Comment on Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi.

Qin Wangzheng annexed six countries, ending the separatist regime in the Warring States and unifying China. He felt that his achievements were greater than those of the three emperors and five emperors in ancient legends, and he could no longer use the title of "king". He should use a more noble title to deserve his achievements, so he decided to adopt the title of "emperor". He was the first emperor in China, and he claimed to be the first emperor. He also stipulated that the descendants who succeeded him to the throne should be arranged in order. The second generation was called Emperor II, and the third generation was called Emperor III. This was passed down from generation to generation and passed down to the next generation.

the whole country is unified. how can we govern such a big country?

At a court meeting, Prime Minister Wang Wan and others said to Qin Shihuang, "Now the vassals have just been wiped out, especially the three kingdoms of Yan, Chu and Qi are far away from Xianyang, so it is impossible to seal a few kings there. Please ask the emperor to seal a few princes there."

Qin Shihuang asked his ministers to discuss it. Many ministers agreed with Wang Wan's opinion, but only Li Si opposed it. He said, "When Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, many governors were sealed. Later, killing each other like enemies, Zhou Tianzi couldn't stop it. It can be seen that the method of enfeoffment is not good. It is better to set up counties and counties throughout the country. "

Reese's opinion is just what Qin Shihuang wanted. He decided to abolish the method of enfeoffment and use the county system instead, dividing the whole country into 36 counties, and then dividing the counties below them.

all the county governors are directly appointed by the imperial court. The political affairs of the country, big or small, are decided by the emperor. It is said that Qin Shihuang read the memorial paper sent from below every day, and he had to read 121 Jin (at that time, the memorial paper was engraved on bamboo slips), and he didn't rest until he finished reading it. It can be seen how concentrated his power is.

Before Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, there was always no unified system in other countries. Take transportation as an example, the size of vehicles in different places was different, so the lanes were also wide and narrow. With the reunification of the country, it is inconvenient for vehicles to walk in different lanes. Since then, it has been stipulated that the distance between two wheels on a vehicle should be changed to six feet, so that the tracks of the wheels are the same. In this way, it is convenient for vehicles to travel all over the country. This is called "car on the same track".

Before Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, the scripts of other countries were also very different. Even the same words can be written in several ways. Since then, more convenient calligraphy has been adopted and unified characters have been stipulated. In this way, cultural exchanges between different places are much more convenient. This is called "the same book".

transportation is convenient and commerce is developed in various places, but the standards of size, bucket and weight of different countries are totally different. Since then, it has been stipulated that the whole country should adopt a unified system of measurement, quantity and balance. In this way, there is no difficulty in buying and selling around.

Qin Shihuang was engaged in domestic reform, but I didn't expect the Huns from the north to break in. Xiongnu was originally an ancient minority in northern China. In the late Warring States period, Xiongnu nobles took advantage of the decline of Yan State and Zhao State in the north and invaded the south step by step, taking away a large area of land in the Yellow River Hetao area. After Qin Shihuang unified the Central Plains, he sent a general, Meng Tian (tián), to lead 3, troops to resist, collected all the areas around Hetao and set up 44 counties.

In order to defend against the invasion of Xiongnu, Qin Shihuang requisitioned civilian workers, connected the original northern walls of Yan, Zhao and Qin, and built many new walls. In this way, from Lintao in the west (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) to Liaodong in the east (now northwest of Liaoyang, Liaoning Province), the Great Wall of Wan Li is connected. This world-famous ancient building has always been a symbol of the ancient civilization of our Chinese nation.

Later, Qin Shihuang sent another 5, troops to pacify the south and set up three more counties. The following year, Meng Tian defeated the Huns and added another county. In this way, there are 4 counties in the country.

In 213 BC, Qin Shihuang held a celebration banquet in Xianyang Palace because he opened up his territory. Many ministers praised Qin Shihuang's achievements in unifying the country. Dr. Chun Yuyue, however, reiterated that the enfeoffment system could not be abolished, and he thought that it would not work if he did not follow the ancient rules.

by this time, Reese had become the prime minister. Qin Shihuang wants to hear his opinion.

Reese said, "Now the world is stable and laws are unified. However, a group of scholars do not study the present, but study the ancient times, making random comments on state affairs and creating confusion among the people. If it is not prohibited, it will affect the prestige of the court. "

Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's idea and immediately gave an order: except for books such as medicine and planting trees, all books with poems, books and hundreds of opinions were handed over and burned; Anyone who talks about such books privately again will be guilty of capital punishment;

anyone who criticizes the present with the ancient system will be beheaded.

In the second year, two alchemists (people who cheat money by asking for immortals and refining elixirs) were called Lu Sheng and Hou Sheng, who were talking about Qin Shihuang behind his back. When Qin Shihuang learned of this situation, he sent someone to catch them. They had already escaped.

Qin Shihuang was greatly annoyed. After another investigation, he found that some Confucian scholars in Xianyang also discussed him together. Qin Shihuang arrested those Confucian scholars for interrogation. Confucian scholars can't stand the torture, and they give up a large number of people at random. Qin Shihuang ordered that more than 46 Confucian scholars who violated the ban were buried, and the rest were exiled to the border.

This is what is called "burning books to bury Confucianism" in history.

Qin Shihuang is in a huff, and none of the ministers dare to persuade him. His eldest son, Fu Su, thought it was too harsh to deal with Confucian scholars, and advised him not to do so. Gal, angered the Qin Shihuang, ordered Fu Su to leave Xianyang, to the north to keep the frontier with Meng Tian.

Liu Che (156-87 BC), Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, known as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was an outstanding politician, strategist and commander-in-chief in the history of China. Liu Che, the son of Emperor Han Jing, was named King of Jiaodong at the beginning, and later became Prince. He reigned from 141 BC to 87 BC. In the fifth year of Yuan Ding (the first 112 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty claimed 16 titles on the pretext that the gilded gold offered by Liehou was insufficient in weight and color.

Respondent: bshkl-Trainee Magician Level 2 12-2 12:31

King Ying Zheng of Qin was an outstanding politician in ancient Chinese history and the founder of the first unified feudal dynasty in history-Qin Dynasty. The first emperor in history, Qin Shihuang.

Yingzheng is an ambitious monarch. He completed the great cause of reunification, put an end to the situation of feudalism and melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, opened a new chapter in history and laid a solid foundation for the development of the Chinese nation.

The period from 77 BC to 221 BC is the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the 549 years, there were endless scuffles, people were displaced and homeless to escape the war, agricultural development was greatly damaged, and a large number of fields were deserted. Moreover, the Huns and other nomadic peoples took advantage of the situation to enter the customs and harassed the people in the surrounding areas south, which brought many disasters to the people's production and life. Therefore, the broad masses of people all hope to complete reunification as soon as possible. Qin Shihuang's unification of the Central Plains was precisely at the wish of the people, ending the feudalism that had been deadlocked for hundreds of years. People's life gradually settled down, and a relatively perfect feudal country began to be born.

During the Warring States period, the differences in writing, currency and weights and measures among countries affected the economic and cultural exchanges between different places. Countries such as Qi and Yan issued knife coins, while countries such as Zhao, Wei, and Han used shovel-shaped cloth coins, and circular square hole coins circulated around Qin and Dong, while Chu used Bei coins. Weights and measures are tools of commodity exchange, which are related to national taxes. However, due to the different unit systems in different countries, the weights and measures among the seven countries are varied. In order to solve many problems caused by currency barriers and different units, Qin Shihuang ordered that round square hole money should be issued uniformly throughout the country, and the measurement unit should be changed to decimal based on the weights and measures of Shang Yang in Qin State, and the weights and measures should be checked regularly.

Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, different scripts have been created due to the separatist regime of governors, and some differences have inevitably occurred. Different forms of characters have caused inconvenience and misunderstanding in people's communication, and have created great obstacles to economic, cultural and ideological exchanges in social life.

While Qin Shihuang was in unified measurement, he ordered the unification of scripts. It is stipulated that the small seal script of Qin State should be used as the national standard font, and the old script of six countries should be abolished. Xiao Zhuan not only absorbs and inherits the reasonable factors of the six languages, but also has the characteristics of concise strokes. Easier to popularize. In addition, there is a popular folk script-Lishu, which is simpler than Xiao Zhuan. This is the predecessor of modern Chinese characters.

In order to eliminate the repeated invasions by nomadic people in the north, Qin Shihuang ordered the Great Wall to be built to resist foreign attacks, and sent Meng Tian to send troops to crusade. After eliminating the threat of the Huns, Qin Shihuang immediately turned his back, determined to surrender and vigorously develop the Yue region, and moved nearly 5, people to the Yue region to live together with the Yue people, so as to promote the integration between ethnic groups.

to err is human. Although Qin Shihuang was a monarch with numerous achievements, he was also a tyrant recognized by the world. He enjoyed himself before his death and spared no effort. Every year, he used tens of thousands of prisoners (in fact, most of them were innocent victims) to work in the scorching sun and cold for many years. A total of * * * built more than 4 separation halls in Guanzhong. Within 2 miles of Guanwai and Xianyang, more than 4 separation halls and 27 palaces were built respectively. One of the most famous is the large-scale Epang Palace. It is said that Fiona Fang of Epang Palace is 3 miles.

Qin Shihuang wanted to enjoy an unparalleled imperial life after his death. As soon as he succeeded to the throne, he began to build a mausoleum for himself in Lishan Mountain. This mausoleum was repaired for decades until his death. In addition to a large number of treasures hidden in the mausoleum, the mausoleum itself resembles a miniature universe. There are astronomical images tattooed on the top of the tomb, inlaid with big pearls, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars. And with all kinds of expensive materials, it imitates a series of landscapes such as rivers and mountains. In order to prevent the tomb from being stolen, the tomb is surrounded by organs. Once touched, it will be shot to death by a dark arrow.

In order to live forever, Qin Shihuang was deceived by Xu Fu, Lu Sheng and others several times, and wasted a lot of manpower and financial resources in order to live forever.

In addition, in order to strengthen the control of people's thoughts and implement the policy of ignorance, Qin Shihuang accepted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si to "burn books to bury Confucianism". He issued a book burning order: except for the government, only books related to medicine, divination and planting are collected by the people, and the rest are all handed in for destruction. Anyone who hides or knows not to report it will be punished. Except the History of Qin Dynasty, the history books of the other six countries are difficult. Except for the Confucian school, all the other theories were burned. He also secretly interrogated more than 4 Confucian scholars who had secretly slandered him, and finally all of them were buried alive. "Burning books to bury Confucianism" is an unprecedented catastrophe suffered by ancient Chinese classics, which has caused irreparable losses to our culture.

to sum up, in the process of unifying the six countries, Qin Shihuang laid a solid foundation for the establishment of a unified feudal empire in politics, economy and culture, ended the long-term feudalism and completed the unprecedented reunification. It also shows its own strength and image, which provides a certain demonstration and reference for future generations in national unity and resistance to foreign invasion. Of course, due to the limitations of the times and classes, Qin Shihuang, as the monarch of the first feudal country, inevitably had many defects and regrets. For example, the massive construction of Epang Palace and "burning books to bury Confucianism" have been evaluated by historians for their destructive and negative effects, so it is unnecessary to elaborate. Future generations should learn from it, which is also the significance of our comments on Qin Shihuang's merits and demerits.

There were two emperors in the history of China, the first was Qin Shihuang and the second was Han Wudi. Qin Shihuang ended the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty and established the first centralized and unified empire in the history of China. But this empire lacks ruling experience. Although Qin Shihuang was an all-powerful figure, he created the first empire of China. However, the life span of this empire was too short, and it only existed for 15 years before it died.

the Han dynasty was the second empire in the history of China. The empire was born out of the peasant uprising. Liu Bang, his pioneering monarch, is a marginal figure who comes from a rough place and is almost a rogue and a ranger (underworld leader). Because of a kind of political and class inclusiveness, his group has a broader social foundation, and finally gained national political power during the turmoil and disputes. However, this new dynasty hardly has any orthodoxy of jurisprudence and ideology. Therefore, the empire fell into extreme instability at the beginning of its creation. During the fifty years from Emperor Gaudi, Empress Lu to Wenjing, internal chaos continued. Externally, the Xiongnu invaded, and the society was deeply hidden in crisis. It was not until the birth of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that this man, whom Ban Gu called "a man of great talent and broad vision", opened up a brand-new situation for this dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty shaped the mainstream political ideology, planned the system, recruited talents, reformed the internal affairs, established the monetary system and finance, fought the Xiongnu decisive battle, and expanded diplomacy, which not only laid the institutional foundation of the Han Empire again, but also provided a set of quite stable and mature models and paradigms for the legal and constitutional system of China monarchs from then until the Qing Dynasty for two thousand years.

However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is an extremely complicated historical figure. It is not easy to describe and evaluate his life. Sima Qian's Historical Records was written in the early years of Emperor Wu. Due to personal misfortune and political dissent, his comments on this era were mixed with strong personal feelings and subjective prejudice.

Ban Gu's Ji Zan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty tries to correct the disadvantages of Historical Records. On the Han Dynasty, he said: "The Han Dynasty inherited the disadvantages of hundreds of kings, and the great-grandfather brought order out of chaos, and the cultural and scenic affairs were to support the people. As for the matter of reviewing ancient rituals, there were still many shortcomings. Xiaowu was established at the beginning, and a hundred schools of thought were ousted with outstanding achievements. He signed the Six Classics, and he sought advice from overseas, and made contributions to it. Promote Imperial College, repair suburban worship, correct new moons, set the calendar, coordinate the rhythm, and compose poems. Build a Zen ceremony, worship a hundred gods, and after a week of salt, order the article to look brand-new, and the heirs have to follow Hongye and have the wind of three generations. For example, Emperor Wudi's greatness does not change the courtesy and frugality of the text and scenery to help the people, although the "Poetry" and "Book" say nothing! "

Ban Gu basically affirmed the greatness of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. However, Zhao Yi's Notes on the Twenty-second History in Qing Dynasty pointed out that it was still biased: "He praised the literary affairs of Emperor Wu, but did not say a word about martial arts. I think that the emperor's talents are roughly, and he is fighting. "

Song Sima Guang's Zi Zhi Tong Jian talks about Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty from the perspective of neo-Confucianism and moral history, saying: "Filial piety of Emperor Wu is extravagant and extravagant, with numerous punishments and heavy collection, and the palace is extravagant, and the foreign affairs are four foreign affairs, which makes the people exhausted and become thieves, so there are few people different from Qin Shihuang. However, if the Qin Dynasty perishes and the Han Dynasty prospers, the filial piety can respect Wang Zhidao first, and the knowledge can be unified and guarded, but the words of loyalty and straightforwardness are deceived by the wicked. It' s so expensive and tireless, and it' s strict to punish and reward. It' s late to change, and it' s caring for people. This is why it' s the loss of Qin and the disaster of Qin! "

Wu Yu-Chui's History of Dynasties in Qing Dynasty pointed out: "Song people exhausted China's financial resources, paid bribes, and stole the day; Causing strangers to be left-handed, liver and brain smeared on the ground. Retreat and sail across the river, but make peace by mistake. What did Emperor Wu do, and can Song people discuss it? "

that's a good question.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne in 14 BC and died in 87 BC. He was emperor for 54 years. During his lifetime in office, Emperor Wu did five major things: First, he repelled the Huns' invasion of the Central Plains and laid a vast living space for the Chinese nation from south to north and from east to west. The second is to change the past and create a set of political system that is systematic and complete and embodies the Legalist school's "ruling the country by law and not avoiding relatives and expensive". This legal system