Migrant farmers entering the city, urbanization history, urban and rural floating population data, urgent!

The Course of Rural Urbanization in China and Its Enlightenment

Abstract: Different countries are influenced by their own economy, history, culture, institutional environment and other factors, and their urbanization and industrialization development paths and models have their own characteristics. Britain is the first urbanized country in the world. As early as 185 1, there were more than 580 towns, and the urban population accounted for 54% of the total population, which initially realized early urbanization. Its unique development path and mode have been studied, studied and used for reference by countries all over the world. Urbanization is the process of social development and the inevitable product of the development of social productive forces to a certain historical stage. "Britain's urbanization is not a gradual process, but a sudden process, not developed on the basis of feudal towns, but developed in some villages and industrial and mining areas" (Barton, England). Due to the emergence of new industries, a large number of rural people are attracted to cities. Because a city has a large population, it must have a higher economic level than other regions, including production and circulation capacity, in order to survive. Therefore, the emergence and sustainable development of urbanization must have certain social and economic conditions, and modern industrialization has just created the premise for it. The agricultural revolution and commercial revolution that lasted for centuries in British history not only laid the foundation for British industrialization, but also accumulated funds for urbanization and provided cheap labor (Ma Limin, 2007). /kloc-at the beginning of the 8th century, the urban population in Britain accounted for about 20% ~ 25% of the total population, and 180 1 year was 33%. By 185 1, there are more than 580 towns in Britain, and the urban population accounts for 54% of the total population. Britain has basically realized urbanization and become a city. The course of urbanization in Britain shows that urbanization is a transformation from traditional society to modern society. It is not only an economic change, but also a process of population transfer, but a profound social change. 1. Resources, market and industrial structure: the premise of urbanization in Britain. Urbanization is the twin sister of the industrial revolution that followed. The process of industrial revolution is also the process of urbanization, which in turn promotes the completion of industrial revolution. Most of the preconditions for urbanization matured in the industrial revolution. The change of industrial structure and the perfection of market system are the primary conditions of urbanization. After the beginning of the industrial revolution, the status of industry and agriculture has gradually changed, and agriculture has increasingly retreated to a secondary position. The importance of industry is increasing day by day. This structural change depends on the establishment of a sound market system, which is very important for invigorating circulation, expanding foreign trade and promoting the rationalization of industrial structure. Secondly, we can make full use of various resource advantages. It can be said that the development of modern industrial revolution and the development of cities and towns depend on the advantages of energy and resources to a great extent, so the richness of resources restricts the process of industrialization and urbanization. In other words, urbanization needs the interaction of various external and internal factors. The emergence and formation of urbanization need agricultural revolution, commercial revolution and industrial revolution to create conditions for it, in which industrial revolution plays a leading role. When the development conditions of these cities reach maturity, urbanization begins. Once the urbanization process begins, market forces will inevitably attract more people and industries to enter the city. Attracting industry is because cities can occupy the local market on a large scale, provide skilled and unskilled labor, facilitate the use of various forms of auxiliary industries, and show the superiority of agglomeration economy. Obviously, the formation of industrial centers and the spread of industrialization have led to the development of urbanization. The society is centered on the city, the urban population is growing rapidly, and the economic center of gravity is obviously biased towards the city. Cultural and educational undertakings, administrative bases and other important institutions are located here, and the countryside has become a vassal of the city (Ma Limin, 2007). So 15 ~ 16 th century, some small and medium-sized towns in Britain could not grow up gradually without the stimulation of commercial trade and industrial revolution. British experience shows that the commercialization of agriculture is also indispensable to the realization of urbanization. Only when the agricultural productivity is developing day by day, the production scale is expanding day by day, the self-sufficiency mode is broken, and the city is closely linked with the market, then the development and growth of the city will become possible. Agriculture constantly provides food and industrial raw materials for the market, and the development of industry has created a broad market for agriculture. The core driving force of British urbanization is industrialization, which is the inevitable result of the rapid development of cities after the industrial revolution and the beginning of a series of economic and social changes brought about by it. Its occurrence is also closely related to the formation of Britain's domestic unified market and the expansion of foreign trade. The occurrence of urbanization in Britain is also subject to the agricultural economy and rural development in the area where the city is located. This is because, on the one hand, the city determines that it cannot produce agricultural products from the industrial structure, because the city is the place where the secondary and tertiary industries appear and gather, which is the result of industrial differentiation in space; On the other hand, the primary industry, especially agricultural production, should be related to the vast land cultivation area, and the basic production cycle depends on climatic conditions. This feature determines that the primary industry can not gather in cities, but only in wide-area space outside cities. As the primary industry, agriculture has always played an important role in the process of urbanization. Judging from the process of urbanization, the improvement of agricultural labor productivity and the development of agriculture and rural areas have promoted urbanization, which is the premise of urbanization. Historical experience has proved that the premise of British urbanization lies in the development of agricultural productivity and the transfer of rural population (Zhao Xu, 2007). Therefore, a perfect industrial structure under the market system, especially the development of agricultural productivity, is an important prerequisite for urbanization in Britain. Second, "Great Leap Forward" and "laissez-faire": the basic characteristics of British urbanization. The "radical advancement" process of early urbanization in Britain is essentially similar to the "Great Leap Forward" model of shock therapy. This management mode of "radical promotion" and "laissez-faire" is interactive, complementary and mutually causal. In the process of "radical advancement" of early urbanization in Britain, the population of big towns grew faster than that of small towns. For example, in the north of England, especially in West Lancashire and Yorkshire. 1 801~1year, the population of big cities increased by 2.085% on average, while the population of small towns and rural areas only increased by 1.039% annually, and the population growth rate of big cities was nearly1times faster than that of other regions. The population growth rate of big cities reached its peak in1821~1831year. In 10, "the population of Brighton increased by 69.7%, Bradford by 65.5%, salford by 55.9%, Leeds by 47.3% and Liverpool by 45.8%". Most of these cities are northern industrial cities, and the rapid population growth is the result of the rapid development of manufacturing industry, especially cotton textile industry in these cities. The development of some big cities is related to the upsurge of metallurgy, railway construction and foreign trade. Since the industrial revolution, the number of cities in Britain has soared, the urban population has increased, and the rural population has turned to cities and towns in large numbers. It is this kind of population migration and the emergence of new cities that have become the prominent appearance characteristics of urbanization. Without such drastic changes in urban space and region, it can not be regarded as urbanization in the true sense. The early urbanization in Britain was characterized by "laissez-faire", which brought many social problems. On the one hand, urbanization in Britain has brought great material wealth to the bourgeoisie, on the other hand, it has also brought great poverty and disaster to workers. The consequences of Britain's laissez-faire urbanization model are not limited to the deterioration of workers' living conditions, but also directly threaten the health and living environment of the rich (Ma Limin, 2007). No one can avoid air pollution and water pollution in a city, which will hurt the whole city at the same time. However, compared with many later industrialized countries and developing countries, Britain has nothing to catch up with and plenty of time. It is done in a leisurely state of mind and conditions, without any pressure. Iii. Enlightenment from Britain's urbanization road 1. The macro-strategic thinking and system choice of coordinating urban and rural development are the key to promote urbanization. From a macro perspective, the urbanization process in Britain is unbalanced and blind. Therefore, the rapid development of urban scale has led to serious "urban diseases", which not only hindered economic development to a certain extent, but also caused many social problems. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the theory of urban planning and construction-the concept of garden city appeared in Britain, which combined urban problems with rural problems. By World War II, the whole country in Britain had reached the understanding of carrying out urban and rural planning nationwide, thus creating the first complete urban and rural planning system in the world and promoting the solution of urban and rural problems. The reason for this situation in Britain is that the government does not realize the impact of urbanization on economic development, which has a negative effect on economic development and social progress. Therefore, in the process of urbanization, China must formulate corresponding urbanization development strategies according to the actual situation of various regions in the country, and cannot repeat the mistakes of British history. 2. The development and optimization of agricultural productivity level and structure is the premise of promoting urbanization. Urbanization is the general trend of human social development, and the process of urbanization will inevitably lead to the decline of rural areas. But agriculture will not disappear, and neither will the countryside as a place for agricultural production. This is because, on the one hand, agriculture ensures the feeding of a country's population; On the other hand, from the perspective of sustainable development, agriculture has the function of maintaining and improving ecological balance and creating a good living environment, and is an indispensable industry for human survival and development. 3. Forming a "push-pull" mechanism to promote the rational and benign flow of population is the focus of urbanization development with China characteristics, vigorously developing industrialization and promoting the transfer of rural labor force to cities. Establishing a complete "push-pull" mechanism of population flow is of decisive significance for China to complete the transfer of labor force to cities. Most western countries with relatively successful urbanization are also countries with relatively developed industrialization, and farmers' leaving agriculture is mainly caused by the strong attraction of cities (towns). In these countries, industrialization, rural labor transfer, agricultural modernization, the establishment of a modern national economic system and the rise of cities are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, and finally move towards modernization. The typical example of farmers' non-agriculture in China is the squeezing transfer of rural labor force. Farmers are only "pushed" out of the land by agriculture, but "away from the land" will not become urban population. At least most of them will not become a stable urban population, and the process of rural labor transfer is only half completed. Therefore, it is necessary to have a relatively perfect industrialization and urbanization system to attract them and form a complete "push-pull" mechanism, so that farmers who leave the countryside can change from geographical space to lifestyle and social identity and become real citizens. 4. Vigorously developing township enterprises is the fundamental way to relieve the pressure of urbanization and industrialization. The process of urbanization and industrialization is not synchronized, which determines that rural industries should be vigorously developed under the condition that urban modern industries have not been established, so as to alleviate the employment pressure brought by the rapid transfer of labor force to cities and prepare conditions for the transfer of labor force to cities. Industrialization often lags behind urbanization, which makes the labor force transferred to cities unable to find enough jobs and achieve full employment, leading to an increase in unemployment rate and even serious social problems. If the development speed of industrialization exceeds that of urbanization, the shortage of labor resources will also limit the rapid and healthy development of the economy and inhibit the development process of urbanization to a certain extent. At present, the urbanization of China is at a critical stage. The surging tide of migrant workers shows that industrial development has lagged behind urbanization, and if it is not solved well, it will bring some thorny social problems. The British government's support for farmers to develop rural industries provides a reference for China. In fact, the "Sunan Model", "Wenzhou Model", "Pearl River Model" and "Jiaodong Model" which have sprung up all over the country since the reform and opening up have blossomed everywhere, and they are similar to the "original industry" in Britain hundreds of years ago in absorbing rural surplus labor. Therefore, the development of township enterprises will not only rewrite the history of "focusing on agriculture and grain" in rural areas, but also herald a new prospect of rural labor transfer-urbanization. 5. Establishing and perfecting the social security system is an important way to reduce the social cost of urbanization. Establishing and perfecting the social security system suitable for the characteristics of urbanization in China is an important institutional guarantee for realizing industrialization, urbanization and properly solving the problem of rural labor mobility. The government's attitude towards population mobility has an important influence on the process of labor transfer and urbanization. After playing an important historical role, the traditional household registration management system in China did not naturally withdraw from the historical stage, thus limiting the development speed of urbanization in China. In addition, violence deprivation based on simple relief and appeasement policy has restricted the process of rural labor transfer in some countries such as Britain. Therefore, the government's compulsory intervention should be based on respect for economic laws. In the case that rural surplus labor forces flood into cities and towns, and it is difficult for urban economy to absorb a large number of employed people, the government should establish a systematic social security system such as unemployment relief, old-age insurance, labor skills training and medical services, so as to reduce the impact of excessive rural migration on urban economy, thus reducing the negative effects brought by labor transfer and minimizing the social cost of urbanization.