issued, and another 30 projects were planned to be auctioned during the year. However, the development conditions of East Siberia oilfield are very bad, and a lot of technology and capital investment are urgently needed. In 2003, Rosneft estimated that East Siberia oil field would reach the peak of capital investment in 2005. Even without considering the cost of pipeline transportation, mining alone will cost $4 billion. Russian oil companies have shown great interest in the underdeveloped oil and gas resources in eastern Siberia. In 2003, Rosneft acquired Anglo-Siberian Oil Company, which has the development license of Wankel Oilfield in krasnoyarskiy kray, Russia. The large-scale development of oil and gas resources in eastern Siberia will not only fully meet the demand for oil and natural gas in this region, but also export a large amount every year.

14. Oil and gas resources in the Far East

The Far East covers an area of 6.2 million square kilometers, accounting for 36.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The region is rich in natural resources, accounting for 35% of Russia, second only to Siberia, accounting for 40%, far higher than the third-ranked Urals (25%). All administrative regions in the Russian Far East have oil and natural gas resources, with an oil-bearing area of about 6,543,800+6,000 square kilometers, accounting for about 25% of the total area of the region. Macroscopically, it can be divided into three major oil and gas regions: the continental shelf oil and gas region in the eastern territorial sea (Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the northeastern territorial sea of Sakhalin), the continental shelf oil and gas region in the Arctic territorial sea (Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea), Sakha (Yakutia) * * and China. The potential reserves of various hydrocarbons in these three main oil and gas distribution areas are19.7 billion tons, accounting for 4 1% and17.6 billion tons respectively, accounting for 38% of the total predicted reserves in this area. 1100 million tons, accounting for 2 1% of the total predicted reserves in this area. In other words, the potential total reserves of hydrocarbons such as oil and natural gas in the entire Far East are as high as 47.3 billion tons.

Sakhalin Island is the most important oil-producing area in the Far East, with about 62 oil and gas fields, most of which are small and medium-sized oil and gas fields. At the end of the 20th century, there were 388 million tons of proven oil reserves and 877 billion cubic meters of natural gas on the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island, 80% of which were distributed on the continental shelf in the northeast of the state. The prospective reserves of oil and natural gas are 997 million tons and 4 1.57 trillion cubic meters respectively. The geological characteristics of Sakhalin oil and gas field are many oil and gas layers and complex structure. Sakhalin crude oil has a sulfur content of 0.2% ~ 0.3% and a high aromatic hydrocarbon ratio, so it belongs to high-quality oil. But other components are different, not only in different oilfields, but also in different depths of the same oilfield. The gum content in some oilfields is not high, such as 1.6 1% in Ni Klassov Ka Oilfield and 2.7% in Palomai Oilfield. The resin content in some oilfields is relatively high, such as 17.2% in Oha oilfield. Most of the natural gas in Sakhalin gas area belongs to methane series, with less heavy hydrocarbons, generally no hydrogen sulfide, less nitrogen and more argon and helium. The quality of natural gas is the best in Russia.

The onshore natural gas resources in the Far East are mainly distributed in Saha (Yakutia) Republic, Lenatunguska Basin, Khatangaviliuyi Basin, northern Sakhalin State, middle and lower reaches of amur river, Anadal River Basin, northern kamchatka peninsula and Ussuri Mountain.

The Republic of Saha (Yakutia) is the land area with the richest oil and gas resources in the Far East. According to the information released by 200 1 Russia, there are a lot of oil and natural gas in the southwest of Saha. The proven natural gas reserves in industrial development are 2 trillion cubic meters, and the predicted reserves are as high as 654.38+0.6 billion cubic meters. It is predicted that the oil reserves are 29160,000 tons and the condensate gas reserves are 388 million cubic meters. The natural gas in Saha and China is not only rich in reserves, but also of the best quality. There are industrial concentrated solution, ethane, propane and butane fractions, and no harmful impurities, which is conducive to the development of efficient natural gas processing industry.

The exploitation right of Taragan oil and gas field in Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (with oil reserves of 65.438+0.24 billion tons and natural gas reserves of 47 billion cubic meters) is in the hands of Surgut Oil and Gas Company, the fourth largest oil company in Russia. Taragan oil and gas field is one of the largest oil fields in eastern Siberia, with estimated oil and gas reserves exceeding 350 million tons, accounting for 13% of Russian oil production. The crude oil produced by Taragan is exactly what Russia plans to supply to the first phase of the Far East crude oil pipeline project. The company plans to build an oil pipeline from Taragan to Joneskiye Ustikut. The pipeline starts from Taragan oil field, connects Yoneskiye oil and gas field (with oil reserves exceeding 200 million tons), and ends at Lena oil transmission station in Ustikut, with a total length of 500 kilometers, a cost of 65.438 billion rubles (about 34.86 million US dollars) and an annual transportation capacity of 2.6 million tons. It is initially planned to build a 13 oil transmission station, use railway tankers at Lena Station, and incorporate them into the pipeline trunk system of Russian oil transportation company. The general manager of the company, Bogdan Novo, previously announced that the oil pipeline project on the island of Jones Kiyostikuttagan will be completed in 2005, started in 2006 and completed in 2008. Three years later, it will be merged into the Siberian Pacific oil pipeline trunk system and connected with the Taishet Nahodka pipeline.

The onshore oil and gas exploration in the Far East is uneven, with the focus on Sakhalin Island and sakhalin island countries. Up to now, 2,500 survey wells and exploration wells have been drilled, 90% of which are in Sakhalin Island, 100 in Magadan State and 70 in Chukchi Peninsula. More than 30 oil and gas fields have been discovered in Saha and China, and 6 large natural gas fields have also been discovered. The degree of oil and gas exploration in this area is very low, which is 5% and 6.5% respectively according to the analysis of Russian oil and gas experts, while the evaluation figures of western countries are even lower, only 4% and 6%. The proven reserves of oil and natural gas in Sakhalin Island are high, accounting for 46.3% and 28. 1% respectively, followed by Sakhalin Island and China, accounting for 8.7% and 12.8% respectively.

15. Oil and gas resources on the far east continental shelf

Russian continental shelf is rich in oil and gas resources, mainly distributed in the continental shelf near sakhalin island in the Far East. ITAR-TASS reported in May 2005 1 1 that 75% of onshore oil and gas fields in Russia are in the development stage, and the degree of resource development is close to 50%. In order to enhance the development potential of oil and gas industry, the Russian government began to look to its coastal continental shelf. The latest continental shelf oil and gas resources development strategy formulated by the Russian government shows that by 20 10, the crude oil and natural gas production on the Russian continental shelf will reach 100000 tons/year and 30 billion cubic meters/year respectively, and will increase to 95 million tons/year and 320 billion cubic meters/year respectively by 2020. According to the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, from now until 2020, Russia is prepared to attract 70 billion to 1 1000 billion US dollars (mainly foreign capital) for the development of oil and gas resources on the Russian continental shelf, and the relevant financial allocation of the Russian Federation will also reach 35 billion rubles. It is estimated that by 2020, the total revenue from the development of oil and gas resources on the continental shelf will reach $654.38+000 billion to $654.38+030 billion.

Most of the oil and gas resources in the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island are contained in the continental shelf with water depth 100 meters. The sea water on the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island is shallow, and the continental shelf area within 200 meters is about 6.5438+0.2 million square kilometers. The water depth between Sakhalin Bay in the northwest and amur river Delta is less than150m, the water depth in the northeast is 35km away from the shore, which is100m, the water depth in Neski Bay in the middle of the east coast is 60km away from the shore, the water depth in Aniwa Bay in the south is less than100m, and the water depth in Tatar in the west. 100 ~ 200m accounts for 4 1%.

Petroleum exploration of the continental shelf in the territorial waters of the Far East began in the late 1950s. Initially, the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk and tatar strait were explored, and the first batch of seabed geological data were obtained. Since the mid-1970s, the party and government of the Soviet Union have tried to develop and utilize oil and gas resources in the Far East, increasing the scale of oil and gas resources exploration. The first exploration operation was carried out in the sea area of about 20,000 square kilometers on the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island, and the proven oil and natural gas reserves were 65.438+0.2 trillion tons and 654.38+0.2 trillion cubic meters respectively. Since 1974, the Soviet Union has used seismic wave detection to explore oil and gas resources extending 400,000 kilometers, with the emphasis on extending 2 1 10,000 kilometers of the offshore continental shelf of Sakhalin Island. The important achievement of this exploration is to identify 17 mining areas with development prospects in Anadar Bay. Great progress has been made in offshore exploration from 1977 to 1992. Eight large oil and gas fields have been discovered in the continental shelf of Sakhalin Island: Chawo, Iusco Ye, Pilitong Astor Hesko Ye, Alku Tongda Ji, etc. Six of them are large oil and gas fields, which were later included in the oil and gas development project of Sakhalin Island 1 ~ 6.

16. Sakhalin Island-1 Project

The development zone includes oil and gas fields of Odopdu, Chavo and Alku Tongdaji. According to the current exploration results, the recoverable reserves are 290 million tons of crude oil, 33 million tons of condensate oil and 425 billion cubic meters of natural gas. It is estimated that the annual output of crude oil at peak period is 246.5438 million tons, and the annual output of natural gas is1970 million cubic meters. 1June 1996, and the first phase of comprehensive exploration has been completed. Two Russian oil companies, a Japanese company (SODECO) and an American company (Exxon) participated in the plan. These four companies form an international investment group, with Russia accounting for 40% of the shares, of which Sakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Company (Russia) accounts for 23%; Russian oil company accounts for 17%, the United States and Japan each account for 30%, and * * * contributes1500 million USD. Due to the inability of two Russian companies in the consortium to undertake investment responsibilities, the project was temporarily suspended. In order to promote the progress of the project, two Russian companies had to reluctantly sell their shares in exchange for loans and solve investment difficulties. In February, 20001,India's ONGC company signed an agreement with a Russian company to purchase 20% of the shares of Sakhalin-1 project, which originally belonged to a Russian company. To this end, it must pay $2 billion to pay for the project investment of Russian companies. Russian companies repay India's advance payment at LIBOR plus 3%. At present, the parties and their shares in Sakhalin-1 Engineering Consortium are: Exxon (USA) accounts for 30%, SODECO (Japan) accounts for 30%, ONGC (India) accounts for 20%, Sakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Company (Russia) accounts for 1 1.5%, and Rosneft accounts for 8%.

The infrastructure investment of this project is $654.38+027 billion. The production period of oil and gas fields is expected to be 33 years, and the profit margin of investment group is expected to be 16%. In addition to paying the rent according to the lease agreement, the investment group must also hand over 15% of the products to the Russian Federation and Sakhalin Finance according to the product division agreement. The planned income of this scheme is $654.38+06.5 billion, and the net profit can reach $42 billion. In 2002, the investment of Sakhalin-1 project was $700 million.

Sakhalin Island-1 began to produce oil in June 2005.

17. Sakhalin Island No.2 Project

The development zone includes the whole Iusco Ye oil and gas field and Pilitong Astor Hesko Ye oil and gas field. Recoverable oil is 96 million tons, natural gas condensate is 37 million tons and natural gas is 460 billion cubic meters.

The scheme is implemented by an investment group composed of five foreign companies, of which two Japanese companies (Mitsubishi and Mitsui) hold 30%, two American companies (Mike demont and Marathon) hold 50%, and Royal Dutch Company, a joint venture between Britain and the Netherlands, holds 20%. The total investment is $654.38+00 billion. The scheme was implemented in June 1996. 70% of the contracted projects of Sakhalin 2 were completed by Russian companies. Large Russian enterprises will also participate in oil deep processing. The plan can bring in a net profit of $25 billion. According to the investment plan, except the rent, 65,438+00% of the products will be paid to the Russian Federation and Sakhalin Island, and the remaining 90% of the products will be distributed among investors in proportion.

Sakhalin Island No.2 produced oil on schedule on 1999, and was put into production on July 4, 1999. In 2000, 0/2 oil wells were produced, with a daily output of 90,000 barrels, about12,300 tons. Most of the crude oil produced by 1999 was resold from Japan to South Korea, except that 10% of the products were paid to the Russian Federation and Sakhalin Island. Sakhalin No.2 produced 2 million tons of oil per year at 200/kloc-0, and 5 million tons of oil in 2003.

Sakhalin Island No.2 project has formed a production scale. Including an oil field (65.438+400 million tons), a gas field (408 billion cubic meters) and a purification plant with an annual output of 9.6 million tons of liquefied natural gas, the operator is Shell Oil Company. In recent years, the project has produced benefits and exported a certain amount of oil and gas to Japan.

18. Sakhalin Island No.3 Project

The development area of Sakhalin Island No.3 project is located on the continental shelf of East Odopoudu Sea, including three oil and gas fields in East Odopoudu, Ayasheng and Kilinsk, with a total area of 20,400 square kilometers. The estimated reserves of oil and natural gas are 654.38+0.37 billion tons and 654.38+0.45 billion cubic meters respectively. Geological exploration data show that the oil reserves in this sea area are as high as 450 million tons and the natural gas is 720 billion cubic meters.

Sakhalin No.3 Project * * * invested about 24 billion US dollars. Russia holds 33.3% of the shares and the United States holds 66.7%. At present, three American companies (Exxon, Mobil and Texaco) have signed development concession contracts with Russia for three oil and gas fields, but the actual development has not yet started. Among them, Mobil and Texaco have a development license for a block, with a project investment of 7 billion to 1 1 billion US dollars; Exxon has two block development licenses, with an estimated investment of $654.38+0.3 billion. Before the commercial operation of oil and gas fields, all the investment of the project was undertaken by American companies.

On July 1, 2005, China Petrochemical and China Petroleum signed the Protocol 1 and a long-term cooperation agreement with Rosneft respectively. In Protocol 1, Sinopec and Rosneft agreed to jointly establish an oil company to be responsible for oil and gas exploration and development in Sakhalin No.3 area. In the new joint venture company, the equity ratio between China and Russia is tentatively set at 30: 70, and new investors will be introduced in the future, but the 30% equity ratio of China will not change. According to the plan, the new company will dig the first exploratory well in 2006. After the production scale is formed, China will make profits in the form of "sharing oil". Weining oil and gas block, which is being preliminarily explored by China and Russia, is located in the east of Sakhalin Island. The expected reserves of this block are1.1.400 million tons of oil and 31.500 million cubic meters of natural gas.

19. Sakhalin Island No.4 Project

Sakhalin -4 project includes Uzloye, Astraha Novka oil and gas area, Necrasov Card and Kerundu Bay oil and gas fields. The oil evaluation and potential reserves in this sea area are 65.438+0.05 billion tons and 65.438+0.654.38+0.50 billion tons respectively, while the natural gas is 440 billion cubic meters and 450 billion cubic meters respectively. Rosneft, Sakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Company and American Arco Company formed a consortium to undertake the project, and the shares of the three companies were 25.5%, 25.5% and 49% respectively. American Arco Company participated in the exploration and development of Block 4 of Sakhalin Island, with a project value of $2.6 billion. The project is still in the exploration stage, and all the preliminary exploration costs are borne by Arco.

20. Sakhalin Island No.5 Project

Sakhalin 5 project includes oil and gas fields in Oha, Ehhabi and East Ehhabi. The project predicts that the recoverable reserves of crude oil will be 600 million tons, and the natural gas will be 600 billion cubic meters, and industrial exploitation will be officially carried out at 20 10. Rosneft, Sakhalin Offshore Oil and Gas Company and British BP Company formed a consortium to undertake the project, and the shares of the three companies were 25.5%, 25.5% and 49% respectively. BP Company undertakes all exploration expenses. The maximum annual output of this project is 35.5 million tons of oil and 34.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

2 1. Sakhalin Island -6 Project

Sakhalin Island No.6 project includes Okruzhinoye oil and gas area, with prospective oil and gas reserves of 65.438+0.50 billion tons and 200 billion cubic meters respectively.