Must-see knowledge points before the history of the 2022 college entrance examination _ Summary of historical knowledge points

History is a liberal arts subject, and there are many knowledge points to remember. Summarizing the knowledge points together is more helpful for memory. The following are the knowledge points that I must see before the history test of the 2022 college entrance examination. Welcome to read!

Must-see knowledge points before the 2022 college entrance examination history exam

I. enfeoffment system

Objective: To consolidate state power.

Contents: ① The objects of enfeoffment-royal family, heroes, and former nobles; (2) the obligation of the enfeoffment-obey Zhou Wang's orders, guard the territory, follow the battle, pay tribute and make pilgrimage. (3) the rights of the landowners-hereditary posts, setting up officials, establishing armed forces and collecting taxes.

Function: ① Strengthen the local jurisdiction of the Zhou Emperor. (2) expanding the ruling area and developing remote areas; (3) forming the overall political pattern of the Zhou royal family holding the moon; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal States had considerable independence, which buried the hidden danger of separatism.

Second, the patriarchal clan system

Definition: Patriarchal clan system is a social system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates rule according to the distance of paternal blood relationship.

Features: eldest son inheritance system

The relationship between patriarchal clan system and enfeoffment system: enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system are two pillars of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both external and internal.

Influence: Patriarchal clan system ensures the monopoly and privileged position of nobles in politics, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

The characteristics of China's early political system: patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong tribal color.

Third, the unification of Qin:

In 22 1 year BC, the Qin Dynasty destroyed six countries, and Ying Zheng, the king of Qin Dynasty, established the first unified centralized feudal autocratic country in the history of China-the Qin Dynasty.

Fourth, the formation of the centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty's absolutism.

Contents: ① Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The political, economic and military power of the whole country is in the hands of the emperor, and the main officials from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor.

(2) Set up a central official system with three officials and nine officials: prime minister-assisting the emperor to handle national political affairs; An ancient scholar-supervisory official; Qiu-in charge of national military affairs.

(3) The local county system is implemented: the county magistrate is a county magistrate, and the county magistrate is called a county magistrate or a county magistrate, all of which are directly appointed and removed by the emperor. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

Influence: It consolidated national unity, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, laid the basic pattern of China's political system for more than 2,000 years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation.

Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people will easily lead to tyranny and intensify class contradictions.

V. Measures to consolidate and unify the Qin Dynasty:

(1) Promulgate the Qin Law and unify the laws; Unified currency and weights and measures; (3) unified writing; (4) building equator and lingqu; ⑤ Building the Great Wall of Wan Li; Organize immigration.

The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty.

Sixth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization.

BACKGROUND: In the early Han Dynasty, the county and country were in parallel, and the kingdom problem appeared.

Measures: Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty put down the "Seven-country Rebellion"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a promotion decree.

Function: solved the problem of kingdom, strengthened centralization, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unity.

From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the vassal towns were separated (summary of high school history knowledge points)

Seven, the strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Measures: ① militarily: drink a glass of wine to relieve the military power, and relieve the military power of North Korean generals and local envoys; Strengthen the imperial army, strong and weak. (2) Administratively, civil servants are appointed as local governors; The Chief Justice is responsible for supervision. (3) Economically, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is all controlled by the central government.

Impact: ① The central government has strengthened its control over local governments and eliminated the separatist phenomenon in buffer areas. (2) Redundancy of officials, soldiers and expenses has been caused, and the curse of "poor and weak" has been laid.

Eight, Tang implemented three provinces and six departments.

The Central Committee of the Tang Dynasty set up Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which decentralized the power of ministers. Shangshu province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and has established and improved the management system of the three provinces and six departments.

Nine, the Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system.

Background: Territorial expansion is unprecedented.

Overview: The central government has set up a major book province in China; There are ten provinces and Xuanzhengyuan area.

Significance: strengthening jurisdiction over the whole country; Strengthen centralization and consolidate unity. It is the beginning of China's provincial system, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

X. Changes in the system of selecting and using officials

Dynasty system

Supervision system in Han dynasty

Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Imperial Examination System in Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties

XI。 Strengthening the autocratic monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ming Taizu adjusted the central and local official system and strengthened centralization: ① Abolish the prime minister and set up six departments; There are three departments in the waste province. (2) the establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy.

In Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi established the military headquarters (handed down from ancient times)-the absolute monarchy reached its peak.

2022 college entrance examination history kaodian

First, politics: the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties

1. The Ming Dynasty strengthened the autocratic imperial power.

(1) Abolishing the Prime Minister: Ming Taizu abolished the book province, abolished the Prime Minister, and took charge of six departments to directly manage state affairs, marking the development of autocratic imperial power to a new height, and the Prime Minister system was abolished from now on.

(2) Establishment of Cabinet: A Temple University was established in Ming Taizu, but it did not participate in decision-making. Ming Chengzu formally established the cabinet. The cabinet is an on-the-job institution that provides advice to the emperor and is the product of the strengthening of autocratic monarchy.

(3) Improve the supervision system: the central government has Douchayuan and Yushi, and the local government has thirteen inspection departments and provincial judges departments.

(4) Implement spy rule: set up specialized institutions such as Royal Guards and East Factory and West Factory, which are above the legal and judicial organs and directly serve the imperial power.

(5) Reform of local administrative institutions: Abolish the province and set up three divisions. At the local level, there is a separate department to publicize and deploy political envoys, submit judgments and make judges and command envoys to be responsible for civil affairs, justice and military affairs respectively, thus strengthening the direct control of the central government over the localities.

(6) Cultural autocracy: implementing stereotyped writing to select scholars and strengthening ideological control.

2. The autocratic imperial power reached its peak in Qing Dynasty.

(1) Establishment of the Military Department: It was originally established during the Yongzheng period to deal with the northwest emergency military affairs. Since then, the authority has been continuously expanded, and military ministers can participate in handling important government affairs, but they can only kneel and slap, which is an important symbol of the high development of autocratic imperial power.

(2) Strengthening ideological control: adopting stereotyped writing and promoting "literary inquisition" make authoritarian ideology more cruel.

3. The characteristics and influence of strengthening absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(1) function

There are both inheritance and development. For example, the supervision system, the official selection system and the provincial system all reflect the characteristics of inheritance; The establishment of the cabinet and military departments is a new development.

(2) The absolute monarchy has been strengthened unprecedentedly. It is mainly reflected in the formulation of Daming Law, the strengthening of spy rule, the implementation of stereotyped writing, the establishment of military department and the severity of "literary prison".

③ It embodies the characteristics of the times. The autocratic monarchy gradually reached its peak and became reactionary, which reflected the characteristics of the declining feudal system in China.

(2) influence

① Positive: it is beneficial to the development and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries; Conducive to safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity; Can effectively organize manpower, material resources and financial resources for large-scale economic construction and production activities; Conducive to national integration; Conducive to economic and cultural exchanges between regions.

(2) Negative: economically, it restricts the development of social productive forces and hinders the development of commodity economy and capitalism; Politically, it has intensified social contradictions; Intellectuals are divorced from reality in ideology and culture, and scientific and technological innovation and cultural progress are hindered.

Second, economy: the development and lag of farming economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1. Agricultural production

(1) Farming technology: crop cultivation forms multiple cropping system, cultivates new crop varieties, and introduces high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato.

(2) Agricultural works: The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration compiled by Xu Guangqi reflects the level of agricultural science and technology at that time.

(3) Tenancy relationship: further development, which is related to the increase of population and the prominent contradiction between man and land, and the dependence of tenant farmers on landlords is further weakened.

2. Handicraft production

(1) Mode of production: After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the private handicraft industry surpassed the government-run handicraft industry and occupied a dominant position.

(2) Handicraft workshops and wage labor appeared, and capitalism sprouted. A free labor market has emerged in developed textile areas.

3. Business development

(1) Monetary economy: With the expansion of commodity circulation, silver is widely used in society, commercial capital is increasingly active, and long-distance trafficking trade is booming.

(2) Commercialization of agricultural products: the planting area of cash crops such as cotton, tea, sugarcane and dyes has expanded and entered the market in large quantities.

(3) Industrial and commercial towns: In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, a large number of industrial and commercial towns emerged along the canal and in the south of the Yangtze River. Close contact with surrounding rural areas has promoted the commercialization of agricultural products and accelerated the social division of labor.

(4) Business gangs: the regional business gangs have grown, and the long-distance trafficking trade has advanced by leaps and bounds, forming business gangs such as Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants.

(5) Regional division of labor: the formation and emergence of regional commercial centers; Local markets are closely linked, and the trend of regional division of labor appears.

(6) Foreign trade: In legal foreign trade, China's foreign trade is dominant.

(7) Tax and fee reform: First, the integration of taxes and fees; Second, replace the real tax with the monetary tax.

4. Economic policy

(1) Policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business: The long-term economic policy pursued by feudal society in China hindered the development of capitalism.

(2) The "sea ban" of the Ming Dynasty: Ming Taizu stipulated that people were not allowed to go out to sea to trade with foreign countries without authorization, and foreign trade could only be conducted under the official auspices.

(3) The Qing Dynasty closed its doors to the outside world: only one place in Guangzhou was opened to foreign trade, and the "Thirteen Banks" in Guangzhou chartered by the government managed foreign trade in a unified way.

Third, culture: the ideological and cultural heritage of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1.

(1) Wang Yangming's theory of mind: He believes that "conscience" means "original mind" and "reason", and advocates overcoming selfish desires and "leading to conscience".

(2) Li Zhi's "heresy" thought: advocating breaking the superstition of Confucius, believing that everyone has his own selfish interests and advocating personal freedom.

(3) Progressive thinkers in Ming and Qing Dynasties

huang zongxi

Oppose the rule of autocratic tyrants and put forward various theories and ideas to limit the monarchy; Advocating that industry and commerce are fundamental.

Gu Yanwu

Put forward that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world"; Advocate practical application

Wang fuzhi

Put forward that "reason lies in qi" and fully affirm people's selfish instinct; Have simple dialectical thinking

(4) Evaluation of the progressive thoughts in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

① Enthusiasm: It impacted the absolute monarchy and gave profound enlightenment to future generations; Adapted to the requirements of the development of commodity economy and the embryonic era of capitalism; It has injected new vitality into traditional Confucianism and has the historical progress of emancipating the mind.

(2) Limitations: The budding power of capitalism is weak, and the early democratic thoughts are not dominant, which cannot shake the mainstream position of Confucianism and cause changes in the social structure of China.

2. Scientific and technological achievements

(1) Brilliance of traditional science and technology

① Medicine: Compendium of Materia Medica systematically summarizes China's achievements in pharmacology before16th century.

(2) Agronomy: The Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration systematically summarizes the experience of past dynasties and reaches the peak of traditional agricultural science and technology.

(2) Modern science and technology did not come into being, and gradually fell behind compared with the West.

3. Literature and art

(1) Literature: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, novel creation entered a stage of vigorous development. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh The Journey to the West's Dream of Red Mansions is the most famous.

(2) Opera: From the middle of Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera flourished and was known as the "ancestor of hundreds of operas". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, four Huizhou classes performed in Beijing, which were eclectic and formed Peking Opera, which was known as the "quintessence of China".

(3) Calligraphy and painting: literati painting, emphasizing individuality, paying attention to lyricism by borrowing things, pursuing charm and interest, and making outstanding achievements. The representative works of freehand brushwork that embody the style of literati painting are the Peony and Banana Stone Painting by Xu Wei in Ming Dynasty and the Moran Painting by Zheng Banqiao in Qing Dynasty.

Answering skills of college entrance examination history questions

1. Reading material: summarize the meaning of the material (or have one meaning or several meanings); Contact the textbook knowledge through keywords such as time and people, and lock the relevant contents of the textbook.

2. Question: performance, reflection, reason, purpose, influence, etc.

3. Take a multi-pronged approach and try different methods.

Screening method: according to the basic requirements of the clear topic, screen four options one by one according to the basic requirements until you find the right one.

Key breakthrough method: after determining the key words in the exam, if you have a clear understanding of the historical facts related to the key words, you can directly determine the correct answer without considering each option one by one.

Guess: If you are not clear about each option and can't determine the correct option, you can use guess. There are the following rules when guessing: Generally speaking, if the option is beyond the scope of textbook knowledge or curriculum, it is an error.

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