How many stone fences have been built in the Great Wall?

It is really impossible to know how many stones there are in the Great Wall, but I will send you the structure of the Great Wall. City wall structure

Don't think that the walls of the Great Wall are not important. Without this beautifully designed wall, the Great Wall would not exist.

The city wall is the main part of the city wall, with an average height of 7.8 meters, and some sections are as high as 14 meters. Where the mountain is steep, the building is low, and the flat place is high. The key places are higher, and the general places are lower. The wall is the main part to defend the enemy, with a wide total thickness, a foundation width of 6.5 meters and an average floor width of 5.8 meters to ensure the parallelism of the two carriages. The wall consists of an outer eave wall and an inner eave wall, and the inner eave wall is filled with soil and gravel. The cornice wall refers to the side of the outer skin wall facing the city. There are obvious points in the construction, and the points are general. It can increase the width of the lower part of the wall, enhance the stability of the wall, strengthen its defensive performance, and make the outer wall magnificent. The inner cornice wall refers to the inner side of the outer skin wall, which is generally made into a vertical wall without obvious points. Regarding the thickness of the cornice wall, the thickness of the wall at the "crib" shall generally prevail. The thickness here is generally one and a half bricks wide, and the thicker it goes down according to the proportion of points.

The structural content of the wall depends on the local climate conditions. Generally speaking, the Wan Li Great Wall has the following construction methods:

(1) version of rammed earth wall: version of rammed earth wall is the earliest method to build city walls in China. It is made of wooden boards, filled with clay or limestone, and tamped layer by layer with a pestle. Along the Great Wall, you can see many rammed earth walls. Some are made of mud and sand, and then tamped with branches of red willows or reeds. Others are made of clay. Her height is generally about twice the thickness of the bottom, and the width of the top is a quarter to a fifth of the height of the city wall, so the city wall has obvious points. This kind of wall has a certain bearing capacity, which can prevent the enemy from moving and the cavalry from attacking with cold weapons (knives, guns, arrows, etc.). ), and can use local materials, so the construction is also very simple. Therefore, the Great Wall before the Sui Dynasty was mostly built with rammed earth walls. The rammed layer in the Han Dynasty was in the Tang and Ming Dynasties, and the rammed layer was about 30 cm. However, this kind of wall is easy to be destroyed by the enemy, not resistant to wind and rain erosion, and will collapse on its own after a long time. For example, in Yumenguan and Fengtai of the Great Wall in the Han Dynasty, there were obviously wooden fences regularly spaced a few meters apart, which still exist today. However, in some buildings in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Ming Dynasty's Suoyang City and Datong Castle, some wooden sticks decayed, and some corrosion-resistant wood remained. Reed stalks are regularly distributed in the square town of Yumenguan. The distance between the top, bottom, left and right sides is about 20 cm. The Great Wall in Han Dynasty was thick enough for two soldiers in full armor to pass through each other. The existing thickness exceeds1.2m.. The height of the city wall is about 8 ~ 18 meters, which reflects the overall firmness and skill of the fortification.

(2) Adobe wall construction: firstly made of clay, then dried with clay as cementing material, and built into bricks, with a layer of yellow mud as protective layer outside the wall. Like the walls of Jiayuguan, many places are adobe walls. The bearing capacity and function of this kind of wall are basically similar to that of rammed earth wall. It is also made from local materials, but it is more convenient than rammed earth buildings and requires little.

(3) Brick wall: After the Tang Dynasty, brick-making technology was developed, and the team gate and the nearby city wall began to be made of bricks and filled with loess. The wall built in this way is much stronger than the rammed earth wall. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, bricks were relatively expensive and could not be widely used. By the Ming Dynasty, not only the brick-making industry was big, but also the output of bricks was greatly increased and the price of bricks was low. Bricks have been widely used to build walls for residents. Because brick walls can not only bear larger vertical loads, but also have higher strength than brick walls and adobe walls. So at this time, brick walls are also used to build walls. Brick walls can not only effectively prevent enemy movements and cavalry attacks, but also resist firearms attacks at that time. So in the Ming Dynasty, not only many places, counties,

Bricklaying should use cementing materials, yellow mud was used before the Song Dynasty, and lime mortar was gradually widely used after the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, lime mortar and glutinous rice juice were widely used as cementing materials when building city walls, which greatly increased the cementing force. In many areas of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, glutinous rice juice was used to mix mortar, and the mortar bonding force between brick joints is still very strong today.

(4) Masonry wall: It is a wall made of stones. Some rocks are processed into stones, and some are crushed stones, so that the wall built in this way can bear greater vertical load, resist the attacks of various weapons at that time, and resist the erosion of nature. Because many sections of the Great Wall are built on the ridges, it is more convenient to use bricks and stones. The Great Wall near Badaling is made of huge stones. Lime is used to stagger the stones on each floor.

(5) Mixed masonry: Because the rock has good bearing capacity and can resist natural erosion, many gates, city walls and many sections of the Great Wall are based on strips of stones: they are built to a height of more than one meter, and then giant blue bricks are built on them. Bricks are used to build the upper layer of city walls because of their small size, light weight, flexible use and easy construction. The mixed masonry wall was stronger in structure and stronger for all kinds of weapons at that time.

Bricks, stones and masonry are used to build city walls. When the terrain slope is small, the bricks or stones laid are parallel to the terrain, while when the local potential slope is large, they are laid by falling horizontally.

Structure of pass

Pass is an important garrison base along the Great Wall, and its location is mostly chosen on the throat road in and out of the Great Wall. The whole pass structure is generally composed of square or polygonal walls, gates, towers and crocks, and some are Los Angeles and moats.

(1) Wall: The wall of the Great Wall here is generally strong. The inner and outer eaves are mostly wrapped in huge masonry, filled with loess gravel, and the height is generally around 10 meter, which not only makes it difficult for the siege enemies to climb, but also gives people a daunting feeling. At the top of the city wall, there are usually four horses riding side by side, which is four or five meters wide, so that the troops can maneuver and transport food in the battle.

(2) City Gate: The city gate is a passage in and out at ordinary times and an exit to counter the enemy in wartime. In the early days, wooden lintels were often used. After the Yuan Dynasty, arched doorways were generally built with bricks or stones. In order to increase stability, most of the abutment near the city gate is built of stone. Many city gates are engraved with the name of the door. The door is filled with huge double wooden doors, which are covered with iron sheets and inlaid with huge nails. The inside of the door is equipped with latches and locking rings.

(3) City Gate Tower: The city gate tower is generally built above the city gate. It is the observation post and command post of the battle, and also the battle stronghold. Most of the city gate buildings are one-,two-or three-story wood structures and brick-wood structures, and the roofs are mostly temple-style or suspended-hill-style structures. These structures generally adopt bucket arches. And the whole building is decorated with paint. This makes the whole tower not only rich and colorful in art, but also adds its solemn and majestic spirit to meet the functional and aesthetic requirements of fighting. Shanhaiguan's "the first pass in the world" gatehouse is a two-story building that rests on the top of a mountain. The two three-story towers on the platforms of the "Guanghuamen" and "Rouyuanmen" squares in Jiayuguan were painted orange by the sun, and the green glazed tiles on the roof of Xieqiu glistened, and the roofs were decorated with animal-shaped tiles. Lions and other animals appear smarter and more active. Under the tower of "Moon Gate", the cloister with bright columns and red paint and carved beams and painted buildings is colorful, which shows the superb architectural technology and art in ancient China and adds luster to the architectural treasure house of the motherland.

(4) Shuiguan: The Great Wall lies in various channel structures designed at the intersection of valleys and valleys to achieve the purpose of water flow passage and defense. The famous ones are Jiumenkou Great Wall, Badaling Shuiguan and Huangyaguan Great Wall Watergate.

(5) Wengcheng: Wengcheng is called "Wengcheng" because it builds a "∏"-shaped wall and forms two walls outside the expected main attack direction of the enemy. Its function is to increase the defense depth and strengthen the defense ability of the city gate. Wengcheng also has a city gate, but its main axis direction is perpendicular to the direction of the main city gate. This is to strengthen the defense and enable the enemy to attack the gate of Wengcheng. At the same time, it is also convenient to shoot down the enemy on the wall. For example, the East Gate of Shanhaiguan City, formerly known as "Town East", is facing the outside of Shanhaiguan. Some people describe its danger with the poem "The lock and key of the two capitals are unparalleled, and the Great Wall of Wan Li is the first pass", so there is a solid urn with the door facing south and perpendicular to the main axis of the East Gate. The axes of "Rouyuan Gate" and "Huiji Gate" in Jiayuguan are.

(6) Luocheng: Luocheng is a "∏"-shaped wall built outside the expected main attack direction of the enemy. But this wall is relatively long, which not only covers Wengcheng, but also covers a long section of the inner city wall. On the west side of Jiayuguan Wengcheng, five or six meters apart, there is a nearly 200-meter-long Luocheng, which is the first line of defense of Chengguan. Generally, towers are also built to observe the enemy and direct operations. Watchtowers are generally built at both ends of the city wall to strengthen observation and patrol. Jiayuguan's Los Angeles Road and the inner city form a heavy wall, which is the front line of defense facing the enemy's main attack direction.

(7) moat (moat): the moat is dug into a deep ditch to replace the city wall for irrigation. Generally, there is a moat around the city gate. It was formed when the city was built and dug, and then it was introduced into the river, forming another line of defense to close the city. There is a moat about 20 feet deep and 50 feet wide outside Shanhaiguan, forcing the enemy to wade across the river to reach the city gate, increasing the difficulty of siege and creating conditions for the soldiers guarding the city wall to shoot the enemy.

The defense system of the Great Wall

As a defense project, the Great Wall crosses mountains, mountains, deserts, grasslands, cliffs and rivers. It is a wonder in the history of ancient architectural engineering because of its complex terrain and strange structure. In desert areas, there is a lack of bricks and stones. The Great Wall of Han Dynasty uses local gravel and red willow to give full play to the compressive properties of gravel and the drawing properties of willow branches. The city built by combining these two materials is very strong. After two years of wind, sand, rain and snow, many sections are still several meters high. In the northwest loess plateau, the Great Wall is mostly rammed with rammed earth or adobe, which is as solid as brick and stone. For example, the Jiayuguan Great Wall in Gansu Province was built with loess specially excavated from Montenegro, which is more than ten kilometers away from Kansai. When hit, the hit mouths are pressed against each other. This kind of wall is closely combined with soil and is not easy to deform and crack. In the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was mainly built of bricks, stones and mixed bricks.

Dragon, there is a drainage ditch at the top of the wall to protect the wall from rain.

The Great Wall has gates at important crossings, steep mountain passes and the junction of mountains and seas, which can be used for both traffic and defense. Where the river crosses, the Great Wall is equipped with sluices to let the river pass. In order to defend itself, prominent wall piers are built at regular intervals in the city, which is convenient for shooting enemies near the wall from left to right. There are enemy buildings within a certain distance, which are used to store weapons, grain and grass for the guards to live in, and can also be used as bunkers in wartime. There are also independent beacon towers and towers along the Great Wall to light fires and smoke when the enemy attacks and transmit information.

The defense engineering system of the Great Wall spans the Great Wall of Wan Li. It is not only a single city wall, but a complete defense engineering system composed of various fortifications such as city wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo and town beacon tower. This national defense engineering system is commanded by military command systems at all levels and controlled step by step. Take the Ming Great Wall as an example. Liaodong, Yuji and Fu Xuan are all located on the defense line of Wan Li Great Wall. Nine military jurisdictions, including Gansu, have defended and repaired the Great Wall, which stretches over 7,000 kilometers from the Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west, and is called the "Nine Borders Town". Each town has a company commander as the military chief of this section of the Great Wall, under the command of the Ministry of War, responsible for the defense of the military region under its jurisdiction or ordered to support the defense of the neighboring military regions. There were about 6,543,800 troops defending along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. The company commander is usually stationed in the town.

Defensive engineering construction of the Great Wall The defensive engineering construction of the Great Wall has accumulated rich experience in the construction process of more than 2,000 years. First of all, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summed up the test of "blocking the road because of dangerous terrain". This principle has been followed for more than two thousand years and has become an important basis for military deployment. In terms of building materials and structures, many structures are created on the principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also used, which is called "ingenuity". In Yumenguan, Yangguan and Xinjiang, Gansu, the remains of the Great Wall during the Western Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago are still preserved.

Key points of defense system: the construction and use of beacon towers

Beacon tower is also called beacon tower, beacon tower, smoke pier, Wolf Yantai and so on. Its main function is to facilitate military contacts and transmit military information. It is an independent high platform with facilities for guarding houses and burning fireworks, as well as houses, warehouses and stables for soldiers living under the stage. The building materials and structure of the platform are the same as the Great Wall, such as rammed earth, stone and masonry.

The fires used for smoking on the beacon tower include cow dung, burning grass, fire pools, match ropes, lanterns, white flags, flagpoles with lanterns and flags, wooden hammers and spears. During the day, flags are hung and hammers are knocked, and the dry wood and hay planted in the fire pit are ignited or ignited into smoke (called flint), which is ignited at night.

The beacon tower has four locations:

1) On both sides of the Great Wall, near the Great Wall;

2) beacon towers extending beyond the Great Wall;

3) Contact the beacon tower leading to the dynasty capital in the Great Wall;

4) Beacon towers connected with neighboring counties and towns.

The distance between beacon towers is about ten miles (5000 meters), and they are usually built on high hills and hills that are easy to look at each other. They burn cigarettes during the day and set fires at night to transmit military information.

Drainage system of the Great Wall

Drainage ditch and downspouts: In order to drain the accumulated water at the top of the city wall in time, a drainage ditch is built at regular intervals, and the rainwater is discharged outside the foundation of the city wall through the drainage ditch on the inner eaves wall and the downspouts. Generally, the spout extends out of the wall for about one meter, which well protects the wall base from long-term erosion by rain.

Hyperlink: Flying over the 3D Great Wall

Badaling great wall

The Badaling Great Wall, located in Yanqing County, Beijing, has been an important military strategic location since ancient times. Badaling stands at the highest point at the northern end of Guangou, with two peaks sandwiched in the middle and open in the middle. The situation is extremely dangerous. The ancients said, "Looking at Juyongguan from Badaling is like building a collar and looking into a well", and "The danger of Juyongguan lies not in Guancheng, but in Badaling". The special terrain of Badaling Pass has become history.

Mutianyu section of the Great Wall

Mutianyu Great Wall, located in Huairou County, Beijing, was built during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty. Mutianyu Great Wall has a unique architectural style. The enemy towers are dense here, the pass is dangerous, and there are piles on both sides of the city. There are three watchtowers and a city platform-Zhengguantai in the southeast, which is rare for the Great Wall. The whole section of the Great Wall is built on the mountain, and it rises and falls continuously, just like a dragon taking off. This is the essence of the Great Wall in Wan Li.

Simatai Great Wall

Simatai Great Wall is located in the east of Jinshanling Great Wall, stretching between mountains, and is famous for its strangeness, uniqueness and danger. Simatai Reservoir divides the Great Wall into two sections: the eastern section 16 enemy tower and the western section 18. Enemy towers are dense, diverse in shape and different in structure, and the average building spacing is only 15- 18.

The Great Wall of Germany: Located between the Rhine and Danube, it was built by the ancient Romans in the first century. After many expansions, its final length is 584 kilometers. The German Great Wall was built about 100 years later than the China Great Wall, and it is the earliest Great Wall outside China.

Great Wall of England: The Great Wall of England, also known as Hadrian's Great Wall, lies between England and Scotland. It was built by the ancient Roman emperor Hadrian (reigning 1 17- 138) to resist the Scottish invasion of England, with a total length of only 73 kilometers.

Koryo Great Wall: The Koryo Great Wall, also known as the Great Wall of Korea, is 378 kilometers long from the lower reaches of Yalu River in the northwest border to the coast of East Korea Bay in the northeast border. Self-reliance from 1033 12 years.

Great Wall of India: In order to resist foreign hostile forces, the Indian people built the Great Wall with a total length of 70 kilometers in the16th century. The city is short, but well preserved, and now it has become an important tourist resource.

The Great Wall of Australia: It is the only Great Wall in the world that is not aimed at defending foreign aggression, and it is also the only Great Wall built in modern times. The Great Wall of Australia was built in 1960, which separated the sheep in Queensland grassland from Dingo, which is endemic to Australia, so as not to cause harm to the sheep. The total length of the Great Wall of Australia is 553 1 km, which is the largest outside China.

I have seen several Great Walls abroad, and I don't know what impression you have. Next, I mainly introduce Hadrian's Great Wall.

Hadria wall

In 122, King Hadrian ordered the construction of a Great Wall about 1 18 km long on the border between England and Ireland. Hadrian's Great Wall was not only an important part of the military field at that time, but also showed the development of Rome's technology, strategic thinking and geology at that time.

Hadrian's Great Wall, built in the 2nd century A.D., is a huge barrier. Hadrian's Great Wall extends in the north of England, with a length of 65,438+020 kilometers, a height of about 4.5 meters and a width of 2.5-3 meters. It is made of about 750,000 cubic meters of stones. Even by the typical grand standards of the Roman Empire, it is still an amazing and magnificent building project. For centuries, archaeologists and historians have been arguing about why Hadrian's Great Wall was built, and every new excavation will continue to argue. The biographer of Hadrian's Great Wall simply stated that the emperor built Hadrian's Great Wall to separate the Romans from foreigners.

As early as 43 A.D. several generations ago, Roman soldiers invaded Britain. In 84, the Roman army pushed northward and finally conquered some local turbulent Scottish tribes in the Battle of Laubis in the northeast of Scotland. However, Rome's victory was short-lived. When Hadrian arrived at 122, the Roman army had retreated to the Tyne Valley. There, the Stangert Road and some fortresses they have built come from Koko.

Hadrian seems to have come to such a discouraging conclusion: foreigners in northern Britain cannot be conquered, so he wants to build a permanent barrier at the northwest end of his huge empire, which is both a symbol of the Roman regime.

Hadrian's Great Wall was built several kilometers north of the Stangert and Tyne valleys. It must cross the river and pass through the barren land in the wilderness. The project brought together skilled engineers, architects and masons. The great strength of the Roman army made it possible to finish the project within 78 years. However, during this period, the plan has changed several times. For example, the width of the Great Wall changes again and again; The western section was originally built with grass mud and later rebuilt with stones. The original Great Wall had spaced castles (Romarie spacing, a castle is about 148 1 m) and towers (every two castles, the spacing between two towers is equal).

These castles can be used by some soldiers, but most of the troops are stationed south of the Great Wall. Soon all this changed. 65,438+04 New forts were built along the Great Wall, including those that can still be seen in Hausberg, Chester and Batesville. Hadrian's front line has become the headquarters of about 65,438+000 troops.

Summary:

Comparing the Great Wall at home with the Great Wall abroad, I think each has its own merits. Although the Great Wall abroad was built earlier, its technology is very advanced. Of course, compared with the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, it is still backward.

The first pass in the world-Shanhaiguan

Shanhaiguan, known as "the first pass in the world", is located in the northeast of Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province 15km. It was an important pass in the eastern part of the Great Wall in Wan Li in the Ming Dynasty. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang sent general Xu Da to set up Shanhaiguan here, and Xu Da saw that this area was "pillow mountain before the sea, real Liao thistle throat", so he moved the capital.

Shanhaiguan City is a magnificent wall made of earth and brick, with a height of14m, a thickness of 7m and a circumference of 4km, which is square. The whole city is connected with the Great Wall of Wan Li, with the city as the gateway. There are four doors in the city: the east gate faces outward, which is called the east gate of the town; Simon is in the pass, named Yingen Gate; The south gate faces the sea and is called Wang Yang Gate. The north gate is near the northern Xinjiang, called Weiyuan Gate. Among the four gates, the east gate of the city has the greatest boldness of vision and the most complete preservation. There is an arrow tower on the door and an urn outside. A huge plaque inscribed by Xiao Xian, a calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty, was hung under the eaves of the Arrow Tower. Climbing the Shanhaiguan Tower, looking north, Qian Shan overlaps, and the Great Wall of Wan Li, like a giant dragon, leaps on the peaks, winding and dancing, with spectacular scenery. The Great Wall extends from Shanhaiguan to the sea. If the Great Wall of Wan Li is compared to a dragon that climbs over mountains and mountains, then these buildings that extend into the sea are like dragons that swallow waves, so people call them "old dragon heads". Guancheng is very strong. In addition to the urn, there are Lulin Building, Weiyuan Hall, Muying Building and Jingbian Building on both sides of the East Gate Arrow Tower. In the south and north of the city, there are also buildings. There are many castles, watchtowers and beacon towers scattered in the east of the city, forming an ancient city defense system with the Great Wall as the backbone, "the first pass in the world" as the center, "the two wings of the main body" and "helping the left and helping the right". This is a rare ancient military defense project with grand momentum, rigorous structure and distinct levels in human history.

The old faucet is located on the Bohai Sea about 4 kilometers south of Guancheng. It is built on stone, about 10 meters high and extends into the sea for about 20 meters. It looks like a dragon. Chenghai Building was built on the old dragon's head, which was the place where people went upstairs to watch the sea and drink and write poems when they worshipped their ancestors in Fengtian in Qing Dynasty. The terrain here is high and steep. When they climb it, they will feel more open-minded and multiply their national pride.

There are many places of interest in Shanhaiguan tourist area, including Guancheng and Laolongtou, Mengjiangnv Temple, Yansai Lake and Hangyang Cave.

General situation of Jiayuguan

Jiayuguan City is an important tourist city on the ancient Silk Road. The ancient Silk Road culture and the vigorous Great Wall culture are integrated here and complement each other. Together with Xuefeng, the vast Gobi and the unique natural environment and folk customs, it constitutes a colorful and unique humanistic natural landscape.

Jiayuguan Pass is a dangerous pass at the western end of the Great Wall in Wan Li in Ming Dynasty. Because of its steep terrain and magnificent momentum, Jiayuguan is known as the "first pass in the world". Historically, it was an important traffic artery of the ancient Silk Road, and it was also the only place for military strategists. Therefore, since the Qin and Han dynasties, barriers and fortifications have been built in this area, and immigrants from the Central Plains have settled here for production. In addition, there are frequent cultural and economic exchanges between China and the West, leaving a lot behind. The first pier of the Great Wall in Wan Li stands on the cliffs of the valley and twists and turns, straight into the "hanging wall" deep in Montenegro; There are also portraits reflecting the life scenes of farming, animal husbandry, military and working people in Wei and Jin dynasties, which are called "underground galleries" and turn to ancient tombs; Montenegro's rock painting technique is simple, painting mirror Gu Zhuo; "July 1" glacier snow; The desert outside the Great Wall has a unique charm. Superior geographical conditions and updraft make Jiayuguan become the three major gliding resorts in the world today, and handicrafts such as camel hair painting, luminous cup and wind and rain sculpture with a certain production scale are exported at home and abroad.

Juyongguan

Juyongguan is a famous ancient Guancheng along the Great Wall in northern Beijing, and it is a state-level cultural relics protection unit. The valley where Guancheng is located belongs to Taihang Mountain area, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Yan once controlled this mouth, calling it "Juyongsai". In the Han Dynasty, Juyongguan was quite large. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guancheng architecture was connected with the Great Wall. After that, it went through Tang Dynasty and Liao Dynasty. It was built in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368). It was planned by General Xu Da and Deputy General Chang Yuchun. In the early years of Jingtai in Ming Dynasty (1450- 1454) and after that, it was repaired many times. The city wall extends from Cuipingling in the east to the top of Jinguishan in the west, with a circumference of more than 4,000 meters. The north and south are the moon city, and the north and south are the towers. Confucianism and other related building facilities. After the late Qing Dynasty, the Guancheng building in Juyongguan was gradually abandoned, but the majestic Guancheng and numerous historical sites opened a window for people to understand the ancient military culture of China. In order to protect cultural relics, the office of the Ming Tombs Special Zone in Changping District has completely restored the Guancheng building, reappearing the majestic posture of Juyongguan in the past. The natural landscape near Guancheng is very spectacular. As early as Jin Mingchang (1190-1195), the name of "juyongdiecui" was included in the "Eight Scenes of Yanjing". 1982, Juyongguan, because of its important cultural and natural landscape value, was included in the Badaling-Ming Tombs scenic spot protection.

The Architectural Art of the Great Wall

Through research, we found that the Great Wall is a great project with architectural characteristics. We studied the architectural art of the Great Wall from the following three aspects.

(1) Wall structure and drainage system

1. Structure of different parts of the Great Wall:

① In plain and hilly areas, such as Badaling Great Wall, the wall is filled with sand and made of blue bricks, which can bear a large load. Blue bricks are easy to manufacture, cheap and strong, and are the first choice for the Great Wall in plain and hilly areas.

(2) In arid and semi-arid areas, such as Jiayuguan Great Wall, the city wall is made of clay, smeared layer by layer, and finally covered with a layer of loess as a protective layer. Adobe walls are most suitable for arid and semi-arid areas because they are suitable for areas with little rain and dry weather.

(3) In high mountain areas, such as the Simatai Great Wall, the city wall is made of pebbles and stones. Rocks can be seen everywhere in high mountain areas, so it is simple and practical to carve rocks into strips to build the Great Wall.

To sum up, we can see that although the Great Wall stretches across Wan Li, its structure is not uniform. The structure and materials of the Great Wall are changeable in form, so it is not difficult to see that our ancestors considered the artistry of the Great Wall on the basis of practicality.

2. Drainage system of the Great Wall:

The drainage system of the Great Wall is generally divided into two parts: the drainage ditch and the earth mouth. The drainage ditch is built on both sides of the wall walkway and is a long and narrow concave land. When it rains, the rainwater flows into the concave ground along the square brick, and then is discharged from the wall through the nozzle. The nozzle was carved into an animal head by a stonemason, which once again shows that the ancients not only considered the practicality of the Great Wall, but also attached great importance to its architectural artistry. Any building, if repeated blindly, is unchangeable.

(2) The scale is huge and stretches across Wan Li, giving people a great visual impact.

There are also Great Walls abroad, some large and some small. For example, Hadrian Great Wall in Britain is only a few percent of the Great Wall in China, and its visual impact cannot be compared with that in China. Secondly, its quality is not high, about 4.5 meters high and 2.5-3 meters wide. It is made of about 750,000 cubic meters of stone, which was hastily built in the valley by the Roman king with his army, while the Great Wall in China used millions of migrant workers.

As a defense project, the Great Wall of China is a miracle in the history of ancient architectural engineering, because it crosses mountains, mountains, deserts, grasslands, cliffs and rivers. Therefore, the Great Wall of China is incomparable to other Great Walls in scale.

(3) The Great Wall bears rich cultural connotations.

The Great Wall not only has distinctive architectural artistic features, but also has rich cultural connotations. The Great Wall of Wan Li has stood on the land of China for thousands of years. We can now see many historical vicissitudes and ancient cultural values from the Great Wall. How many touching stories are circulating about the Great Wall? It can be said that the Great Wall is the witness of China's history and the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient working people in China. Many times, art carries rich cultural connotations and gives people a lot of imagination. At this time, people not only see it.

To sum up, the Great Wall of China is incomparable to other Great Walls in the world in appearance, structure, scale and utility. The Great Wall bears rich cultural connotations and shows the characteristics of ancient architectural art in China.