Review and summary of geography compulsory course 2 in senior high school

Chapter I Population Change

1. The number of natural population growth in a certain area is affected by the natural population growth rate and the size of population base. The decrease of natural population growth rate does not mean that the number of natural population growth will decrease.

2. What are the reasons for the rapid population growth in many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America after World War II?

Due to political independence, the development of national economy, the progress of medical and health undertakings, and the decline of population mortality.

The population policies that developing countries should adopt are: family planning, population control and improving population quality.

At present, in developed countries such as Japan, the social security system is perfect, the concept of fertility has changed, and the population problem is a phenomenon of "old age and few children", which increases the burden on society and families and may collapse the future economic development. Therefore, we must vigorously promote the policy of encouraging births and accept immigrants appropriately.

5. The world population growth patterns can be divided into three types: primitive, traditional and modern, among which:

Europe and North America: Modern Type

Full ball: the transitional stage from traditional type to modern type (essential type or traditional type)

My Country: Basic Modernization

6. Population changes in a region include natural and mechanical population changes (population migration).

7. International migration

Examples of time characteristics

/kloc-international population migration before the 0/9th century ① groups and a large number of immigrants.

② From the old world to the new world15 ~16th century, Europeans and African blacks migrated to America and Oceania.

After World War II, it flowed from developing countries to developed countries;

② Settled immigrants decreased, while short-term floating population increased; (1) Europe has changed from an area where a person moved out to an area where a person moved in;

(2) Latin America has changed from an immigrant area to an emigration area, and a large number of people have flowed to the United States, Canada and Western Europe.

③ Since 1970s, oil exporting countries in West Asia and North Africa have also recruited a large number of foreign workers from abroad.

8. Population migration in China

Time causes, characteristics and significance

In ancient times, it was bound by the rulers and their administrative forces: ① the scale of population flow was small.

① Adjust the spatial distribution of population and the surplus and shortage of talents;

(2) Strengthen national integration and cultural exchange;

③ Promoting economic development and narrowing regional differences.

Fragile agricultural economy

Frequent wars

Natural Disasters ② Large-scale migration from hometown

Since the founding of New China, the planned economic system and strict household registration management system have been carried out in a planned and organized way from the founding of New China to the mid-1980s.

Since the mid-1980s, the national reform and opening-up policy has increased in both flow and frequency.

Spontaneous flow is dominant.

From the west to the eastern coastal cities and industrial and mining areas.

9. Population migration in the United States:

From the late 1960s to the early 1970s, the population of the old industrial areas in Northeast China moved to the "sunshine zone" with new resources and emerging industries in the south and west.

Since 1970s, with the improvement of urban environment and the economic reconstruction of old industrial areas, there has been a phenomenon of population returning to old industrial areas and cities.

10. Main factors affecting population migration:

① Changes in natural environment and socio-economic environment; ② Changes in personal needs for life or career.

Natural environment: climate, water, soil, minerals, etc

Socio-economic environment: economy, transportation, culture, family, marriage, etc.

Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role;

Any kind of factor may become the decisive factor to promote population migration.

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Beneficial impact on immigrant areas: reduce the population density of immigrant areas and reduce the pressure of population on the environment.

Adverse effects: brain drain and labor loss.

Favorable impact on immigrant areas: the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor are conducive to economic development.

Beneficial effects: With the increase of population density, the pressure of population on the environment increases.

14. Constraints of environmental population capacity: ① resources (in direct proportion); ② The level of scientific and technological development (in direct proportion); ③ The living and cultural consumption level of the population (inversely proportional), among which the most important factor is the resource situation.

15. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity?

The international community advocates keeping the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible.

(2) Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

16. How to treat the phenomenon of migrant workers?

Positive ① Relieve the contradiction between labor shortage in big cities and coastal areas, and promote the construction and economic development of population moving into cities.

(2) It has opened up a new source of income for farmers in export areas and eased the pressure of population on the environment.

Negative (1) pressure on the urban environment, leading to traffic congestion, housing shortage, social disorder and other problems.

(2) Migrant workers generally face problems such as low income, insecure housing, and difficult schooling for their children.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

1. Generally speaking, urban land use in plain areas is relatively regular, forming a centralized urban form. Mountains are the opposite.

2. Types of urban form:

Block, strip and cluster

Distribution area Plain areas are forced to extend along railways, rivers, valleys and other rugged hills and mountains.

For example, Chengdu and Hefei in China, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang and Chongqing in the United States.

3. Agglomeration effect of urban land use-the same land use mode often has the same demand for land space and location, which will lead to the agglomeration of the same activities in urban space → functional areas.

4. Comparison of three functional areas:

5. Urban regional structure mode: concentric circle mode, sector mode and multi-core mode.

Mode concentric circle mode fan mode multi-core mode

After constant invasion and migration, the functional areas of the city expand outward from the core in the form of concentric circles. Under the influence of cars, the functional areas of cities often fan out or expand along the traffic lines. With the continuous expansion of the city, some new core points appear in the suburbs far from the city center.

Features ① The central part of the city is the central business district.

(2) The Second Ring Road is a transitional zone. At first, it was a residential area. Later, the environment deteriorated due to commercial and light industrial activities, and finally it became a residential area for new immigrants.

(3) The Third Ring Road is a workers' residential area, and most of the residents moved here from the transitional area because they didn't want to be too far away from the workplace.

④ The middle-class residential area is located between the workers' residential area and the commuting area, with good living conditions.

⑤ The Fifth Ring Road is a commuter belt and a residential area for middle and upper class people. They are developed along high-speed traffic lines. (1) High-rent residential areas develop outward along convenient traffic lines and are interconnected to form a fan shape. The terrain is higher and the environment is better.

(2) With the development of the city, the residential area with medium rent has developed to the side of the area occupied by high rent.

(3) With the outward migration of middle-grade residential areas, the parts near the city center gradually evolved into low-grade residential areas. ① The central business district is the focus of urban traffic.

The wholesale business is mainly distributed near the city center, with convenient traffic conditions and close to the market.

(3) Low-rise residential areas are mostly arranged near the central business district and intermediate residential areas, and intermediate residential areas and advanced residential areas develop to the other side of the city.

The similarities of the three models are as follows: ① Central Business District as the core; ② High-rise residential areas tend to be distributed on the edge of the city far away from the city center, while low-rise residential areas are concentrated near the city center, with intermediate residential areas in the middle.

6. Economic factors are the main factors that affect the urban internal spatial structure, which is reflected in the ability to pay the rent for various activities.

7. The main factors affecting the ability to pay rent are: ① the convenience of transportation; ② Distance from the city center.

8. Schematic diagram of decreasing rent paying capacity with distance for different land use types.

9. The classification of cities in China is based on the size of urban population. Megacities (1 10,000 or more), big cities (500- 1 10,000), medium-sized cities (200,000-500,000) and small cities (below 200,000).

10. Relationship between city rank and service scope: low city rank, few types of services, low level and relatively small service scope; The level of the city is high, the types of services are various, the level is high, and the scope of services is relatively large.

1 1. Influencing factors of Shanghai's urban grade and service scope change:

Shanghai is located at the midpoint of China's north-south coastline and the mouth of the Yangtze River.

(2) Shanghai has a developed railway network, which makes Shanghai have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market.

Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with a flat and open terrain.

12. the relationship between city rank and the number of cities and their mutual distance: the higher the rank, the fewer the cities and the farther apart they are; There are more cities with lower grades and they are closer. (Take southern Germany as an example)

13. Urbanization: the process of population gathering in cities and towns, the continuous expansion of urban areas and the transformation from rural areas to cities and towns.

14. the motive force of population migration to cities

Thrust makes people leave the countryside: the rapid population growth brings great pressure on the land, natural disasters, low income and lack of social services.

The factors that attract people to cities are: many employment opportunities, high social welfare, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation.

15. The most important indicator to measure the level of urbanization: the proportion of urban population to the total population.

16. The significance of urbanization

The city is the economic center of regional development, which can promote regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level will promote the development of the city.

(2) Promote the change of settlement form, mode of production, lifestyle and values.

17. The process of world urbanization:

Common problems of horizontal development speed and regional expansion trend in urbanization stage

At the initial stage, 25%~30% or less, the urban functional land is mixed, and the functional distinction is not clear.

30%~70% in the middle stage, high speed, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, tight housing and so on.

There is a phenomenon of suburban urbanization.

In the later period, more than 70%, high and slow, even stagnant, continue to increase the hollowing out and anti-urbanization of big city centers.

18. Comparison of urbanization between developing countries and developed countries;

[Developing countries] started late and developed rapidly; Low level; Unreasonable development (incompatible with economic development); In the early and middle stages.

[developed countries] started early; High level; There is anti-urbanization phenomenon; At a later stage.

19. Impact of urbanization on geographical environment

Source hazard

Smoke and dust emitted by air pollution generated by urban residents' life; Smoke and dust emitted by industrial and mining enterprises; Exhaust pollutants emitted by various vehicles include smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health (London fog and haze incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain).

Water pollution, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage worsen rivers, lakes, oceans and groundwater, endangering human health and animal and plant reproduction (bone pain, etc.). )

Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction and residents' consumption, and harms human health and the environment (white pollution, waste batteries, etc. )

Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, building construction and social activities, hinders people's rest and work, and harms human health.

20. How to build an "eco-city"?

① In urban construction, develop low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation to reduce environmental pollution caused by various activities; .

② Make the urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas and vegetation, and establish a virtuous circle ("harmony between man and nature").

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

1. Main location factors of agriculture

Natural factors climate, topography, soil, water source

Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, science and technology.

Market is the factor that determines the type and scale of agricultural activities.

2. The essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land.

3. Examples of agricultural dominant location factors:

① Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, and "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei"-a climatic factor.

② Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou-topographic factors

③ Changes of subtropical coastal agricultural landscape in China since the reform and opening up-market and policy.

④ Tea is suitable for acid red soil in South China-soil factor.

⑤ Dairy industry and horticulture industry along expressways in big cities-traffic factors.

4. Changes of agricultural location factors

① Natural factors are relatively stable, and socio-economic factors are developing rapidly.

② Using science and technology to transform natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (expanding the planting range of hybrid rice and rubber trees in Yuan Longping); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables)

(3) The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and regionalized.

5. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and rationally utilizing agricultural land.

6. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia:

Natural location conditions are mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Lack of water resources (although there is a East-to-West Water Transfer Project)

Socio-economic conditions are broad market, sufficient labor force, advanced production methods and technologies, and convenient transportation.

7. The main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia:

Mixed agricultural production structure combining planting and animal husbandry

Mode of operation: family farm

Application of science and technology in rotational grazing, planting high-quality forage and rotation system

Agricultural specialization and regionalization are high.

Development measures of East-West Water Transfer Project

8. Location conditions of monsoon rice field agriculture

Natural location conditions ① monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy summer, suitable for rice growth ② flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management.

Socio-economic conditions ③ Dense population, sufficient labor force ④ There are many people but few places, and the eating habits lead to a large demand for rice.

⑤ Rice production has a long history.

9. Characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture

① Small-scale farming (small production scale); ② High yield per unit area and low commodity rate; ③ Low degree of mechanization; ④ Low level of science and technology; ⑤ The amount of water conservancy projects is large.

10. Main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture:

① mainly planting wheat and corn; ② Market-oriented, with high commodity rate; ③ Large production scale; ④ Mechanization and high level of science and technology.

1 1. Location conditions of commodity grain agriculture:

Natural location conditions ① Excellent natural conditions (mild climate, abundant precipitation, flat terrain and fertile soil).

Socio-economic conditions ② Convenient transportation ③ Broad market ④ Broad land and sparsely populated ⑤ High degree of mechanization ⑤ Advanced agricultural science and technology.

12. The characteristics of animal husbandry in ranch are: ① marketization, ② large-scale production, ③ high degree of specialization (cattle and sheep), ④ large area of arid and semi-arid climate zone, and ⑤ sparse vegetation, which is not suitable for planting and can only graze livestock.

13. Location conditions of grassland pasture in pampas:

The climate is warm and lush.

② The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is very low, which provides the possibility for the large-scale management of pasture;

(3) The location advantage close to the seaport promotes the commercialization of pasture.

14. Development measures of pasture grazing in Argentina:

① Improve traffic (by railway); (2) invented the sea freezing ship; (3) Fence grazing and rotational grazing in different areas.

④ Planting feed ⑤ Opening up water sources (drilling wells) ⑤ Cultivating improved cattle and strengthening the study of bovine diseases.

15. The main characteristics of dairy industry are: ① facing the urban market, with high commodity rate; ② High degree of mechanization; ③ High degree of intensification; ④ Dairy cows are the main production targets; ⑤ Most of them are distributed around big cities (close to the consumer market).

16. the location conditions of dairy industry in western Europe:

Natural location conditions ① The climate is cool and humid, rainy and foggy, with little sunshine, which is conducive to the growth of succulent grass.

(2) The terrain is flat, which is favorable for planting pasture and feed.

Socio-economic conditions ③ High level of urbanization; People have the habit of drinking milk, and there is a great demand for dairy products.

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

1. According to the differences of main location factors, industries are divided into five types:

The reasons for the formation of the main departments of industrial types

Sugar industry, aquatic products processing plants and fruits mainly based on raw materials

Cannery raw materials are not convenient for long-distance transportation or transportation.

The cost of raw materials is high.

Market-oriented breweries, furniture factories and printing plants

The products of petrochemical plants are not convenient for long-distance transportation or transportation.

The product cost is high.

Power-oriented nonferrous metal smelters need to consume a lot of energy.

Ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, packaging tape,

It takes a lot of labor to make umbrellas and shoes.

Technology-based integrated circuits, aerospace, lasers, precision instruments and other industries have high technical requirements.

2. Development and changes of major industrial location factors

(1) The influence of raw materials on the location of the factory is gradually weakening.

② The influence of labor quality on industrial location is gradually increasing.

(3) The accessibility of information and communication networks is becoming more and more important as an industrial location factor.

3. Write down the pollution types and layout requirements of the following factories.

① Steel works-air pollution, solid waste pollution-① should be built in the downwind direction or the minimum wind frequency direction of the local perennial prevailing wind direction.

A headwind or suburb perpendicular to the dominant wind direction; ② Stay away from residential areas and farmland.

(2) Breweries and cement plants-air pollution-should be built in the downwind direction of the local perennial prevailing wind direction or the upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency wind direction.

Built in the suburbs perpendicular to the dominant wind direction

(3) Paper mill-water pollution-sewage outfalls is far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers.

④ Waterworks-pollution-free-upstream of the river, where the water quality is good.

⑤ Ordinary garment factories-pollution-free-places with a large number of cheap labor.

⑥ Chemical plant-air pollution and water pollution-① It should be built in the downwind direction of local perennial prevailing wind direction or the upwind direction of minimum wind frequency wind direction.

Or the suburb of the sewage outlet perpendicular to the dominant wind direction is far away from the water source and the upper reaches of the river.

4. Angang's location advantages: ① close to the origin of raw fuel (dominant), ② close to the market, ③ good traffic, land and water conditions.

5. The location advantages of Baosteel: ① Close to the consumer market (dominant); ② Convenient transportation; ③ Strong scientific and technological strength; ④ The quality of labor force is high; ⑤ Strong funds.

6. Three changes in the location selection of iron and steel industry: big coal field (Ruhr area) → big iron mine (Angang) → consumption area (Baosteel).

7. The influence of social factors on industrial location: national policy: local feelings; Concept and psychological factors of enterprise decision-makers.

8. Industrial linkages: linkages in the production process; Industrial relations in space utilization

9. Advantages of industrial agglomeration: ① It can strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises; ② It can reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products; ③ It can * * jointly use infrastructure and save investment in production and construction; ④ It can further reduce production costs, improve production efficiency and profits, and realize economies of scale.

10. Insufficient industrial agglomeration: it is easy to cause environmental pollution.

1 1. Location conditions for the development of Ruhr area:

Rich coal resources, proximity to iron ore, abundant water sources, convenient transportation and broad market.

12. The main reasons for the decline of Ruhr area are: ① the production structure is single; ② The energy status of coal is declining; ③ Global steel surplus; (4) the influence of the new technological revolution; ⑤ Land shortage, traffic congestion and serious environmental pollution.

13. comprehensive improvement measures in Ruhr district: ① adjust industrial structure ② adjust industrial layout ③ develop tertiary industry ④ optimize environment.

14. Specific measures to eliminate pollution and optimize the environment in Ruhr District: ① Strictly control the discharge of waste gas and wastewater from factories; ② Establish a perfect waste recovery device and pollution treatment system; ③ Carry out large-scale afforestation.

15. Comparison between emerging industries and traditional industries:

Comparative projects, traditional industries, emerging industries in Italy

Large enterprises with production scale are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises (< 250 people).

The main industrial sectors are heavy industry and light industry.

The production process is closely related to the region, and the production process is centralized and decentralized.

Most industries are concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, and most industries with high concentration are scattered in small towns.

Capital concentration is high and low.

16. Italian industrial community

(1) Features: Small and medium-sized enterprises in a region focus on one business activity, and gradually establish mutual trust, relatively stable cooperative relations and production, supply and marketing systems according to the needs of modern operation.

(2) Function: It helps to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

17. the characteristics of high-tech industries are: ① high proportion of scientific and technological personnel; (2) fast growth; The product upgrade cycle is short; ③ Increase investment in R&D; ④ Products facing the world market.

18. The conditions that affect the layout of electronic industry are: ① knowledge and technology intensive (leading factor) ② clean air and beautiful environment.

③ Modern high-speed traffic conditions are available.

19. The favorable conditions for the rapid rise of "Silicon Valley" are: ① superior geographical location, beautiful environment, pleasant climate, convenient transportation, ④ global talent highland (knowledge and technology intensive), ⑤ stable market, superior innovation environment and culture.

At the end of 1970s, American electronics industry was built in Texas, Southeast Asia, Mexico and other places for the following reasons: ① The land of "Silicon Valley" has been completely occupied; Labor, land and housing in Texas, Southeast Asia and Mexico are very cheap.

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

1. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:

Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode

Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.

Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.

Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.

Air transportation is the fastest modern mode of transportation because of its high speed and high efficiency.

Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.

A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.

2. Development trend of transportation: increasingly networking, internationalization, high-speed, large-scale and specialization.

3. Advantages of container transportation: saving packaging costs, facilitating the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ensuring the safety of cargo transportation.

4. Briefly describe the great significance of the construction of Nanning-Kunming Railway to the southwest development.

Economic significance: ① the integration of southwest and south China, the combination of resource advantages and location advantages (conducive to resource development and material export, and promoting the transformation of resource advantages into economic advantages);

(2) It is beneficial to give full play to the economic radiation function of railways and promote the economic development of southwest China (promoting the development of export-oriented economy; It is conducive to developing tourism resources and promoting the development of the tertiary industry).

Political significance: ① it is conducive to consolidating national unity, promoting economic development in minority areas, ② accelerating the pace of poverty alleviation in southwest China,

③ Conducive to social stability.

Strategic significance: ① it is conducive to speeding up the opening up of southwest China and promoting the development of export-oriented economy; (2) consolidate national defense and defend the frontier.

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

1. The development of man-land relationship thought has gone through four stages: ① worshiping nature, ② transforming nature, ③ conquering nature, and ④ seeking harmony between man and land.

2. The ability of the environment to contain and remove human production and living excreta is called environmental self-purification ability.

3. Environmental problems will occur when human beings demand resources from the environment faster than the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or when the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment.

4. Environmental problems are mainly manifested in three categories: resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction.

5. In the vast rural areas, due to improper use of resources or excessive intensity, environmental problems are mainly manifested in ecological destruction, such as soil erosion, desertification, soil salinization, forest reduction, water depletion, species reduction and so on.

6. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries. This is because developing countries:

① The environment is under the double pressure of development and population; (2) the ability of environmental protection is insufficient; (3) The developed countries transfer the heavily polluted industries to the developing countries.

7. The main causes of environmental problems are: ① population pressure; ② Unreasonable utilization of resources; ③ One-sided pursuit of economic growth.

8. The huge population base and high population growth rate have caused great population pressure to the whole world, especially to some developing countries.

9. The traditional development model only pays attention to economic activities and adopts the development model of economic growth at the expense of the environment, which leads to serious environmental problems on a global scale.

10. Sustainable development is a development that not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet needs.

1 1. To achieve sustainable development, we need to follow three basic principles: fairness principle, sustainability principle and * * * same sex principle.

12. In the compound system of sustainable development, ecological sustainable development is the foundation, economic sustainable development is the condition and social sustainable development is the goal.

13. Every country has the right to develop its own natural resources according to its needs and ensure that it will not cause damage to the environment of other countries.

14. The principle of sustainability requires that human economic activities and social development must be kept within the carrying capacity of resources and environment.

15.* * * The same-sex principle requires local decision-making and actions, which should help to achieve global coordination.

16. The inevitability of China's sustainable development: huge population pressure, worrying resource shortage and profound environmental crisis.

17. The main measures to build eco-agriculture in Liu Min village are: ① adjusting the industrial structure; ② Comprehensive utilization; ③ Broaden sources and develop and utilize new energy sources.

18. Circular economy takes environmentally sound technology as the means, takes improving ecological benefits as the core, and uses economic resources and environmental resources in an environmentally friendly way to realize the ecologicalization of economic activities.