Swiss Federal Institute of Technology immigrants

Born in Germany, 190 1 obtained Swiss nationality. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship.

[Name] Albert Einstein (Jewish theoretical physicist)

■ Being Jewish

■ Born in Germany

■ Published the theory of relativity in Switzerland.

■ Obtaining American citizenship

1879 On March 4th, Einstein was born in the German city of Ulm. 1933, after Hitler came to power, Einstein left Germany forever. After that, he obtained permanent residency in the United States and soon became an American citizen. 1955 April 18, Einstein died in Princeton.

Einstein once called himself a pacifist, but his role during World War II has been controversial. Einstein has always been firmly opposed to the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler. Although he is not a bomb expert, his theory that tiny matter can release huge energy gave birth to nuclear energy and atomic bomb. 1939, Einstein also sent a letter to US President franklin roosevelt, warning that Germany was developing a nuclear bomb and demanding that the United States speed up the manufacture of nuclear weapons. After the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, Einstein founded the "Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists" and turned to the peaceful use of atomic energy, urging countries to give up the use of atomic weapons.

The year 2005 is the 0/00th anniversary of the birth of the famous theory of relativity/KLOC-and coincides with the 50th anniversary of the death of Albert Einstein, the founder of this theory, so this year is designated as "Einstein Year". The German government announced the launch of the celebration of "Einstein Year" in Berlin on June 5438+09, which set off an "Einstein fever" all over Germany. However, there are three other countries in the world competing with Germany for Einstein's ownership.

A century of "relativity"

The centenary of the birth of the Theory of Relativity officially began in Germany on 19. That evening, German Chancellor Angela gerhard schroder gave a speech at the German History Museum in Berlin. Schroeder praised Einstein's persistence in ideals and courage to break away from convention, and considered him a staunch opponent of nationalism, racism and their "idolatry".

100 years ago, Einstein's "special theory of relativity" came out. This year, he published three papers with world influence in succession, which demonstrated the real existence of atoms, explained the motion law of particles and put forward the "photoelectric effect".

Origin with the four countries

Not only Germany is solemnly commemorating Einstein, but Switzerland, the United States and Israel are also vying for the ownership of this great scientist. Although Einstein was born in March 1879 to a Jewish family in the southern German city of Ulm, his studies were completed at the Swiss Institute of Technology (ETH), and he finished in Bern, the capital of Switzerland, where he finally published his most famous theory-Relativity in June 1905. From 19 14, Einstein began to work in Berlin, the capital of Germany, but in 1933, out of fear of the Nazis chasing Jews, he moved to the United States and obtained American citizenship. Israel is proud because Einstein was a Jew.

Germany aims to promote scientific innovation.

The reason why Germany commemorates the 0/00th anniversary of the Theory of Relativity/KLOC-with great fanfare is mainly to promote scientific innovation in Germany. Germany has always been famous for its great philosophers and scientists. However, in recent years, Germany has suffered from brain drain. Many German scientists went to famous American universities.

"Einstein represents what this country needs most-the desire for thinking and discovery. Einstein's becoming an idol has a positive influence. If he can arouse the research enthusiasm of future generations 50 years after his death, the humorous physicist certainly won't mind, "commented the German daily Sü ddeutsche Zeitung.

Einstein himself once wrote in a letter, "Berlin is the place where I have the closest connection with science." Therefore, the main celebration of "Einstein Year" in Germany will be held in Berlin. This year, the Germans will decorate many buildings in Berlin with Einstein's famous words. For example, the German Chancellery will unveil Einstein's famous saying "the country is for the people, not the people for the country" on February 1 day. In addition, there will be a ship named "Einstein" with various exhibits on it, which will tour the cities along the river in Germany.

Introduction of Einstein

Einstein was the greatest natural scientist in the 20th century and the standard-bearer of the physics revolution. 1March, 879 14 was born in Ulm, Germany, a small business owner's family. A year later, my family and I moved to Munich. My father and uncle jointly set up an electrical appliance factory there to produce motors, arc lamps and electrical instruments for power stations and lighting systems. Under the influence of engineer He's uncle and others, Einstein was enlightened by science and philosophy earlier. 1894, his family moved to Milan, Italy, and Einstein, who continued to attend middle school in Munich, gave up his student status and German nationality and went to Milan alone because he hated the militaristic education that German schools stifled free thinking. 1895 transferred to the state middle school in Arau, Switzerland; 1896 studied physics at Zurich Normal University of Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 1900 graduated. Because of his unruly personality and habit of independent thinking, he is dissatisfied with his professors. He lost his job as soon as he graduated from college and found a regular job two years later. 190 1 acquired Swiss nationality. 1902 was hired as a technician by the Berne patent office in Switzerland, engaged in the technical appraisal of invention patent applications. He used his spare time to do scientific research, and made historic achievements in three different fields of physics in 1905, especially the establishment of special relativity and the proposal of quantum theory, which promoted the revolution of physics theory. In the same year, he received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Zurich with his thesis "A New Method for Determining Molecular Size". From 65438 to 0908, he was a part-time lecturer at Berne University, and since then he was destined to work in academic institutions. 1909 left the patent office and became an associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. 191/kloc-0 was a professor of theoretical physics at the Deutschland University in Prague, and 19 12 was a professor at his alma mater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 19 14 years, at the invitation of M. Planck and W. Nernst, he returned to Germany and served as the director of the Institute of Physics of Emperor William and a professor at Berlin University until 1933. 1920, at the invitation of H.A. Lorenz and P. Ellenffest (that is, P. Erzenfest), distinguished professor of Leiden University in the Netherlands. Less than four months after returning to Germany, World War I broke out and he devoted himself to public and underground anti-war activities. After eight years of hard exploration, he finally established the general theory of relativity in 19 15. His prediction that light will bend after passing through the gravitational field of the sun was confirmed by the observation results of the total solar eclipse in 19 19 by the British astronomer A.S. Eddington and others, which caused a sensation all over the world. Einstein and the theory of relativity are well-known in the west, and they have also attracted vicious attacks from chauvinists, militarists and anti-Semitists in Germany and other countries. 1933+ 10 After the Nazis seized the German regime in October, Einstein was the primary object of persecution in the scientific community. Fortunately, he was lecturing in America and was not killed. Returning to Europe in March, he took refuge in Belgium. On September 9, he found himself being followed by the Gestapo who planned to assassinate him. He crossed the ocean in the starry night, moved to Princeton in the United States in June 5438+10, and served as a professor at the newly-built Institute for Advanced Studies until his retirement in June 5438 +0945. 1940 Obtaining American citizenship. 1939, he was told that uranium nuclear fission and its chain reaction were discovered. Under the impetus of Hungarian physicist L. szilard, he wrote to President Roosevelt and suggested developing an atomic bomb to prevent the Germans from taking the lead. On the eve of the end of World War II, the United States dropped atomic bombs over two Japanese cities, and Einstein was strongly dissatisfied with this. After the war, the United States waged unremitting struggles and launched a peaceful movement against the dangers of nuclear war and fascism. 1955 April 18 died in Princeton due to ruptured aortic aneurysm. According to his will, there will be no funeral, no grave, no monument, and the ashes will be scattered in a place that will always be kept secret, and no place will be sacred.

He has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he proved the existence of atoms by experiments, founded the theory of relativity and developed the quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck. Einstein, a famous German physicist, made outstanding contributions to the development of modern physics all his life. His most outstanding achievement is to break through the framework of Newton's classical physics and create the theory of relativity suitable for the field of microscopic high-speed motion.

Before Einstein, since ancient times, people thought that although matter existed in time and space and their movement was restricted by time and space, time and space were not affected by the distribution and movement of matter. In this way, time, space, matter and movement are completely separated and isolated. Newton, a gifted physicist, also believed this view and put forward the concepts of absolute time, absolute space and absolute motion. Einstein disagreed with Newton's view of absolute time and space and absolute motion. Starting from the limited speed of light, he proposed that the time simultaneity of the universe is relative to a certain reference system, for example, the time of events on the moon is relative to the earth reference system. Based on the relativity of simultaneity, he denied Newton's concepts of absolute time, absolute space and absolute motion. Because the simultaneity of time is relative to a certain frame of reference, it is relative; And movement is closely related to time, so movement is also relative. Looking at the earth in isolation, its movement does not exist; Space and time are closely linked, so absolute space does not exist. Thus, Einstein linked seemingly unrelated time and space, making them a closely linked unity of opposites, and founded the special theory of relativity in 1905.

19 16 years, Einstein further completed the establishment of general relativity after 10 years of exploration. General relativity is a new theory of gravity without gravity and a physical law applicable to all reference systems. It is different from special relativity, which only applies to physical processes without gravity. The reference frame of relative motion of a straight line with uniform speed is studied. General relativity studies the frame of reference of any motion, which is not only applicable to the frame of reference of straight line and uniform motion, but also to the frame of reference of accelerated motion and rotary motion, so it is the second floor of the building of relativity. General relativity further shows that time and space are not isolated, and the distribution and motion of matter in turn determine the structure of time and space. They also influence each other and are the unity of opposites. Einstein's theory of relativity is the most important achievement of modern science and technology in the magical century, which led to a complete revolution in ancient physics, completed the third theoretical synthesis of physics, and further laid the cornerstone for the development of modern physics.