What wars or important historical events were there in 1787?

(1) U.S. territorial expansion:

①Means: redemption, armed subversion or invasion.

② Result: In the mid-19th century, the U.S. territory expanded from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast, forming the famous "Westward Movement" in American history.

③ Impact: Bringing disaster to the indigenous Indians; developing the western territories, objectively promoting the development of the U.S. economy; and deepening the contradiction between the two economic situations in the United States.

(2) The contradiction between the two economic situations in the United States:

① The northern industrial and commercial capitalists demand the protection of domestic raw materials and markets, expand the export of industrial products, increase tariffs, and restrict the import of industrial products; they hope Abolish slavery, increase free labor, and establish free states in the West.

② Southern slave owners sold cotton and other raw materials to Britain in large quantities, and imported large quantities of industrial products from Britain. They advocated lowering tariffs, expanding imports, expanding the number of slaves, and expanding slavery in the west.

③The focus of the conflict lies in the issue of the survival and abolition of slavery.

(3) The rise of the abolition movement: In the first half of the 19th century, the abolition movement continued to rise. Abolitionists actively called for the abolition of slavery and actively took action. The contradiction between the North and the South is becoming increasingly acute.

(4) The fuse of the Civil War: In 1860, Lincoln, the candidate of the American Democratic Party who represented the interests of the northern bourgeoisie and advocated the restriction of slavery, was elected president.

[Edit this paragraph] After

(1) The outbreak and initial fighting situation of the Civil War:

①In 1861, some southern states established the Southern Confederacy, and then challenged Start a war.

②In the early days of the war, the northern army suffered successive defeats.

(2) The turning point of the war situation:

①In order to reverse the war situation, the Lincoln government promulgated the Homestead Act and the Emancipation Proclamation.

② In 1863, in the Battle of Gettysburg, the Northern Army won and began to take the initiative in the war.

(3) The end of the war: In 1865, the Southern army surrendered and the Civil War ended.

[Edit this paragraph] Impact

The American Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. It maintained the unity of the country, abolished slavery, and further swept away the development of capitalism. The obstacles paved the way for the take-off of the American capitalist economy.

[Edit this paragraph] Causes of the Civil War

The fundamental cause of the Civil War was that the 300,000 slave owners in the South expanded slavery in the new immigrant areas and threatened the free states. Its existence and development violated the interests of the vast majority of the people of the Union, including the free people of the South. The purpose of the war for the Southern states was not to withdraw from the Union, but to compete with the Northern states for land in border states and other uncultivated areas, and to extend slavery to the entire North American continent. The survival and development of southern slaveholders drove southern states to go to war against the north. Northern states have no other choice but to fight.

New historians believe that the cause of the Civil War was not the slavery system, but the different values ??and viewpoints caused by different ideological and cultural backgrounds. The underlying reason for the outbreak of the war was the unity and division of the country. Lincoln believed that in In the face of the division of the country, the existence or abolition of slavery is not important. The reason for the division of the country, apart from the ideological and cultural background, is that the north and the south have two different market environments and different economic systems.

However, in order to judge the nature of a historical event, we must first not rely on the claims and subjective wishes of the parties involved, and secondly, we must not just focus on the event itself, but must reveal the factors that caused the event. objective contradictory movement. When analyzing the causes of the North American Civil War, there are two tendencies. There is a tendency to believe that the North's disagreement with the independence of the Southern states is a violation of the Constitution. Another opinion is that Lincoln freed the slaves only out of necessity. The Civil War, then, should not be considered a question of the abolition of slavery.

The first opinion obviously ignores the fact that southern slave owners would not aim for independence. The inherent requirements of slavery forced the South to fight for more land. This policy will inevitably conflict with the interests of the free peasants and the bourgeoisie. When conflicts cannot be resolved through parliamentary and political negotiations within the federation, they must be resolved in the form of civil war that causes the rupture of the federation. Social and political struggles are a reflection of struggles in the economic field and have nothing to do with ethics and morality. The fundamental causes of the American Civil War must be correctly discovered from the contradictions of social production. However, many people are still groping for the causes of the war in terms of laws, customs, national characteristics, and ethics, and cannot clearly see the nature of the civil war.

Another opinion is that it is untenable to regard the subjective wishes of a party as the objective cause of the event. Using the ideology of an era to explain the characteristics of an era is not as smart as a small shopkeeper. Because the latter can also distinguish human behavior from words, while the former equates human language with human behavior. We believe that Lincoln's words were sincere and that he was just forced to free the slaves. However, in the face of historical inevitability, individual subjective wishes cannot become the fundamental motivation for social processes.

1. The purpose of the Civil War was to preserve the Union?

The South was the one who started the war. The North watched and waited for months before the war began. At the same time, southern separatists were already looting federal forts, munitions, shipyards, customs offices, ships, and weapons, destroying flags, and seizing garrisons. In the end, it was the South that fired the first shot of the American Civil War at Fort Saint. After receiving the news from Fort Santer, the Southern Secretary of Defense Walker said openly: No one knows where the war that starts here will end. He also predicted that the Confederate flag would fly over Capitol Hill in Washington in May.

The underlying causes of the North American Civil War have actually been answered by the Southern war slogans. Their purpose was to establish a slave-owning federation.

Let's review the history of southern slaveholders' expansion of slavery in the Americas. The Continental Congress of 1787 and the Constitutional Convention of 1789 established the permanent boundaries of slave territory. The Missouri Treaty of 1820 turned Missouri into a slave state and expanded the scope of slave areas. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 once again expanded the slave territories. Slavery no longer had fixed boundaries. Any state in which a majority favored slavery could become a slave state. Under the manipulation of this act and southern slave owners, New Mexico became a slave state. Although southern slave owners transported less than 50 slaves to New Mexico!

In foreign policy as in domestic affairs, Buchanan's federal government became a tool of southern slaveholders. His government not only gave the green light for the expansion of slavery in new immigrant areas at home, but also actively seized more land for slave owners overseas. His Osten Declaration openly made the seizure of Cuba, including the use of force, a national goal. With the support of his government, northern Mexico has been divided and adventurous conquests against Central American countries have been carried out. The Union had become the tool of three hundred thousand Southern slaveholders.

2. The impact of the fight for Kansas

On the Kansas issue, the northern people's compromise with the southern slave owners reached a turning point. As soon as the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, advance forces organized by southern slave owners entered Kansas and tried to drive out the new immigrants there by force. Buchanan's federal government supported their actions. But the people of the north will no longer sit back and watch this time. They also established armed rescue organizations to protect the interests of new immigrants. The Communist Party and the Party were born from this organization. Seeing the failure of armed action, slave owners turned to the federal government for help. This time the fight is largely taking place in the House of Representatives. During this struggle, the Democratic Party was divided between Northern and Southern supporters. Douglass, the sponsor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, also joined the opposition to the South. Because the actions of southern slave owners in Kansas trampled on the principle of sovereignty of the people in the newly settled areas.

The platform of the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of China is: no longer provide an inch of land for slavery in the new immigration areas. Slavery could only exist in the Southern states where it originally existed. This platform was something that the southern slave owners would never agree to. Because slavery in the South couldn't just exist in the South. Its internal logic dictates that it must expand to new immigrant areas.

3. Why did southern slave owners introduce slavery into the new colonial areas?

Land was the central issue in the slave economy. American slavery was doomed if it were restricted to its original lands.

The economy of slavery was different from the economy of free small farmers. The slave economy, which relied on simple, cheap labor, could only be profitable if it was established on large areas of fertile land. Modern agriculture, which is based on intensive farming and relies more on capital, labor, intelligence and energy input, and less on the natural fertility of the land, is incompatible with slavery.

With the advancement of society and economy, some states that originally used slave labor gradually became states that raised slaves for the South, such as Maryland and Virginia. The long-term slavery economy also depleted the land fertility in some southern states, forcing them to start the business of raising and selling slaves, such as South Carolina. As a result, some slave owners were in urgent need of large tracts of uncultivated land, while other slave owners wanted to make a fortune through the slave trade. This was the fundamental reason why southern slaveholders needed to establish slavery on a wider area of ??land.

Politically, the population of slave states was getting smaller and smaller than that of free states, and the southern slaveholders' control of the Union became more dependent on the Senate. Because in the Senate, every state has two representatives, regardless of population. In order to expand the influence of slavery in the Union, turning newly added states into slave states became a powerful method.

Within the slave states, the slave-owning class of less than 300,000 had to face millions of poor white free people. The threat these freedmen posed to slaveholders' property was self-evident. Only through overseas adventures and land struggles within the North American continent, leading these freedmen to have a desire for new lands and the dream of one day becoming slave owners, could the slave owners of the South transfer the dangerous energy around them to other harmless places.

It can be seen that slavery is the root cause of the North American Civil War. Southern slaveholders' attempts to expand slavery in the New World upset the balance of power within the Union.

The purpose of the Southern states was not to secede from the old Union, but to establish another slave-owning Union in the New World.

In the following, we will continue to point out that the essence of the Civil War was not that the southern states wanted to secede from the Union, but that the South and the North were fighting for the border states. What the South wanted in the war was not independence, but land in the border states. The vast majority of the population of these border states were freedmen. Some states have joined the Northern Union. These states include: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri and Arkansas.

4. The situation of border states and slave states

The lowlands along the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi plains, which are divided by large sections of north-south mountain ranges, are the home of American slavery. The mountainous area between the two plains is rich in coal, salt, limestone, metal ore, and gold. It is suitable for the development of various industries and is an area for free people. Slavery has no roots here. Within the border states, the freedmen who lived in these highlands comprised the majority of the border state's population. Here are the conditions in each of the border and slave states.

Delavill: In fact, he is a member of the Federation. The vast majority of the population opposed slavery. There were only 1,798 slaves in the state. The South declared territorial claims to Delaville.

Maryland: 87,188 slaves among a population of 687,034. The vast majority sided with the Union. But slave owners held important positions. This is because the small slave-owning class ensured their political privileges through the inheritance of traditional power, political deception, and high concentration of wealth.

Virginia: The main garrison of the Northern and Southern armies. The state's northwestern highlands were home to 15,000 slaves and twenty times that many freedmen. There were half a million slaves in the eastern lowlands. The slave trade to the Southern states was a major source of income for the region. After the political leaders in the east made the decision to secede from the Union by manipulating the state legislature and opening the door for the southern army, Northwest Virginia immediately seceded from Virginia and joined the Union.

Tennessee: There were only 300,000 slaves out of more than a million residents. The state was already under martial law in the South. In the winter of 1861, slaveholders proposed a referendum on secession from the Union. The vast majority of people opposed the referendum in order not to give the separatists an excuse. Even after it was already under the rule of the Southern Army, a strong 1/3 of the people still supported the Union in the referendum. The mountains of eastern Tennessee were the center of resistance to Southern rule. The South had to use troops to bring East Tennessee under its control. A similar situation exists in northern Alabama, northwest Georgia, and the northern parts of North Carolina.

Missouri: There were approximately 100,000 slaves out of a population of over 1 million. In a referendum in 1861, the people of the state decided not to secede from the Union. As governor, Jackson blatantly violated the will of the people and led armed attacks on Missouri from Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee in an attempt to force the state to secede from the Union.

New Mexico: Not yet a state. During President Buchanan's time, the South shipped 25 slaves to the state in order to deliver a slavery constitution to the state. The region supported the Confederacy. Southern states then sent armed adventurers from Texas to New Mexico. People in the region have turned to the federal government for protection.

South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama were the soul of the secessionist movement. South Carolina, Mississippi, and Alabama had large slave populations.

Kentucky is a little special. There were more than 200,000 slaves out of a population of over one million. The state's three referendums all supported the federal government. But the state's top officials were fervent supporters of slavery. As a compromise, the Confederacy recognized the state's neutrality while they scrambled to stamp out resistance in East Tennessee. But soon the Confederate Army attacked "neutral" Kentucky. The people of Kentucky were awakened from their neutrality dream. The Legislature openly declared its support for Confederation. Volunteers from Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio also hurried to Kentucky to help the people of Kentucky drive away the southern armed forces.

The Confederate attempt to annex Missouri and Kentucky exposed the excuse of "fighting for the right to secede" as an empty slogan. The Confederacy recognized only the right of the people to secede from the Union, not the right of the people to remain in the Union.

5. The abolition of slavery is imperative

Since slavery has become an obstacle to the continued existence of the Union, why not simply abolish slavery? There were also slave owners loyal to the Union in some border states. In order to win over this group of people, Lincoln repeatedly stated that he would not abolish slavery. But the battle for the border states had shifted from diplomacy and parliament to war. The logic of the war would force the federal government to gain the broadest possible support and attack the South's weakest link, slavery.

[Edit this paragraph] The first stage

In 1860, the Republican Lincoln was elected as president, and the Democratic Party of the United States suffered a disastrous defeat. This became the starting point for the southern slave owners to secede from the Union and the A signal for rebellion.

The southern slave state South Carolina first seceded from the Union, followed by Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. In February 1861, they announced the establishment of the "Southern Confederacy" and established Jefferson Davis's administration. On April 12, 1861, rebel government forces began bombarding the Union Fort Sumter in South Carolina, which was captured on the 14th. The Lincoln administration issued a crusade order on April 15, and the Civil War broke out. Soon, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas seceded from the Union to join the Confederacy.

At the beginning of the war, the strength of the North greatly exceeded that of the South. The North had a population of 22.34 million, while the South had only 9.1 million, of which more than 3.8 million were black slaves. The north has developed industry, an extensive railway network and abundant food, while the south has almost no industry and very few railways. However, the South has sufficient military preparations and has a well-equipped and well-trained army. There are many famous generals, including "the first general at West Point" - Lester Lee, "Stonewall" - Jackson, and "the undefeated general" - - Johnston, "little Belisarius" - Stevenson and many other outstanding generals who graduated from West Point Military Academy went to the south. Moreover, on the eve of the Civil War, President J. Buchanan managed to send large amounts of weapons and money to the South. The purpose of the Lincoln government's war in the early days of the Civil War was to restore the unity of the North and the South. It was worried that touching the slavery system would push some border slave states to the side of the southern rebels, thus losing the important strategic area of ??the border states. Because the northern government refused to announce the emancipation of slaves. Therefore, in the first phase of the Civil War, the North suffered successive military defeats. In the Battle of Manassas in July 1861 and the Peninsular Campaign in the summer of 1862, the Union army suffered heavy losses. Although the Northern Army achieved a series of brilliant results on the Western Front and captured several important strategic strongholds from the Southern Army, these results were offset by the disastrous defeat on the Eastern Front.

In the face of repeated military defeats in the North, Mao Zedong, radicals within the party and abolitionists in society proposed the idea of ??liberating slaves and arming blacks. Lincoln also recognized the need to free the slaves.