Was the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion in the Western Han Dynasty a great migration?

In view of the lessons of the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to implement the separatist policy of Emperor Jing, and according to his father Yan's proposition, he forced the vassals to enfeoffment their territories to their descendants by pushing favors. As a result, princes divided their children into princes, and there were fewer and fewer fiefs. The Han dynasty also officially recognized the status of the new vassal, which made the later fiefs gradually become the counties of the Han dynasty. "Historical Records" The chronicles of princes since the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty contain: "A big country is only a few dozen cities, and a small country is only a hundred miles. Han County wins the wrong princes ... and it is also very strong." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not only corrected the malpractice of Wu Hebing, but also prevented the connection of vassal States and controlled the dangerous areas, which made the vassal States lose their geographical position and made it difficult to communicate with each other. At the same time, Emperor Wu disrespected the emperor on the pretext that the vassals did not contribute enough "salary" to the ancestral temple, and deprived him of the title, depriving 106 vassals of the title at one time. According to statistics, there were only five princes in early Thailand. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also deprived the vassal officials of their rights. In the early Han Dynasty, governors could be officials themselves (except the prime minister), which was the main reason for their great power. After the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, Emperor Jingdi changed the "prime minister" of the kingdom to "prime minister", omitting officials such as the imperial doctor, Ting Wei, Chiang Kai-shek and the doctor. The captaincy can only appoint officials below 400 stones, which inhibits the captaincy's power to govern the country. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out this policy more actively, and formulated the attached benefit law and the left official law. The "fringe benefit law" prohibits flattering the prince. The law of "left official" means that once you become an official of a vassal, you can no longer work for the emperor, which makes subordinate officials of the vassal discriminated against, puts an end to the brain drain to the local area and reduces the number of advisers of the vassal. On the other hand, Liang Wudi has also adopted a policy of controlling the economy. The Chronicle of Hou Zhe's Years Since the Foundation of Yuan Dynasty in Historical Records records: "The benefits of mountains and rivers in Wu, Qi, Zhao and Liang counties are all included in the central part of Han Dynasty. The princes prospered because the local area was rich and had many guests. Now the emperor has cracked down on the vassal from three aspects: land, talent and finance, making the vassal only a name and he has no right to eat the city. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (BC 106), in addition to the seven counties near the capital, Liang Wudi added thirteen more counties, which were called the secretariat. All the seven counties near the capital were set up as official captains, which were similar in nature to the assassination of officials. At that time, the state was not a formal administrative region, but officials could supervise the ministries in the state on behalf of the central government. In addition to expanding local supervision, in order to strengthen imperial power, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty chose a group of low-level officials around him to let them go in and out of the forbidden province and ask questions. On the other hand, he allowed ministers who used to be in charge of the book ceremony of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to play and exercise their functions and powers, and used eunuchs as Chinese books to serve ministers. So a decision-making body in the palace was formed around the emperor, which was called "Inner Korea" or "China Korea". The "inner dynasty" is opposite to the "outer dynasty" headed by the prime minister, and its power is even higher than that of the outer dynasty. So the power of the prime minister was weakened, and the emperor went further. However, the addition of a secretariat and a captain of the local government set the precedent for warlords and state shepherds in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which led to the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Weakening the relative power made the emperor help no one, which indirectly encouraged Wang Mang's ambition to usurp the Han Dynasty. Doctors stood far away in the Warring States period, and Mr. Qi was also a doctor, while there were 70 doctors in Qin, who knew everything from ancient times to the present and inherited this system from the Han Dynasty. The doctor has no actual political task, but represents a generation of intellectuals under the ancient nobles and soldiers. Therefore, he is extremely rare in nature, and anyone who dreams of divination must become a doctor. At the time of Emperor Wu, according to Dong Zhongshu's proposal, he deposed hundreds of doctors and became an independent doctor of the Five Classics. Since then, the position of doctor has been gradually liberated from the miscellaneous work of the side door and refined into a scholar specializing in history and politics. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also adopted the suggestion of Gong Sunhong, appointed 50 disciples for Dr. Wu Jingzi, and selected outstanding young people from all over the country to study with the doctor for one year. If they can make up history after passing the exam, Gaudi can become a doctor. In addition, according to Dong Zhongshu's proposal, Liang Wudi ordered counties to inspect dutiful sons and honest officials every year and recommend them to the central authorities as employees. He also ordered the prime minister, Hou and other talented people to personally ask questions to select talents. Because of the worship of Confucianism, most officials are scholars in imperial academy. Since then, literature has gradually replaced the previous shadows and elections, becoming the right way to be an official, breaking the situation that most court ministers in the early Han Dynasty were imperial clan, soldiers, heroes and businessmen, and forming a "literati * * *" dominated by literati. Moreover, the prime ministers in the early Han Dynasty were monopolized by the nobility or the military class. Since Liang Wudi took Gong Sunhong as the prime minister, he began to study Confucianism in cloth, breaking the convention of sealing Hou first and then sealing Xiang. Since then, the political power of the Han Dynasty has been transferred from the military to the hands of Confucian scholars, which can also be said to be the spiritual expression of the political transition to civil affairs in the Han Dynasty. On the contrary, the worship of behavior stifled the development opportunities of other sciences, blocked the wisdom of the people, hindered the development of all kinds of ideas and skills, and made it impossible for academics to compete in different ways, which made China culture embark on a narrow road and science stagnated. In the history of China, due to the terrain and climate, foreign invasions were mainly in the north. The enemy of Qin and Han Dynasties was Xiongnu in the north. When Qin Shihuang dealt with the Huns, he adopted an expulsion policy and sent Meng Tian north to chase the Huns and seize the land in Henan. Before the Qin Dynasty was in chaos, the restoration of Xiongnu and its domination of the north were often border disasters. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Huns took the initiative to unify the various parts of the Huns, defeated East Lake and Da Yue in the west, and led a large number of soldiers to ride, which was in a semi-enclosed state. Gaozu sent troops on an expedition, was besieged in Pingcheng, and was defeated, so he switched to Lou Jing's in-laws policy to slow down the troops. In the Wenjing era, the Huns were still plundering the border, and the Han family just sent troops to guard against it at any time, lacking effective countermeasures. When Emperor Wu ascended the throne, his national strength was strong, and he endured humiliation and personal politics, and began a long-term crusade against Xiongnu. The strategy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to attack the Xiongnu is: in the west, cut off the contact between the Xiongnu and the Jiang nationality in Qinghai, and at the same time send Zhang Qian to the western regions to contact the western regions to attack the Xiongnu; In the East, he cut off the relationship between Xiongnu and Manchu, and took the * * * army as the main force in Longxi county as a positive blow to Xiongnu. Many battles and military measures in the future were carried out under this strategic principle. According to statistics, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked Xiongnu on a large scale three times. On the one hand, Liang Wudi cracked down on Xiongnu, on the other hand, it strengthened the northern border defense. Starting from Shuofang in the east and living in the west to this day, field officials have been set up to supervise and station troops, and officials have provided farm tools and seeds. The former grassland pasture has become an agricultural production area, with great economic and cultural development. Moreover, in order to ensure the safety of Hexi region, Liang Wudi has built a new Great Wall, starting from Dunhuang County and connecting to Qin Changcheng. Every five miles and ten miles, this newly-built border town has beacon towers, garrisons and watchmen. In addition, there are many small castles, beacon equipment and more infantry stationed to ensure border security. In addition to the northern expedition to the Huns, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made a Western expedition, successively pacifying Baiyue, Koryo and Nanyi. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty invaded the Xiongnu in the north, fought in the south, and reached the western regions, southwest China and Dongping Korea in the west, which initially laid the territory of the early Han Dynasty, which was wider than that of the Yuan and Qin Dynasties. With the expansion of the territory of the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu, Baiyue and Southwest Yi were all civilized by the Han culture. For example, the Huns Khan surrendered to the Han Dynasty and had a map attached to it. Just like Chinese characters and pictures, Xiongnu was influenced by Chinese culture. Baiyue, Southwest Yi and Han people settled down, and Chinese culture helped all ethnic groups get rid of backwardness and develop into advanced culture. The rule of the Han nationality in all ethnic groups is more civilized than before, and the productivity of all ethnic groups has also improved. However, Emperor Wudi himself was overjoyed, and often used troops abroad, wasting people and money. Li Hua's "Hanging the Ancient Battlefield" "Although the Han attacked the Huns, it was better than the mountains and pillows, which made up for the trouble. "At the same time, it is important to build an official position. It is lucky to travel in major events, especially in old age, which makes the national strength consume. And influence Xuan Di's foreign policy. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented many measures, policies and constructions, which made the Western Han Dynasty enter the golden age, it also led to the decline of the Western Han Dynasty. Politically, the establishment of centralized system and procuratorial system in Liang Wudi led to the emergence of scholars, the expansion of supervision system, the weakening of the title of the country and the strengthening of centralized organizations. However, he used officials, and the laws were harsh, and there were many abuses of power in prison. Moreover, Liang Wudi allowed people to accept Xiaomi's atonement and buy titles with money, which led to corruption, excessive official career, superstition of witches and insects and injustice. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty monopolized the power, so Jiuqing could speak directly to him without going through the Prime Minister, which greatly weakened the power of the Prime Minister and encouraged Wang Mang to usurp the Han Dynasty. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty worshiped Confucianism on the surface and attached importance to law on the inside, so he used officials and was harsh on his subjects. Economically, Sang Hongyang's monopoly policy of salt, iron and wine was adopted, and the law of equal share and loss was formulated, which unified monetary power, emphasized agriculture and restrained commerce, built water conservancy projects, and concentrated financial power in the central government. However, with the implementation of the economic policy, ministers such as Sang Hongyang and Kong Zhi were appointed to compete for profits with the local people. In addition, foreign countries have been fighting for years, and they have also built large-scale projects, digging canals and opening rivers to seal temples, in the southwestern county of Kaibian. When he was a few years old, he fought against Xiongnu, defended the border security, sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, promoted cultural exchanges between China and the West, opened tunnels in the Western Regions, and indirectly developed Jiaoguang Road. However, during the reign of Emperor Wu, he sent troops to attack Xiongnu many times, which consumed a lot of manpower and material resources and put the national finance in a dilemma. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also set up doctors and doctoral disciples of the Five Classics, which is unprecedented today. He also set up a wide range of schools, reused scholars from universities, and formed a bureau of scholars' clothing. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected art and ousted a hundred schools of thought. hundred schools of thought's thought was suppressed, and there was no opportunity for the development of science and technology, which led to the isolation of China culture and the stagnation of science. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did so many things, fortunately, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was good at being virtuous and tireless, and adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, taking Gong Sunhong as the phase, and so on. And in his later years, he was willing to change his mind because of witchcraft. When he repented, the clan killed Jiang Chong and issued an "imperial edict" to stop the foreign war.

Reference: I

young and promising

Expulsion of foreigners

But in his later years, he exiled and destroyed the heroes.

Reference: Man and Land