During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, what development did the southern economy have?

During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, south china agriculture developed generally. The more prominent areas are Jing and Yang in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Yangzhou was the most economically developed area during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties. Among them, the capital Jiankang and its surrounding areas have developed rapidly. The Eastern Jin Dynasty established Xinfengtang in Qu 'a (Danyang, Jiangsu), which irrigated more than 800 hectares of land. More than 4000 hectares of wasteland were reclaimed in the lake in the Song Dynasty. Song immigrated to Jingkou and Gushu, and built Chishan Pool in Jurong. Yangzhou has a vast territory and a rich population, and people are diligent and diligent. When they were one or ten years old, they forgot hunger in several counties. " Sanwu (Wu Jun, Xing Wu and Huiji) is the most important base of the Eastern Jin government, and its economic development is particularly prominent. The Eastern Jin Dynasty built Tang Di in Wucheng, Xing Wu (Huzhou, Zhejiang) and irrigated thousands of hectares of land. Song built ponds in Wucheng to irrigate more than 2,000 hectares of farmland; Reclaiming lake fields in Huiji District "has become a good business". The expenditures of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties mainly depended on the Three Wu Dynasties. The Jingxiang area around Dongting Lake is also developing rapidly. After Liang stopped his troops in Yiyang (Xinyang, Henan) town, "the rivers and lakes have to rest and open up 6,000 hectares of land. Two years later, the granary was full. " The surrounding areas of central Fujian and Poyang Lake, which are adjacent to Zhejiang, are also developing rapidly. In addition, the land in Huainan area is fertile and refugees are concentrated. There is an irrigated farmland near Shouchun, which is an important grain producing area. Before Yuanjia, Huainan was an economically developed area. At the end of Yuanjia, Huainan was destroyed by the Song and Wei Wars. After the management of Qi Liang, the production in some areas between Jianghuai has also been restored and developed rapidly. Yizhou is known as "fertile land" and is rich in products. Guangzhou is also a rich economic region.

Handicraft industry development

During the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, the textile industry was relatively developed, and the sericulture technology was considerable. In Zhang Yu and other places, silkworms ripen four or five times a year, and in Yongjia and other places, silkworms ripen eight times a year. Silk, cotton, silk and cloth were the main items of tax adjustment in the Southern Dynasties, so textile was a common sideline for the people. Among them, Jingyang's textile industry is particularly developed. Jinye has long been famous in Yizhou. After Emperor Wu of Song destroyed the Qin Dynasty, Jin Hu moved to Jiangnan. In the late Southern Dynasty, the brocade industry also developed. Rich people wear embroidered skirts and brocade shoes, with colorful silks as miscellaneous flowers, silk as clothes and brocade as obstacles. During the Southern Dynasties, the government set up special officials to manage mining and metallurgy. There are East and West Smelters in Jiankang (South Smelter in Song and Qi Dynasties, then abandoned), and there are metallurgical orders in counties. In addition, there are many private workshops. In terms of smelting and casting technology, water exhaust and blast smelting and casting have been applied in the Southern Dynasties. Great progress has also been made in steelmaking technology. At that time, a method of pouring steel with pig iron and wrought iron was invented, that is, pig iron and wrought iron were mixed and melted. When the temperature reaches, pig iron is first melted and infiltrated into wrought iron, and then taken out and repeatedly tempered to become high-quality steel, which is used to make swords, knives and sickles. By the time of the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty, the firing of porcelain had reached a mature stage, and there was a new development in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties. At that time, the representative product of porcelain was a kind of celadon with perfect green glaze, which was produced in Huiji County (Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). Celadon has pure fetal quality, high hardness, uniform glaze color, green color and beautiful shape. According to archaeological excavations in recent years, porcelain-making techniques in many areas of the south of the Yangtze River have gradually become famous and have their own characteristics. The shipbuilding industry has made great progress on the basis of the State of Wu. Only a large number of ships are used for transportation and combat. There are often ships sailing between the East China Sea, the South China Sea and inland rivers, and the largest can carry 20,000 tons. The paper industry has made new progress. Calendering and dyeing are the new achievements of papermaking technology in this period. At that time, there were many names of paper, among which rattan corner paper made of rattan skin was an excellent paper. The development of paper industry played a positive role in the development of culture at that time.

Commercial development

The development of agriculture and handicrafts, coupled with the vertical and horizontal rivers and convenient water transportation in the south of the Yangtze River, provide the foundation and favorable conditions for commercial development. The gentry annexed the land, and the government imposed heavy taxes and corvees, so many small and medium-sized landlords and farmers were forced to engage in vendor activities. Noble bureaucrats enjoy the privilege of exemption from customs duties and Tianjin tax. At the end of their term, they took a lot of goods as a "return on capital" and then resold them to various places. The government expropriated the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Farmers are forced to sell their only agricultural and sideline products because they are asked to pay rent at a discount. Therefore, the phenomenon of abnormal commercial development appeared in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, the important cities in the south were Jiankang, Jiangling, Chengdu and Panyu (Guangzhou). Jiankang was the political center of the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties and the economic center of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Here, "tribute business travel, tens of thousands of ark." During the period of Liang Xiao, there were 280,000 residents in Jiankang City. There are four cities in the city and more than ten cities in the north of Qinhuai. Huiji, Wu Jun, Yuhang and other places are also "merchants gathered".