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CAPOEIRA?

Also known as: "Brazilian war dance"? "Capola"? "Capoeira"

Originated from Brazil, South America. Due to the slave policy in South America at that time, the nobles and slaveholders oppressed these Afro-Brazilian slaves with violence. When the slaves could not stand the oppression of the nobles and slaveholders, everyone began to resist and fight for freedom, because the hands of these slaves were chained. They were tied up, so many foot attacks were developed to resist the nobles and slaveholders who oppressed them. In the early days, it could be regarded as a fighting skill in Brazil. Later, it evolved into a popular dance art in Brazil, and gradually added accompaniment of percussion instruments. ?CAPOEIRA, a traditional Afro-Brazilian art, is also a dance. Music was used to teach in CAPOEIRA, to take advantage of the center of this melody and to mask its power, in order to appear to the slaveholders as a game, acrobatic dance, and at the same time as a joke. . But in the end, the slaveholders knew the power of CAPOEIRA, so they ordered that CAPOEIRA be banned. Therefore, for nearly four hundred years, CAPOEIRA was taught and practiced in secret. It was not until the 1930s that this traditional African art could be legally taught and practiced. ?Most of the Capoeira we see now has been combined with House to form a new type of dance. As various tribal-style dance music become popular in the world, more House dancers use the dance steps of Capoeira and House, coupled with tribal music to develop New dance styles and performance methods. ? Just like the United States, slavery once existed in Brazil. Slaves were sent to farm fields where sugar and tobacco were the main crops, where the demand for slave labor was very high. During the history of the slave trade, a conservative estimate is that approximately 2 million slaves were brought to Brazil from Africa. These slaves came from different areas of Africa and therefore had a variety of different cultures. They live in three main ports: Bahia, Seaside and Rio de Janeiro. ? In Haixi Fei and Rio de Janeiro, slaves came from a variety of racial groups, sometimes even from hostile races, which made it difficult for these slaves to plot rebellion. Most of the slaves living in Rio de Janeiro were from the Bantu tribe of southern Africa, while elsewhere, like Bahia, slaves were mainly from West Africa. When slaves understood that the conditions of their status—permanently regarded as involuntary labor—could not be changed, they began to flee. ? In Haixi Fei, a group of 40 slaves betrayed their masters, killed all their white employers, and set fire to the farm buildings. They were later freed and found a hiding place from slave hunters. They went into hiding in the mountains, a journey that took several months. Without the help of the Indians, this journey would have been impossible to complete. Finally they arrived at a place they thought was safe, named Palmares (City of Palms) because there were palm trees everywhere. An African community was born here that lasted for nearly a century. The prototype of Capoeira also appeared in this community. ? Although no one will deny that Capoeira was greatly influenced by Africans, there is always a lack of direct evidence that the prototype of Capoeira originated in Africa. All articles on this subject are mostly based on the author's conjecture. The earliest known historical document proposing the Capoeira martial arts was around 1770, long before the emergence of slavery. No further documentation of Capoeira emerged until the early 1800s, in the form of a transcript of the Rio de Janeiro police unit. ? Palmares Palm City? After a few years, scattered settlements were established throughout the mountainous area. The largest of them is Palmares, with more than 200,000 residents, including a small number of Indians and whites. The tribes here, regardless of whether they were foreigners or enemies in Africa before, are united and strive for the same goal. ?The newly formed community was a melting pot of diverse cultures who shared with each other in their new surroundings and learned from each other their dances, rituals, religions and games. As a result of the fusion of multiple cultures, the prototype of Capoeira emerged. Palm City grew rapidly as more refugees arrived in the small African country, and gradually began to worry about the coveted Portuguese colonists. Palm City residents often descended to trade handicrafts, fruits, and animal skins, and occasionally raided farms to rescue more slaves. As more and more slaves escaped, Palm City began to affect the livelihood of farm operations, and the colonists suffered financial losses as the labor force deteriorated. ? In 1630, the Dutch army invaded Brazil, making the situation of the Portuguese colonists even worse. The farm slaves took advantage of this situation and, with the help of Palm City, left the farm one after another and even attacked the Portuguese army. At that time, the Portuguese Army was under attack from both sides. Although the Dutch won in the end, the Africans continued to fight. In 1644, the Dutch formed an expedition to Palm City, but unfortunately nothing was accomplished. The next year, the second expedition team went to the mountains again, but returned without success. ?It is worth mentioning that these expedition teams are composed of experienced and well-equipped soldiers. However, Africans developed a fighting system of "bush warfare" or "ambush".

Capoeira played a key role in the unannounced raids. The slaves' agile and resourceful actions caused considerable harm to the whites. Capoeira became their weapon, a symbol of their struggle for freedom. ?When the expedition successfully reached the mountains, the slaves who were returned to the farms taught Capoeira to the others. Their only day off was Sunday, so they used this time to practice Capoeira. But over the next quarter century the practice of Capoeira gradually changed, with music, singing, dance and ritual being mixed into Capoeira to disguise the fact that the slaves were practicing deadly martial arts. During these twenty-five years, the colonists encountered eleven slave rebellions, until the abolition of slavery reached its peak on May 13, 1888. ?After the abolition of slavery, a small number of former slaves returned to Africa, but the majority remained in Brazil. Farm owners were no longer interested in employing them as laborers, so most moved to the cities to form slums of crude shacks. These people could not find jobs in the city, and many of them later formed criminal gangs. Others, more fortunate, were hired as bodyguards by politicians due to their proficiency in the Capoeira martial arts. The government views this group of people as a "plague." ?The main activity of this group of Capoeiristas is to destroy the political life of the country. In the 1890s, a small number of very influential people in the upper echelons of society also began to practice Capoeira. This was a major threat to the government, and the president established a special police force to control the situation. However, these measures failed to produce results, so draconian criminal laws began to be drafted. Within Title B of the Criminal Code, there are 10 articles specifically targeting Capoeira-related actions, practices and crimes. Later, stronger provisions were added, stipulating that any celebrity who practiced Capoeira would be deported. To enforce these laws, the president hired Sampaio, who was known as the most brutal police officer in Brazilian history, as police chief. Sampaio is determined to stamp out the Capoeira movement everywhere. Interestingly, Sampaio himself is an excellent Capoeira practitioner and a terrifying figure in the gang. ? The special policemen under Sampaio have all learned Capoeira, so they can fight back the "enemy" in the same way. If he did not encounter fierce resistance from the Capoeiristas, he could successfully complete the mission if he had the support of powerful people. An unexpected incident caused Sampaio to end his ruthless capture of Capoeiristas. He arrested Juca, a member of the nobility who practiced Capoeira, demanding that he be deported. This caused a crisis in the government, as members of the president's cabinet opposed the action, as Juca's father was well-known and loved by many political figures. Later, the president held an extraordinary cabinet meeting. 18 days later, two important members of the cabinet resigned in protest, and Juca was expelled. ? After this incident, the behavior of Capoeiristas changed can be expected, and the results of the change are exactly what they intended. Opponents of the government organized a black militia in an attempt to overthrow the president. This militia, composed entirely of Capoeiristas, created an atmosphere of terror in the capital area. The police were helpless against them. Just when the situation was getting out of hand, Brazil suddenly declared war on Paraguay. Black militiamen were sent to fight on the front lines, and these gangsters became national heroes overnight. Thus, the development of Capoeira opened a new page. ? Special topic 1. The history of Brazilian war dance In the 16th century, the Portuguese introduced a large number of black slaves from West Africa to South America, and the number of people transported to Brazil accounted for about 42% of the immigrant population. Among the people sent to Brazil, Bantu people from Angola, Congo, Mozambique and other places accounted for a very important proportion. These new immigrants from Africa brought their religious beliefs and cultural traditions from their homeland to the New World, but due to deliberate suppression by their Portuguese masters, many activities could not be held blatantly. It is said that Capoeira was born in this environment - slaves ostensibly performed this dance as a religious ritual, but secretly used it to practice martial arts in order to one day use it to fight against the masters who enslaved them. Some say Capoeira originated when these black Africans briefly escaped the control of their Portuguese enslavers (between 1624 and 1630, the Dutch invaded Brazil, causing many Brazilian farms or sugar cane plantations to cease, and a large number of slaves fled into adjacent to forested areas), settled in tribal hideouts in forest hideouts, and began to practice and develop an unarmed martial art that could withstand Portuguese attacks. After the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888, many emancipated slaves regained their free status and poured into Brazil's major cities, but they joined gangs because they could not find suitable jobs. In these organizations they continue to practice capoeira, but it is used for criminal or anti-government activities, thus becoming a huge headache for the authorities. This situation led the authorities of the Republic of Brazil, established in Spain, to include provisions prohibiting the activity of Capoeira in the new constitution formulated in 1892, and violators would be subject to very serious penalties.

However, the government's ban did not make Capoeira disappear, it just went underground. This background factor also caused another tradition of Capoeira activities-in order to avoid the pursuit of the police and officials, capoeira Poela participants (called capoeiristas in Portuguese) usually do not reveal their real names during the event, but instead refer to each other by their "nickname" (Portuguese: apelido). This tradition continues to this day, when capoeira dancers pass the baptism ceremony (Portuguese: batizado, similar to the promotion test in other martial arts, but the difference is that batizado is a ceremony rather than a test) When they officially start, they will get their own special nickname. The Brazilian government's ban on capoeira dance lasted until 1930. It was the highly regarded capoeira master Mestre Bimba (Bimba) who led the capoeira movement to reappear. means the external genitalia of a young boy in the local language). Bimba was invited to perform this dance publicly for the first time in front of the Brazilian President in 1937, and was later allowed to establish Brazil's first capoeira school. Since then, capoeira has catapulted from a suppressed underground activity into Brazil's national sport and has quickly spread around the world. The series of systematic Capoeira education methods established by Bimba have made great contributions to the promotion and continuation of the entire Capoeira community, and he is known as the father of modern Capoeira. In 1942, another famous capoeira master, Master Mestre? Pastinha, or Pao Zhenti, meaning "the great good man", opened the first capoeira house in Bahia. Angola Capoeira (Capoeira Angola) School - Angola Capoeira Sports Center (Centro Esportivo de Capoeira Angola, the sports center is located in a slum called "Valinas"). Although Basquiat was not the only person to "create" the genre of Angolan Capoeira, he is usually credited with the title when it comes to who is the ancestor of modern Angolan Capoeira. 2. The Origin of the Name of the Brazilian Capoeira Since it was first passed down from generation to generation in the form of oral history, the origin of the name "Capoeira" and the origin of the dance have long been lost in the torrent of time. There are different opinions on the explanation of its name: some Brazilian scholars believe that it comes from the language of the local indigenous Tupi people in Brazil. When farmers want to carry out fire farming, they burn or cut down the forest to open up the forest. An open space, which may be related to the temporary settlement of slaves in the forest when they escaped; in Portuguese, this word means a large chicken coop or other bird nest, and may be used as a metaphor for the slave trade. A facility for imprisoning goods; the famous Congolese scholar Dr.?K.?Kia?Bunseki?Fu-Kiau believes that the word "Capoeira" actually originates from the Chicongo language ( The word "Kipura/Kipula" in Kikongo (one of the official languages ??of the Congo) means flapping, jumping, struggling, and whipping-these are all attack and avoidance actions performed by two roosters when they fight, so He believes that this word should generally refer to all fighting methods based on cockfighting skills, which is very consistent with Capoeira, a performance that combines dance and martial arts. In Hong Kong, some organizations also translate "Capoeira" as "Brazilian war dance", or call it "Brazilian kick method" because its martial arts style mainly focuses on leg attacks. In addition, most Hong Kong Practitioners are accustomed to abbreviating "capoeira" as "ye milk". 3. Brazilian capoeira genres Capoeira has been developed for hundreds of years, so it is natural that many genres with different styles and emphases have developed. Although such a division may not fully explain the similarities and differences in the performance methods of various schools, and there are also many mixed performance methods with unclear styles, but generally speaking, modern Capoeira can be roughly divided into the following categories: Genre: Angola Capoeira The origin of the name Capoeira Angola is not very clear, but it is generally believed that the name should come from the many Africans who were transported to Brazil. Tu people. Angora Capoeira is usually considered a more orthodox form of Capoeira, usually using slower, lower posture, subtle movements, and allowing two dancers to interact in a relatively close way. Angola Capoeira pays more attention to the religious nature of Capoeira dance and the inheritance of orthodox dance steps. However, although traditional slow dance steps are more common in this genre, there are also Angola-style dances that use fast-tempo music and are very rhythmic, and the differences are quite large. Yegiona Capoeira Yegiona Capoeira or "regional" Capoeira (Capoeira? Regional, regional also means "regional" in Portuguese) is a relatively new style. Martial arts orientation, modified capoeira dance started by Master Bimba.

Master Bimba used such improvements to turn Capoeira into a sport that is more widely accepted by the general public and has a mainstream style. He also hopes that through this method, he can minimize the impact of Capoeira in the underground gang era. bad impression of people. Although Yegiona Capoeira can occasionally be performed with slower music like the Angolan style, generally the style is performed in a very fast, rhythmic way. But what may surprise most people is that Capoeira does not have many fancy performance moves as imagined. On the contrary, its essence is actually a fighting martial art. . Another characteristic that can be seen in the martial arts orientation of Yegiona Capoeira is that this school has an upgrade system similar to that used in other martial arts (such as Taekwondo and Karate). Participants of this sect usually wear a colored rope called a "corda" or "cordão" as a belt to identify their rank. Contemporary Capoeira Contemporary Capoeira (Capoeira? Contemporânea) is not really a genre, but generally refers to some styles that combine Angola and Jergiona styles, and even mix other contemporary dance and music elements. Hybrid Capoeira dance, usually different groups have their own different interpretations. Some very new groups even transform Capoeira into a sports style that focuses on fancy skills rather than traditional cultural expressions. Activity. Some modern popular dances, such as break dance, are believed to be derived from or at least incorporate some of the concepts of capoeira and gradually evolved.