Ancient official immigrants

Gentry-a privileged class of the landlord class (a wealthy family with high political and economic privileges) based on family and family status. Clan, also known as Tuzu, is a privileged class in the landlord class.

Characteristics (special status)

(1) Politically:

Share privileges according to family background and hold important positions for generations; (Nine-grade system is the political guarantee of the gentry system; )

(2) Economically:

The gentry occupied a lot of land and labor, and established a self-sufficient and powerful manor economy; (the system of official occupation of land provided economic security for the gentry system; )

(3) Social life:

Don't marry a commoner, or even sit in different seats;

(4) Culturally:

Advocate empty talk and occupy senior civil servant positions.

Buyi-refers to ordinary small and medium-sized landlords other than gentry, also known as humble people.

develop

(1) Germination (Eastern Han Dynasty)

Politics: Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty advocated Confucianism, bureaucrats started with Confucian classics and gradually formed a state of being an official for life in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Cao Wei carried out the system of "nine grades of justice", which enabled clan landlords to participate in political power by virtue of their family background.

Economy: In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, land annexation was very serious, and gradually formed a powerful landlord force of bureaucrats, businessmen and landlords. The regime of the Eastern Han Dynasty was established with the support of the powerful landlords, so the powerful landlords enjoyed political and economic privileges in the Eastern Han Dynasty. They controlled the central and local governments politically, annexed land economically, managed manors, gradually became independent and became aristocratic families. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, gentry landlords began to form, which provided a class and economic foundation for the establishment of the gentry system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

② Strata (Cao Wei, Western Jin Dynasty)

The formation of gentry system means that the ruling class promulgated various laws and regulations to safeguard the privileges of gentry landlords in political, economic, cultural and social life. The "Nine Grades" system implemented by Cao Wei regime is an important symbol of the formation of aristocratic system. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Southern Dynasty, China was a political group composed of bureaucrats and scholars with special status in society. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars became officials mainly through inspection and recruitment. Those who are promoted and turned over become disciples and followers of the Lord and the Lord. Students and old officials even flatter and bribe to consolidate their interests. Big bureaucrats form groups with their proteges and old officials to increase their political power. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, some official families were formed. These people are the biggest landlords and have a high position in the world, and their proteges and old officials are all over the world, so they are the leaders of literati. The so-called extended family is a family with these characteristics economically, politically and ideologically. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars were first selected to read surnames, so in the investigation and conquest, the children of the Han nationality were given priority as usual. The big family with big gate and valve is a class with special status developed by the big landlords for a long time. The consorts and eunuchs in power should unite with them to deal with them. The power of the extended family in this county is more monopolistic, and it actually rules these counties. At the end of the Han dynasty, the aristocratic families in Wei and Jin dynasties had a great influence, and most of the celebrities came from or were politically combined with their own classes. Because of the life experience of his eunuch family, Cao Cao is generally not respected by celebrities, so he has repeatedly issued the order of "appointing people on merit" and selected those who are despised by celebrities but have the skill of governing the country and using troops. However, Cao Cao not only did not generally deny the moral standards emphasized by aristocratic families, but also attached great importance to the dispute between celebrities. After Cao Cao's death, before Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Han Dynasty, he adopted Chen Qun's Nine-Graded Method, that is, the Nine-Graded Method. At the beginning of the implementation, the decision-making power of scholars' character was in the hands of the government. The government chose public opinion and evaluated the quality according to the quality of talents, which somewhat changed the situation that celebrities judged ethics and manipulated elections in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

(3) Consolidate (Western Jin Dynasty)

After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima family continued to practice the policy of indulgence and netting in order to gain the support of aristocratic children, forming a typical door-to-door politics. In the Western Jin Dynasty, the Zheng Zhi system of the Ninth Class was still used, but Zheng Zhi generally only paid attention to the titles and official positions of the families being assessed, and paid little attention to the real talents, which failed to play a role in selecting talents, so that there were no poor people in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade, and the Zheng Zhi of the Ninth Class was made as a tool to consolidate the strength of the gentry. In the Western Jin Dynasty, it was stipulated that senior officials and dignitaries should occupy the land according to their official titles, and the private dependence on farmers was recognized in the form of decrees nationwide. Although the law stipulates the number of households exempted from state tax and corvee, in the case of occupying a large number of fields, the dependent population of senior officials and dignitaries engaged in labor must be more than the law stipulates. On the basis of occupying a large amount of land and dependent population, the families of senior officials and hereditary titles after the later Han and Cao Wei had a special superior position in politics, economy and society, forming a noble family.

(4) The heyday (Eastern Jin Dynasty)

After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, with the support of the gentry, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was established, and the gentry system in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was fully developed and entered its heyday. The reason is that the Eastern Jin relied on the support of the gentry in the north and south. The Eastern Jin regime is a joint dictatorship of Sima's imperial power, the northern gentry represented by Wang, Yu, Huan and Xie, and the gentry of Wu in the south of the Yangtze River, which is in a non-mainstream position. This political pattern lasted for a century until the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, the influence of the gentry was enough to keep pace with the imperial power and even surpass it. The emperor relied on the support of the gentry, and the politics of the gentry reached its peak. During this period, the gentry occupied a high position in politics, monopolized political power, blocked mountains and rivers in economy, occupied a large area of land and labor, and advocated making it clear in culture. In order to maintain this system, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the gentry attached great importance to the compilation of genealogy and the origin of the gentry's lineage as a proof of their privileges, so genealogy prevailed, and genealogy monographs became a tool for official departments to select officials and maintain the privileged position of the gentry. During this period, the Tu people had political privileges, and the important positions of honest officials were monopolized by gentry. Economically, it owns granges, occupies a large number of land population, and often competes with the government for the labor force population; Culturally, genealogy inherits and occupies a monopoly position, but also advocates genealogy, advocates metaphysics, and is good at dragon calligraphy, painting and other arts; Society does not marry civilians, and so on. The gentry hold the power, but they are unwilling to set foot in practice and decay in indulgence and luxury. However, within the ruling class, there are complex contradictions between the northern gentry and the southern gentry, between the upper and lower classes of the northern gentry, between the Sima royal family and the overseas Chinese family, between the major clans, and between the central and local governments (Yangzhou and Jingzhou). During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the gentry dominated politics. Huan Xuan once overthrew Sima's rule, became emperor by himself, and was killed after his failure.

(5) Decline (Southern Dynasties)

From the late Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasty, the gentry system gradually declined. The root cause lies in the decay of the gentry themselves. Under the gentry system, the gentry, especially the senior gentry, can be an official by virtue of their family background and hold senior positions for generations. The special social environment made many gentry not enterprising, indulged in leisure and debauchery, and disdained government and military affairs. Coupled with the close relationship between gentry, poor physical quality. Therefore, after the war between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the former Qin Dynasty, some generals from civilian backgrounds stood out, showing high political and military talents, and their prestige and power rose rapidly. In the Southern Dynasties, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen were all generals of civilian origin. Although the emperors of the Southern Dynasties could not change the situation that senior gentry monopolized senior officials, they quoted civilian officials and entrusted them with positions with low taste but real power, and shared the privileges of gentry in actual governance. The second reason for the decline of the gentry system in this period was that it was hit by the peasant uprising; The third reason is that the gentry have been hit and weakened by contradictions within the ruling class. The interaction of the above three reasons greatly weakened the class and economic foundation of the cremation system. Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties absorbed the long-standing disadvantages of the autocratic rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the weakness of imperial power, and the separatist regime in Fangzhen, and made efforts to strengthen imperial power. Therefore, although the social and economic advantages of the aristocratic families in the Southern Dynasties remained unchanged, they not only owned a large number of fields, but also closed mountains and occupied water, implemented manor economy, and occupied a large number of fields and mountains and a large number of dependent population attached to the land, but the actual military and political power was greatly weakened, and the political power was mainly out of their hands. In the Southern Dynasties, the distinction between scholars and ordinary people was very strict, and scholars maintained the gate system through official channels and marriage relations, forming a closed group. Officials living in gentry are all considered "honest officials" and generally don't care about political affairs. There are also high and low gentry, and they generally don't marry. Some official positions held by the lower gentry were despised by the upper gentry. The Hou Jing Rebellion dealt a heavy blow to the aristocratic families. In the third year of his holiness (554), western Wei Jun captured Jiangling, captured tens of thousands of gentry and drove them to Chang 'an to be handmaiden. This is a heavy blow to the southern gentry. In the Chen Dynasty, no matter whether the overseas Chinese were gentry or gentry in the south of the Yangtze River, they not only did nothing politically, but also their social prestige and economic status plummeted. The stargate system did not become an empty shell because of the decline of the stargate clan itself. Loss of political and military advantages; With the conflict and intensification of social class contradictions, peasant uprisings broke out one after another, and Han landlords took the opportunity to rise by military force. While suppressing the peasant uprising, we further took the initiative to control the localities, commanded the army, and proclaimed ourselves emperor by force, such as Emperor Wu of Song and Xiao Daocheng. , broke the situation that the landlord at the main entrance dominated the country. At this time, although the clan landlords were in high positions, they had no real power and were bound to perish. Later, due to the chaos of the waiting time and the demise of the Sui Dynasty, the hierarchy of the gate valve was dying, and the landlord of cloth clothes jumped to the main position in politics. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of "Nine Grades of Zheng Zhi" was abolished and the imperial examination system was implemented. "The draft doesn't ask about family background, and marriage doesn't ask about reading." Aristocratic system, which originated in Wei Dynasty and prevailed in Jin Dynasty, finally died out in the political and legal system.

(6) Extinction (Late Tang Dynasty)

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry system gradually died out. One of the reasons is that the imperial examination system was implemented in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which made the landlords with low family status participate in the political power through the examination and destroyed the political foundation of the aristocratic system. The implementation of the land equalization system and the rent adjustment system has enabled some farmers who have no land and little land to get some land, and also ensured farmers' production time. Its prohibition of unlimited land occupation and land sale at will inhibited land merger to some extent, protected yeoman farmers, and weakened the economic foundation of the cremation system to some extent. The second is the struggle for power and interests within the ruling class in the Tang Dynasty. Third, the peasant war further destroyed the decadent cremation system. Since then, the gentry system, which lasted for six or seven hundred years, has finally disappeared on the historical stage.

cause

(1) Historical roots: the development of powerful landlords since the Eastern Han Dynasty.

(2) Political reasons: the ruling foundation of Wei and Jin Dynasties was the gentry, and the emperor was supported by the gentry;

(3) Political guarantee: The Nine Grades System is the political guarantee of the cremation system. (Become a tool for aristocratic families to cultivate private forces and safeguard political privileges,)

Reasons for refusal

(1) Self-decay: decadent and luxurious life and innate privileges lead to the lack of ruling ability and even survival ability of the gentry class;

(2) The internal struggle of the ruling group in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties was fierce, and the common people gradually seized the opportunity to take the initiative;

(3) The influence of the Hou Jing Rebellion. The gentry of Du Nan in Jin Dynasty "slept for a while";

(4) The implementation of the imperial examination system in Sui and Tang Dynasties shook the political foundation of the gentry;

(5) The strike of peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. (completely eliminate the cremation system)

affect

The gentry system runs through the most prominent political characteristics of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is also the manifestation of political corruption and darkness in the Western Jin Dynasty, which determines the bureaucratic characteristics of politics, economy and culture in this period and has a far-reaching impact on later generations.

negative impact

The political and economic characteristics of the gentry system determined that the contradiction between Wei and Jinnan was often particularly acute, which led to the long-term political situation of north-south partition. The gentry grange economy strengthened the closed natural economy and hindered the development of commodity economy. The gentry is a decadent group in the landlord class, which is becoming more and more decadent in the later period, and is a group of social parasites.

Objective and positive role

1. Economically, the gentry's grange economy was feudal land ownership, and the gentry occupied a large number of labor, which strengthened the feudal dependence. Under the turbulent political situation in Wei and Jin Dynasties, farmers were attached to aristocratic families and had relatively guaranteed production conditions, which was obviously beneficial to the development of feudal economy. During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the south was relatively stable. As the core of northern immigrants, gentry landlords came to the south to start businesses. The objective situation makes them the organizers of developing the southern economy. The granges and villas they built in the south, after all, promoted the development of the barren hills in the south of the Yangtze River.

2. In ethnic relations, intellectuals played an important role in promoting the feudalization of northern minorities.

3. Intellectually, technically and culturally, the gentry live a rich life and are qualified to engage in cultural undertakings. Some gentry despise etiquette and advocate personal freedom, and their thoughts are full of imagination and romance. Therefore, during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, they made many achievements in philosophy, literature, calligraphy, painting and science, and they were full of characteristics.

soldier

In ancient China, a certain social stratum with a certain status later evolved into a general term for intellectuals.

At first, it may refer to the samurai who belonged to the same clan as clan and tribal leaders and dignitaries at the end of primitive society. After entering the class society, they became a part of the ruling class. Because learning was in the government in ancient times, only the aristocratic children above the scholar level had cultural knowledge, so the scholar became the name of people with certain knowledge and skills. During the Spring and Autumn Period, countries fought endlessly, the role of infantry increased, the role of chariots and warriors decreased, and the status of scholars changed. In order to expand their influence and consolidate their position, some big officials tried their best to attract scholars to show off, and many scholars took refuge in them.

There are also some scholars who go to funerals as gifts, or run businesses to solve economic difficulties; Others give private lectures and impart cultural knowledge. Since then, a number of taxis specializing in cultural activities have appeared in the history of China. They traveled around the world with active thoughts, and made great contributions to the emergence of a hundred schools of thought in China's ancient academic field and the development of cultural science. During the Warring States period, the war of hegemony and merger became more intense, so the constantly turbulent lobbyists came into being. They travel between countries and act as lobbyists, and strategists are their representatives. At this time, the wind of cultivating scholars in various countries is also very popular.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the connotation of scholar changed further. Scholars, when called scholar-officials, can refer to soldiers in the army, often collectively referred to as officials serving in the central government and counties; Known as a scholar, it generally refers to intellectuals with high feudal cultural literacy and engaged in spiritual and cultural activities. In the Han dynasty, scholars attached great importance to their fame (that is, personality, integrity and academic ability). Once a celebrity, the utilitarian position will follow, so the literati will either focus on integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, and abide by feudal ethics. Or make friends with glitz, make friends with friends, brag about each other, and seek fame and reputation. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, discussion words were very popular among scholars. This kind of personal problem belongs to the folk scope. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Nine Grades System was established, and the right to judge scholars was returned to the government. People who are judged by Zhongzheng are given different grades (native products) according to their virtue and family values, and then awarded various official positions. A person who has not been appraised by Chiang Kai-shek may not be an official. So scholars have the meaning of a certain class.

The opposition between scholars and ordinary people is gradually emerging. All officials with nine grades or above, those who win the first place in authentic products are all scholars, otherwise they are ordinary. Among the scholars, there is also a family, which can be an official by virtue of its parents and grandparents, and an official from generation to generation, especially for the gentry. The gentry reached its peak in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and declined in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the gentry gradually withdrew from the historical stage, but the concept of the gentry as a specific class still existed. After the Song Dynasty, the word "scholar" gradually became the general name of ordinary scholars, and no longer specifically referred to qualified officials.

supplement

During the Warring States period, from Wang Ting to the bottom of society, the figure of "scholar" can be seen everywhere. Exploring the activities of this class is very beneficial to deeply understand the social life, especially the political culture, during the Warring States period.

First, the classification of scholars

According to rough statistics, there are more than 100 titles and special nouns centered on "scholar" in the Warring States literature. This not only shows the complexity of the gentry class, but also shows that their activities are all over the society. In order to distinguish different taxis, people at that time began to classify taxis. Mozi Zashou divided scholars into "advisers", "warriors", "skillful scholars" and "envoys". The Book Emperor of Shang Jun divides scholars into talkers, Chu Shi, warriors, craftsmen and businessmen. In Zhuangzi Xu Wugui, scholars are divided into "scholars", "debaters", "judges", "recruiting scholars from all over the world", "scholars among the people", "men of strength", "men of courage", "men of military reform", "men of haggard", "men of law" and ". According to the characteristics and social status of scholars, it can be roughly divided into three parts:

(1) samurai. Among them, there are different categories. The first category is the armed forces of the country. Due to different skills, positions, arms and countries, there are various titles: chooser, trainer, sharp scholar, elite scholar, good scholar, warrior with halberd, archer, talented geisha, samurai and swordsman. The second kind is chivalrous. In ancient books, they were called "Xia", "Jie Xia" and "Ranger". These people are brave and die for their bosom friends. The third category is "Lux", which refers to strong and brave people.

2 scribes. "Biography of Han Poetry" Volume 7 says: "A gentleman avoids three ends: the pen end of a scholar, the front end of a scholar, and the tongue end of an argument." Here, the author is called a scribe. In fact, intellectuals, including debaters, can all be called scribes. As early as the early Warring States period, Mozi had distinguished the characteristics and different types of literati. He said that people with virtue are "thicker than virtue, eloquent in words and knowledgeable in Tao". Morality, speech and Taoism should be said to be the classification of scholars. There were more than thirty or forty titles about scholars in Historical Records of the Warring States Period. These dozens of appellations can be roughly divided into the following categories. The first category can be called moral type. This kind of taxi aims at moral cultivation. So at that time, many people defined or summarized the characteristics and essence of scholars in the sense of moral quality. As Confucius said, "A scholar takes Tao as his ambition." "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" recorded a conversation with the King of Qi: "Yue:' Today there are people who are filial, loyal to the monarch, the letter of making friends, and the concern of living in the hometown. Are these four walkers scholars?' The king of qi said,' this is really called a scholar.' The names of moral people are: general scholar, male scholar, upright scholar, ambitious scholar, friar, good scholar, faithful scholar, honest scholar, strong scholar and upright scholar. The second category can be described as intelligence. These people focus on knowledge and apply what they have learned. They have the following titles: literati, wanderer, warlock, wise man, wise man, lawyer, eloquent speaker, lobbyist, official, judge and skillful craftsman. Hermits can be said to be attached to or combined with the above two categories, and such scholars are not officials for various reasons. Not being an official does not mean that everyone does not care about the national economy and people's livelihood, social and political events; On the contrary, some hermits have made many comments on the gains and losses of current politics, and even put forward a systematic theory, which has become a unified statement. Some hermits have a high reputation in society. The monarch sent envoys to extend their employment again and again, but they refused to be ordered. Some hermits are temporary, and seclusion is just a wait-and-see technique. Same as or similar to Hermit, there are the following appellations: laity, Chu Shi, Guren, Hehai, Neanderthal, noble birth, noble dignity and idleness. The third category can be described as skill type. These people can be divided into three parts: technicians, businessmen and alchemists. Skilled talents refer to people with one skill and special skills. "Shang Jun Ji Di Shu" said: "The talent of a skillful craftsman is in his hands." Han Fei? Son? Xian Xue said: "Today's business officials and skilled people don't plow or eat. "Businessmen refer to people who manage industry and commerce. For example, Guan Zhong and Bao Shu were both in business in their early years. Fan Li is a typical scholar who gets rich by doing business. Zi Gong is both a scholar and a big businessman. Bai Gui was also a famous taxi and businessman during the Warring States Period. In the Warring States period, there was a saying that "merchants are men". In Shang Jun's Book of Land Planning, it was said: "The talents of merchants lie in their bodies. "The alchemist refers to a scholar who divines, wizards, visits fortune-teller, looks at geomantic omen and asks for fairy medicine. Such as "Xunzi ChristianRandPhillips": "Liang has Tang Ju, people's shapes and colors can be known, good or bad luck can be known, and the demon is auspicious. "During the Warring States period, such scholars were quite active, and some of them participated in state affairs." Jing has a good attitude towards people and things, and what he said is very clear and can be heard all over the country. Zhuang Wang asked after seeing it. "After the reunification of Qin Shihuang", many literary magicians were called to preach peace. The alchemist wanted to practice a magic medicine. "

(3) junior officials. Some junior officials call them "scholars". Specifically, there are the following situations: one is that the subordinate officials of judicial personnel are called "scholars", and Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia says: "A judge cannot rule a scholar, so what?" "Shi Shi" is a senior judicial official, and "Shi Shi" is a paper-level subordinate official. The second kind refers to officials at the grass-roots level. Such scholars have their own places of governance, such as the saying in "No Attack": "Scholars can't govern their own affairs." Guan Zi Ba Guan called "Li Wei" a scholar. The third type generally refers to various officials. Sacrificial ceremony: "Ordinary people, there are no temples in Shu Ren." Note: "Ordinary people belong to government officials."

Some of them are difficult to classify. Such as Warrior, Kingdom of Stone, Shi Xiu, Shi Jun, Martyr, Shi Hao, Che and Du. Through the above classification, we can see the complexity of scholars and their wide distribution in society, indicating that scholars are the most active class in society.

Third, the source of scholars.

Before the Spring and Autumn Period, scholars, as a rank, had relative stability, and Jpua was the "scholar among scholars". By the Warring States period, although scholars still had the meaning of hierarchy, they gradually became a social class. This stratum becomes the intermediate zone of communication and transformation between the upper class (rulers, officials and exploiters) and the lower class (ruled, people and exploited).

Undoubtedly, the evil of nobility is still an important source of literati. Zhang Yi, who is kind to others, was born in "Wei Jia Yu Zi". My son is a supporter. He is also a "Liang" person. Shang Yang was originally "the evil son of Wei Zhi". "Han Fei is from The Son of Han. Such examples abound. In short, the evil deeds and descendants of most nobles and officials belong to this class. Although it is impossible to make specific statistics at present, the number of such figures will not be small. For example, Tian Ying in Guo Jun, Qi Jing has more than forty sons, and it is conceivable how many sins there are. The first stop for these villains is a taxi.

Another source of scholars is from below. This situation appeared as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was more common in the Warring States Period. "On Mozi Shang Xian" said: "People in industry and agriculture, if they can." The so-called "lifting it" first refers to the selection of scholars. Some people who study, the first step is to become a scholar through learning. Ningyue is a typical example of taking learning as a scholar and taking scholars as public servants. "Xunzi Wang Zhi" said: "Although Shu Ren's descendants are also well-written, sincere and can belong to courtesy, they belong to Qing Xiang literati." "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang" contains: "A simple and hard-to-learn scholar will certainly become a scholar." Park Ye refers to farmers. In addition, there are other kinds of lower classes who enter the ranks of scholars through learning. "Xunzi Outline" contains: "Zi Gan (Zigong) and Lu Ji, so I also treat them with courtesy and justice. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Respecting Teachers" contains: "The person is the humble family of Lu; Yan Zhuoju, the thief of Liang's father, studied under Confucius. "Duan Ganmu, a great genius in Jin State, studied from Xia Dynasty." Biography of Old Fei in Historical Records says: "Shen Buhai was a capital, so Zheng was a modest minister." Academically, it's a question of being a Han Zhaohou, showing it and using it. Biography of Historical Records and Gan Mao: Down to Cai. Zheng's counselor is "the son of Liang Jianmen". A historical event that has been active in politics for a period of time is "Shangcai Jian". From the late Spring and Autumn Period, especially after Confucius, the trend of running schools privately prevailed, and dozens, hundreds or even thousands of students were scholars' reserve troops or scholars. The above are the scribes. Samurai are mainly cultivated from the battlefield.

Scholars are the intersection of the upper and lower classes. The greater the traffic, the greater the taxi queue. During the Warring States period, the upward and downward mobility was relatively large, so the ranks of scholars developed rapidly. In addition, the development of scholars is directly proportional to the development of bureaucracy. Scholars are candidates for bureaucrats, and the expansion of bureaucratic ranks will inevitably lead to the expansion of scholars. The Warring States period was a period when bureaucracy was widely implemented, which was a powerful driving force to promote the development of scholars.