Kangxi's Great Struggle to Consolidate Political Power

First, the difficulties in the early years of Kangxi

The main problems are as follows:

1. Residual resistance

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Some of the remaining resistance forces include the following parts: first, the Nanming regime remaining in China, Yunnan, Guizhou and Myanmar, and the remnants of Zhang's Daxi Army; Second, it is still in the most famous Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River in China.

Li Zicheng's Dashun Army surplus-thirteen Kuidong; Thirdly, Zheng Chenggong tried to drive out the Dutch colonists in Taiwan Province Province. In addition, there are three great thinkers (Huang

Some Han landlords, represented by Zong, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, still cling to their motherland and refuse to cooperate with the Qing government!

2. Serious financial difficulties

Due to the decades-long war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it took 34 years from 1627, the Northern Shaanxi Wanger Uprising (the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty) to16, when Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne. If 16 18 Nurhachi left the Ming Dynasty with the oath of "seven hates", it will take 43 years to 166 1 Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne.

The long-term war has caused serious social and economic depression, people's lives are miserable and the financial situation is very embarrassing. In this way, how to ensure the fiscal revenue, resume the development of production, and continue to conquer and unify the war has become a major issue facing the rulers at that time.

3. Management of corrupt officials

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When the Qing army entered the customs on a large scale, a large number of ministers in the Ming Dynasty surrendered, and Prince Dorset, the regent at that time, in order to quickly seize the whole country and quickly stabilize the long-term war situation, therefore,

Some officers and generals have basically adopted the way of inclusiveness and official reinstatement! This method not only quickly led to the disadvantages of the original Ming dynasty officialdom, but also infected Manchu officials from outside the customs! These are full.

Han officials not only failed to do their jobs wholeheartedly, but also embezzled and accepted bribes, pocketing their own money, and what's more, they kept fighting within the party.

4. The spread of discontent

During the regency period, Prince Dorset made six wrong decisions (promulgation of enclosure order, tonsure order, banishment law, escape law, "customs ban order" and massacre), which brought great pain to the majority of Han people and caused widespread dissatisfaction among the people.

We say that if the above problems are not solved, it will inevitably lead to the instability of the newly established Qing Dynasty and even the danger of subversion at any time.

Under such circumstances, we should know how arduous the task given by history to Emperor Kangxi and Ao Bai, the assistant minister!

Second, three correct decisions.

At the beginning of Fuzheng, Ao Bai and others took the following correct measures under the banner of "following the emperor's legacy":

1. actively rectify the official camp.

In view of the rapid corruption of official administration, Ao Bai and other assistant ministers carried out active rectification and reform to improve administrative efficiency and the ability of officials to handle affairs and get rid of bad habits in officialdom.

According to the Records of the Holy Father of Qing Dynasty

Only half a month later, the Minister of Auxiliary Affairs wrote a letter to the officials in the name of Emperor Kangxi: "I practiced my post with my age, and I was in charge of thousands of things at the beginning, and I worked together with the ministers to praise each other." The next day, the ministry of war history.

Asha, who is also the suggestion of Zuodu in Douchayuan, put forward ten requirements for the governor, promoting people who can "obey the imperial edict, live a clean life and love the people, enjoy the poor, promote profits and eliminate pesticides" ... and breaking the show and picketing "local evil officials and villains" respectively; can

"Be cautious in handling affairs, and those who inspect officials and people will stay in their original posts"; "those who have no real people in politics" are for external use; "favoritism and bribery" should be expelled and punished. After the performance, Yu Zhun said, "This discussion must be strictly observed, no?

Be regarded as empty words, strict and strict. "

1in the spring of 665, Ao Bai also ordered the relevant departments to strictly investigate the governor's bad government in the local area. At the beginning of 1666, he ordered the severe punishment of local governors who openly took bribes.

Sin. "Ao Bai said so, and did the same! 1667 within one year, 563 officials such as greedy, unwilling, soft, old, sick, incompetent and impetuous were dismissed, and provincial officials were also abolished.

Officer 3849!

In addition, according to the records of the Qing sage, in order to improve administrative efficiency, in the spring of 1660, Ao Bai also asked all officials to "contribute this chapter, which is related to government affairs, and should seriously explain things ... calmly and understand that general words cannot be used", and further reduced it to 300 words on the basis of the stipulation in the Ming Dynasty that all chapters should not exceed 1,000 words. At the same time, the deadline for the completion of the transaction is also stipulated.

We can see that the above measures are actually strictly implementing the "four-grid and six-method" performance evaluation method for officials determined by Dourgen in 1647.

We introduced the "four grids and six methods" in the previous "Talking about Dourgen". The fourth grid evaluates officials from four aspects: morality, performance, talent and age; The six methods deal with incompetent officials from six aspects: "reluctance, beating (Pí, getting through" fatigue "), impetuousness, lack of talent, old age and illness".

It seems that the reason why Manchu and Han officials were disloyal to their duties, embezzled and accepted bribes, pocketed their own money and kept fighting among parties during Prince Dourgen's regency period was not that there were laws to follow, but that there were laws not to follow!

In addition, according to Records of the Holy Father of the Qing Dynasty, in the spring of 1660, Ao Bai also got rid of the powerful eunuch power of the Qing Dynasty-the 13th yamen, which cleared the way for the whole Qing Dynasty to avoid eunuch intervention.

2. Strive to develop the economy

Ao Bai took a series of measures to develop the economy during his auxiliary administration.

Among them, the most important measures are as follows:

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This is a reward for reclamation. In fact, rewarding land reclamation was a common measure in the early days of the establishment of China's ancient feudal dynasty, and Ao Bai's Fuzheng period was no exception! However, in terms of specific measures, in addition to implementing some previous measures,

In addition to the measures that can be implemented by successive dynasties, such as tax relief for those who cultivate land for themselves and those who cultivate land, taking the amount of cultivated land as the standard of rewards and punishments for local officials, tax relief in famine years, opening warehouses for relief, etc., Ao Bai's Fuzheng period was also included.

Many innovations were very valuable at that time! Among them, the most prominent thing is that Ao Bai ordered him to distribute cattle, seeds and silver to the poor and defected officers and soldiers in various places in the case of financial constraints of the government.

We create favorable conditions for cultivated land! This was rare in the past. Another example is according to the historical materials of Ming and Qing dynasties C.

Book 10 records that in the early years of the Qing Dynasty, due to years of war, Sichuan was sparsely populated and its economy was ruined. Under this circumstance, Ao Bai proposed that "30 civil and military officials from this province or other provinces can be recruited into Sichuan for resettlement."

County, quantity and record once; If you can recruit 60 people, you will be recorded twice; Or for a hundred people, no matter how full, they are allowed to rise. "This is of great significance to the recovery and development of Sichuan's economy.

The second is to implement the "renamed field". During Ao Bai's auxiliary government, one of the most economical policies affirmed by later historians was to change the name of farmland. This move is also his last glory in the process of serving as Minister of Fuzheng-because it was only completed for two months and was won by Emperor Kangxi!

/kloc-in the spring of 0/669, Ao Bai ordered "to find out the reason why the Ming Dynasty abandoned farming, ... and give it to the original people to farm and collect grain as usual", and "the surplus fields were not inherited, and people were recruited to reclaim them", which officially acknowledged some achievements made by farmers in the uprising at the end of the Ming Dynasty.

3. Reduce military operations

Ao Bai, though an important military general who followed Huang Taiji and gained immediate success in the world, was called "enemy of ten thousand people" and was named "Batulu". However, during the period of Ao Bai's auxiliary administration, the military policies and actions of the Qing Dynasty were very moderate.

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Ao Bai's reduction of large-scale military operations is due to the strong resistance of the Central Plains people on the one hand, and financial difficulties on the other hand-Ao Bai knows that military expenditure is actually a bottomless pit! if

Blindly attacking, the Qing dynasty is likely to follow in the footsteps of the previous dynasties and decline rapidly! Therefore, after they destroyed the political power in Nanming, they quickly announced: "From now on, soldiers can rest and their salaries will not be wasted. Announce a letter to China and foreign countries,

Saltiness makes people know. "In this way, the task of completely reunifying China can be handed over to the later Emperor Kangxi!

It should be said that the policies and actions of the Qing Dynasty in this period achieved positive results, which prepared good conditions for the final reunification of Taiwan Province Province in 1683.

However, under such conditions, there was a contradiction between Ao Bai and Emperor Kangxi! What's going on here? I also want to talk about the three major contradictions in the early years of Kangxi.

Three major contradictions that cannot be avoided

1. Manchu-Chinese ethnic contradiction-the sequela of the policy of "emphasizing Manchu over Han"

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the intensification of the struggle for power and profit by the upper class aristocrats of Manchu and Han nationalities, the contradiction between the two nationalities also intensified irretrievably.

2. The contradiction of whether to learn advanced culture-the dispute between progress and conservatism

The advanced culture here includes both the advanced culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the advanced culture in the West!

The emperor shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi, who first entered the Qing Dynasty, have a special liking for the advanced culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains and the advanced culture in the West! They all believe that only by adopting the system of Han nationality and absorbing the culture of Han nationality can the Qing Dynasty maintain long-term stability. Not only that, the emperor shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi also worshipped some western missionaries as their teachers!

However, the four ministers headed by Ao Bai, on the one hand, implemented a high-handed policy towards the Han nationality and spared no effort to crack down on the landlords and intellectuals of the Han nationality; On the other hand, he tried his best to put Tang Ruowang in prison for execution.

3. The internal contradiction of the Eight Banners-the dispute between two yellow flags and two white flags.

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Before and after the reign of Emperor Zhi, two yellow flags and two white flags fought for the emperor, and almost met each other, which made it difficult to ease the internal contradictions of the Eight Banners. After the emperor shunzhi ascended the throne, the two white flags headed by Dourgen actually controlled the state affairs.

Yes, so they tried their best to suppress the two yellow flags headed by Sony, Qiba Bilong and Ao Bai. After the emperor shunzhi came to power, the two yellow flags actually controlled the state power, and the two white flags lost power. The contradiction between yellow and white flags lasted until the early years of Kangxi.

A few years.

In the face of all these contradictions, what did Ao Bai, Minister of Auxiliary Government, do?

Fourthly, Ao Bai solved the contradiction between Manchu and Han.

1. Announced "First Worship Manchuria"

At the beginning of Fuzheng, Ao Bai declared that he would "follow the ancestral system, restore the old chapter with salt, and leave the deputy first emperor". The tampered posthumous edict of Shunzhi blamed itself on fourteen counts, such as "gradually learning China customs" and "distrusting Manchu officials", which reflected the basic principles and policies of Ao Bai's auxiliary government.

Since then, Ao Bai and other assistant ministers have adopted the policy of "valuing Manchu over Han" and "respecting Manchu first" in all aspects!

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A policy, from Nurhachi to Huang Taiji, from Shunzhi to Kangxi! Until 1669, when Emperor Kangxi was in charge, nothing changed! No matter how friendly they are to Han landlords, once they come into contact with Manchu,

The vital interests of mainland rulers endanger the dominant position of Manchu nobles, and their fundamental principle of "emphasizing the Manchu and neglecting the Han" is fully reflected. Ao Bai's Fuzheng period was no exception.

2. Force Manchu and Han to be equal

Although Ao Bai always tried to "son preference" and "worship Manchuria first", they also knew that this was a very difficult thing to do, and more often, Ao Bai was forced to make a compromise. That is to say, while Ao Bai and others emphasized the dominant position of Manchuria and eliminated the bad political remnants in the late Ming Dynasty, they did not make more changes to the pattern of Manchu-Chinese relations in Shunzhi Dynasty.

There are many examples of this.

For example, 1662, Duchayuan was told: "I had a tea-horse trip and was consulted by the Ministry. I have a part-time job in Manchu and I was instructed to do it. Today, I think Chamacha patrol was originally an imperial history of the Han Dynasty, and it was never full. Later, I tried my best to imitate the old case, and I could stop the Han officials without full officials. "

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For example, in 1658, the emperor shunzhi cancelled the name of the Inner Third Hospital established by Huang Taiji, and copied it to change the university to the Diange University. Man and Han are still "five products", which is lower than that in the early years of Shunzhi, but there is no difference.

Don't. 166 1 year, Ao Bai and others restored the name of the inner third hospital because it did not conform to the old system. "Full-time, Korea and other university students. According to the rank of minister and assistant minister, that is, college students are second-class, but the customization at the beginning of Shunzhi was restored. In the same year, the Inner Third Hospital was established.

Man-Han Bachelor 1 person, Man-Han Bachelor's 2, Han Army Bachelor 1 person, Han Bachelor 1 person, and the proportion of Man and Han is roughly equal. In the eyes of the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty, the Six Departments were always more important than the Inner Third Hospital, so Ao Bai was in 1667 and so on.

The first product of Manchu Shangshu is slightly different from the second product of Chinese Shangshu. However, the actual number of ministers and assistant ministers in Manchu and Han is quite equal, one in Manchu and Han.

For another example, as far as local administrative agencies are concerned, during the Shunzhi period,

Moreover, during the period of Ao Bai's Fuzheng, there were almost no Manchu or Mongolian governors, and Han banners accounted for about eight-tenths of the governors, while ordinary Han officials accounted for two-tenths. Among the governors, the flag bearer of the Han army is equally divided with the general Han officials, and the former is slightly more, only

At the end of Fuzheng, there were few Manchu governors, not as many as after Emperor Kangxi came to power. As for officials at all levels in prefectures and counties, almost all are Han officials.

This central organization is full of people,

In the early Qing dynasty, local military and political officials were divided between the Han army and the Han people, and the situation that junior officials were almost entirely controlled by the Han people changed little. Therefore, although Ao Bai and others emphasized "the first worship of Manchuria", due to such a

The basic pattern of joint rule of Manchu and Han landlords cannot be changed, the relationship between Manchu and Han has not changed significantly, and the trend of sinicization has not stopped.

In any case, Ao Bai's above-mentioned practices did not make efforts to alleviate the contradiction between Manchu and Han subjectively, nor did he make efforts to alleviate the already intensified contradiction between Manchu and Han.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Ao Bai's solution to the contradiction of whether to learn advanced culture-taking Tang Ruowang as an example.

When it comes to advanced culture, we have to say a person who made unremitting efforts in the process of spreading western advanced culture in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. His tragic fate of being persecuted to death by the Ao Bai clique was also a very important inducement for the final collapse of Ao Bai. This man is Tang Ruowang.

1. The struggle between Tang Ruowang and Yang Guangxian

After Emperor Kangxi succeeded to the throne, the conservative forces that refused to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and the West made a comeback. Tang Ruowang soon became the target of their all-out attack.

But Tang Ruowang's braid is not easy to catch. So neither Ao Bai, who was fledgling at that time, nor Suksaha, who had been extremely hostile to Christianity, was called "the worst kind of Christian hater" by Tang Ruowang. But by Han official Yang Guangxian.

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Guangxian, a native of Shexian County, Anhui Province, is rough and aggressive. During the reign of Emperor Chongzhen, he came to the imperial capital, carried the coffin to the imperial palace, and impeached the scholar Wen Ziren, who was called a strange man. Later, he was beaten by a court staff to defend western Liaoning. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty,

Yang Guangxian returned to Jiangnan and then lived in the capital. He doesn't know astronomical calendars, but he considers himself a mathematician. With the support of conservative ministers in the imperial court, he repeatedly impeached Tang Ruowang.

As early as 1660, during the reign of the emperor shunzhi, Yang Guangxian wrote the emperor shunzhi's Exorcism to impeach Tang Ruowang. In this impeachment, Yang Guangxian accused the cover of Li Shixian of being inappropriately titled "New Laws in Western Countries" and attacking Tang Ruowang. At that time, the emperor shunzhi trusted Tang Ruowang very much and didn't accept it. Tang Ruowang won the game.

1664

Yang Guangxian impeached Tang Ruowang again. Yang Guangxian impeached Tang Ruowang this time because the new almanac was marked with the words "in accordance with the new western laws", which was an insult to the country. What's more, there are only two new calendars.

For a hundred years, I was suspected of cursing the country. And the most vicious thing is that when Rong was buried, she used Hong Fan's five elements instead of the positive five elements, which led to the time when she was buried against her mother! It happened that his mother, Dong E Fei, died soon after.

Let's go This charge can be said to be very heavy, because everyone knows how heartbroken the emperor shunzhi was after the death of Princess Dong Hubei, and even converted to Buddhism and built many buildings in the palace; It can even be said that Shunzhi's early death was largely due to

Because of the death of Dong E Fei. In Tang Ruowang's position at that time, the first two articles can only be said to be "things", not "crimes". If this is true, no one can save him! In addition, Yang Guangxian also attacked the evil of Christianity.

Evil, the new calendar is full of mistakes and omissions, demanding the execution of Tang Lingchi!

This is a complete false accusation! Ingley, the minister of the Ministry of Rites, should be responsible for the adoption of Hong Fan's five elements instead of the positive five elements in the burial. Tang Ruowang Bell

I learned that immediately after the broadcast, Ingley himself was dismissed and exiled. The new calendar was proved to be correct as early as 1644 solar eclipse. At that time, college students Quan Feng and Tang Ruowang led Qin Tian observers to the Observatory for testing.

As a result, only the new method can accurately predict the occurrence of solar eclipse, but neither the big calendar nor the Hui Hui calendar is accurate.

At this time, Tang Ruowang has been paralyzed by a stroke. At this time, he could not refute. He can only be answered by his disciple Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest, a Belgian. It seems that soup can't escape the fate of death.

drama

The dramatic scene took place during the trial of Tang Ruowang's Annotated Yearbook, that is, in 66651October 65438+ 161October, the first day of December in the third year of Kangxi. Tang Ruowang predicted the exact time of the solar eclipse in the calendar (3 pm

26 points). Yang Guangxian and other Han people also predicted the return to heaven, but at different times. In order to verify who is right and who is wrong, almost all the dignitaries and mathematicians in Beijing gathered together to see for themselves.

Accuracy of the following calendars. If Tang Ruowang can't prove his prediction right this time, even if other charges can't be established, he will be executed!

It is estimated that it will take longer to return to the sky than Tang Ruowang.

Half an hour early, and Yang Guangxian and other Han officials predicted that it was about a quarter of an hour early. No matter which one of them predicts correctly, I'm afraid Tang Ruowang will be miserable in the end. But all their predictions fell through. When the predicted time comes, the sun

Still hanging in the sky, there is no meaning of eclipse at all. The Gregorian calendar seems to have won again this time. However, about five minutes before the arrival of the time predicted by Tang Ruowang, the official in charge of reporting the time.

He announced: "Now is the time for Tang Ruowang to predict!"

More than 300 years ago, in the Forbidden City, a foreign old man who was chained, had difficulty breathing and was paralyzed was lying on a wooden board, waiting for his conclusion through scientific calculation to be finally proved by facts. However, he may not think that his competitors are unwilling to fail, and he came up with the sinister means of morning newspaper time to drag him into the ranks of losers.

But there are always so-called "miracles" in the world. Just as Tang Ruowang's forecast time was announced, a shadow appeared in the sky. It wasn't the clouds that floated, but the solar eclipse really happened! The scene was full of admiration and applause, and in the streets of Beijing, ordinary people had long known about the game, and they were also surprised and cheered for Tang's victory.

The people who want to frame Tang Ruowang this time are shooting themselves in the foot. If they do nothing, Tang Ruowang's prediction will be later than the correct time. That proves Yang Guangxian's statement that there is something wrong with the new calendar. It is precisely because the time was notified in advance that the new calendar was affirmed again, and the supporters of Dali and Hui Hui calendars were completely defeated!

2. The death of Tang Ruowang

1May 665 15 (the first day of the fourth lunar month), Tang Ruowang was finally sentenced to death after a unanimous decision by more than 200 people.

No, just as this decision was passed, a big earthquake suddenly happened in Beijing. The courtiers did not dare to warn the gods, so they proposed to reduce the punishment for "criminals", change Tang Ruowang's sentence and behead him, and release three priests, including Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest.

However, the earth is still shaking. For three days in a row, people are sleeping outside. And there are comets over Kyoto, which makes people more nervous. Ao Bai and others were also afraid of God's will and dared not violate it, so they had to ask the Queen Mother Xiao Zhuang for instructions. Empress Xiao Zhuang, who once recognized Tang Ruowang as michel platini, reprimanded the ministers for not killing Tang Ruowang, and her life was immediately released.

However, Qin was dismissed from his post and abolished, and the original university was restored. Li Zubai, Chun Guanzheng, Song Kecheng, Fa, Dong Guanzheng, Zhu Guangxian, Zhong Guanzheng and Liu Youtai were still beheaded.

Tang Ruowang himself died in disappointment and grief on August 1666. The cemetery given by the emperor shunzhi was also confiscated, so the missionaries had to bury him elsewhere.

Sixth, Ao Bai solved the internal contradictions of the Eight Banners.

In the early years of Kangxi, the focus of the struggle between the two yellow flags and the two white flags was the struggle for the interests of changing the enclosure.

During the enclosure in the early Qing Dynasty, Dourgen was in power and gave the fertile eastern Hebei region to Zhengbaiqi. In the early years of Kangxi, Ao Bai proposed that the enclosure should be arranged in the order of the Eight Banners, and the land in eastern Hebei should be owned by the Yellow Banner in order.

At that time, Su Nahai, the head of the household department, Zhu Changzuo, the governor of Zhili, and Wang, the governor, all opposed it on the grounds that "the flag bearer has been safe for a long time, and the people's land has been ordered not to be circled again" ("Biography of the Qing Dynasty"), and Suksaha, to which Zhengbaiqi belongs, also resolutely opposed it.

As a result, Su Nahai, Zhu Changzuo, Wang He and Suksaha were killed. Suksaha's family is the most miserable. He, his seven sons, a grandson, two nephews, clan shooters and guards were all beheaded, and one * * * was fourteen lives.

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In the earth event, although Ao Bai won, but as a primer, it quickly intensified all kinds of contradictions that have been lurking for a long time! This contradiction is mainly manifested in the contradiction between Manchu and Han nationalities and the contradiction within the Eight Banners of Manchu! namely

It is said that by this time, the Qing government must change its course! In this case, it is only a matter of time before Ao Bai, an active promoter of the land exchange policy, is removed from his post!