Siberia, which ultimately belonged to Russia, belonged to which country in ancient times?

Siberia has always been a captive area of ancient China in history, and it has only been incorporated into the territory of the Russian Empire since modern times.

Siberia is the general name of the vast area east of the Ural Mountains, which is divided into the Western Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau and the Eastern Siberian Mountains, with a total area of about130,000 square kilometers, accounting for 75% of Russia's current land area. It can be said that Siberia has made Russia and its successors a big country.

Historically, Siberia has always been the cradle of ancient China. Emancipation is a national policy adopted by ancient dynasties in China to backward border areas, which mainly rewards local leaders, makes them autonomous according to customs, and pays tribute regularly. As a captive region, Siberia began in the Han Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huo Qubing defeated the Xiongnu, sealed the wolf to live in Xu, lived in Gu Yan, and boarded the vast sea. This vast ocean is now Lake Baikal. It is a way for ancient dynasties to declare their sovereignty by sealing wolves to live in Xu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dou Xian, a consort, led the Han army to defeat the northern Xiongnu, once again declared sovereignty, sealed Mount Yanran, and recorded merit with a stone tablet.

In the Tang Dynasty, in the Mobei grassland, the Yanran Governor's Mansion and the Hanhai Governor's Mansion were successively established, which governed the northern part of the Outer Mongolian grassland and the whole Siberia. All tributary tribes were given official positions and placed in Jimmy State, such as Dube, Barma, Wandering Soul, etc. Among them, vagrants ruled kamchatka peninsula in eastern Siberia. In the middle and late Tang dynasty, the wandering ghost tribe established the wandering ghost country, which lasted until the Jin dynasty.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Siberia was formally brought under the central administrative jurisdiction and was no longer a captive area. Yuan history records: the Han and Tang Dynasties flourished, and the northern part of Fuling and the border of Liaodong were often imprisoned in the Tang Dynasty, and they are all in service today, compared with the mainland. The meaning of this sentence is that Siberia, like the people on the mainland, has to pay taxes and perform military service, which is no longer a tribute.

In order to strengthen the management of Siberia, the Yuan Dynasty established Lingbei Province and Liaoyang Province. The area under the jurisdiction of Lingbeixing Province includes outer Mongolia, western Siberia and central Siberia. The area under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province includes Northeast China and East Siberia. In the Ming Dynasty, the tribes in Lingbei Province were scattered.

The management of Lingbei Province and Liaoyang Province in Ming Dynasty restored the form of captive rule. Due to the frequent rebellions of the Vara and Tatar tribes in outer Mongolia, the influence of the Ming Dynasty on western Siberia and central Siberia was very weak. For Liaoyang province, the Ming Dynasty set up a slave department to exercise jurisdiction, which is a form of detention.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Russian Empire invaded eastward and occupied Siberia. China, on the other hand, was in the transitional period of Ming and Qing Dynasties, with constant disputes in the Central Plains and low attention to Siberia. In the early Qing dynasty, its main strategic goal was to bring the outer Mongolian grassland and the western regions under the administrative jurisdiction of Jimo in the Ming dynasty.

After the occupation of Siberia, the Russian Empire extended its influence to outer Manchuria and vast sea areas. But the Qing court faced the rebellion of San Francisco and Zhungeer. Because the Siberian people were brutally ruled by the Russian Empire, the jaxa War broke out between the Qing court and Russia only after the San Francisco Uprising.

Although the Qing court won the Kazak War, Zhungeer rebelled in the western regions and made an attack on Mongolia. Considering the desolation of Siberia and the difficulty of transportation, the Qing court voluntarily gave up the fetters of Siberia and concentrated on solving the rebellion in Zhungeer. The Qing court signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu with Russia, and Siberia belonged to Russia from then on.

The reason why the Qing court abandoned the fetters of Siberia lies in the territorial expansion under the mode of territorial annexation, which is not suitable for the development of wild areas.

The first two articles introduced the mode of territorial annexation. The territorial expansion of any civilized country is an external extension of its own mode of production, thus exporting population and expanding the scope of activities of human civilized society. The way of territorial expansion, big countries use territorial annexation model, small countries use colonial expansion model.

Different civilized countries have different modes of territorial annexation. A civilized country with a particularly strong native land is the way of civil war. A weak country is the way of dynastic war. In ancient China, civil war was adopted in all dynasties. First, recruit vassal States, support their land development and construction, and encourage their population growth.

When the economy of this area develops to a certain extent, it will withdraw from the vassal state and set up provinces, counties and counties, which will be brought into the direct administrative jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty. Guo Fan rebellion is a situation that all dynasties will face. If the client country refuses to withdraw from the client country, it will lead to war. Such a war would be regarded as a war of peace and chaos, obviously a civil war.

The Korean peninsula, for example, was a captive of the Central Plains Dynasty from the Zhou Dynasty and continued until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. From time to time, the Central Plains Dynasty set up provinces, counties and counties for its withdrawal from vassals. The Han Dynasty withdrew from Korea and set up four counties in Liaodong. In the Tang Dynasty, Koryo and Baekje were abolished, and the viceroy of Anton was established. The Han and Tang Dynasties withdrew the vassals and the war broke out. Especially after the Tang and Sui Dynasties conquered Liaodong three times, they sent troops to conquer Liaodong twice, and finally settled the chaos and withdrew from the vassals.

The Ming Dynasty was the most effective way to develop and build the Korean Peninsula. After Korea was invaded by Japan, facing North Korea's request for help, the Ming Dynasty launched the Wanli Korean War to expel Japan and help North Korea to restore the country. After the restoration of South Korea, it repeatedly demanded to leave the vassal state and set up a province. Because North Korea's economic development is backward and its geographical location is not important, it was not adopted in the Ming Dynasty.

For the development and construction of Siberia, the Tang Dynasty was the most effective. Siberian counties often have to pay tribute, and the Tang Dynasty rewarded them far more than the tribute paid by Siberian counties. In this way, the state capitals of Siberia have been greatly developed.

In addition to providing military protection for the border areas, the Central Plains Dynasty also supported its economic construction by providing a large number of rewards. For example, in the Ming dynasty, North Korea paid tribute once, and the Ming dynasty gave dozens of times of silk, which led North Korea to complain that the reward was too thick. Too many rewards led to the closure of a large number of textile workshops in North Korea.

Except North Korea, due to the backward economic development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, tribute has become the support of its economic development. The annual tribute is more important to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau than the Chinese New Year. The same is true of other vassal States. With the support of the Central Plains Dynasty, their economy developed rapidly.

Thanks to the efforts of the Tang Dynasty, the province was established at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and the economic foundation was established, and the same tax system as that of the mainland was implemented. Because of the efforts of the Ming dynasty, it was not until the Qing dynasty that a large-scale land reform was carried out and provinces, counties and counties were set up. The unified China cannot be separated from the continuous support of the past dynasties to the frontier construction.

Siberia has a vast territory, extremely cold climate, long-term freezing of tens of degrees below zero, and the land is frozen, which is not suitable for agricultural production and mainly depends on fishing and hunting. Therefore, even with the economic support of the Central Plains Dynasty, the population growth in Siberia is still very slow, and the people of the Central Plains are unwilling to immigrate to Siberia.

The local economy is backward, and if a county is established, its administrative jurisdiction cost is too high. In this case, although the Yuan Dynasty governed Siberia, the result was not satisfactory. The removal of vassal States and the establishment of administrative counties have led to difficulties in the economic development of Siberia. Not only in Siberia, but also in Lingbeixing and Liaoyang Province.

Therefore, the Ming Dynasty had to restore the management mode of vassal trusteeship in Lingbei Province and Liaoyang Province. Due to the large-scale establishment of provinces in the Yuan Dynasty, the administrative costs were borne by the frontier, which led to the long-term backwardness of the frontier. After the Ming Dynasty resumed its vassal bondage, it had to increase the reward to support its economic development.

For example, during Tibet and Tang Ming, the population grew rapidly and the economy was relatively prosperous. It is because of the economic support of the Central Plains Dynasty under the vassal slavery mode. During the Yuan and Qing Dynasties, the population growth was relatively slow, even negative, and the economic development almost stagnated.

Many people believe that this is due to the weakening of Tibetan religion during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties, and a large number of people became nuns, which led to a decrease in the population involved in labor production. This demonized the Yuan and Qing dynasties. The fundamental reason is that the cost of administrative jurisdiction has always been borne by Tibet, and the administrative burden has exceeded the economic support of the Central Plains Dynasty.

There are also many people who believe that the Ming Dynasty abandoned administration and adopted fiefdoms because it could not win or its military strength was not strong. This is not right. If the economic development in the border areas is strong, the logistics supply of the Ming garrison can be guaranteed and the cost of administrative management can be borne. The million-strong army of the Ming Dynasty was not put out. The military is a continuation of politics, and it will follow up if it is good for politics.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of the Central Plains dropped sharply, and the economic support for Siberia in the Ming Dynasty was taken away by Russia.

The generosity of the Central Plains Dynasty to the vassal areas has always been criticized as vanity by modern historians of the East and the West. Actually, it's not. Increasing economic support for vassal areas can not only speed up local economic construction, but also attract immigrants from the Central Plains, which is to prepare for administrative jurisdiction.

The Central Plains is the earliest developed area, with the deepest development, extremely developed farming economy and rapid population growth. Accelerating the economic construction in the border areas is conducive to attracting immigrants from the Central Plains and alleviating the contradiction between people and land in the Central Plains. In the early Qing Dynasty, due to the administrative jurisdiction over border areas, the local economic development was relatively backward.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the border areas could not rely on their own strength to resist the invasion of western powers. Therefore, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, while maintaining the administrative jurisdiction over the border areas, the Qing court itself bore all the administrative costs, not only leaning towards the border areas financially, but also adopting administrative compulsory policies to force the people of the Central Plains to emigrate to the border areas.

Every financial investment in garrison, immigration, economic construction and administrative costs can not be ignored. At the end of Qing dynasty, it was very difficult to maintain an old empire. We can't treat the ancient history of China with the ideas of modern people or some nation-states imported from the West.

The Ming Dynasty gave rich rewards to the vassal areas for a long time and supported their economic construction, which laid an economic foundation for the large-scale withdrawal of vassal areas and strong administrative jurisdiction after the establishment of the Qing Dynasty. The change of dynasties in Ming and Qing dynasties, Russia's invasion of Siberia and Central Asia, and the invasion of Southeast Asia by western colonists all picked fruits.

Western European countries are small, but Russia is not. Nine times out of ten, the Russian Empire occupied the vast plains of Eastern Europe. Ma Pingchuan, the plain of Eastern Europe, is not as criss-crossed as the mountains of Western Europe, and has a high integrity, which is very conducive to becoming a collection of politics, economy and culture and establishing a huge empire.

Of course, the eastern European plain has a high latitude, which is the last development place of human civilization in the agricultural era, and the agricultural development is not very developed. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for a high proportion, which is the present situation of economic development after the rise of the Russian Empire. In terms of economic development, Russia is not higher than Central Asia and Siberia.

The Russian empire won the integrity. The plains of eastern Europe are conducive to the construction of the entire huge empire, while Central Asia and Siberia do not have this geographical advantage. Politics and economy are independent and scattered, and it is impossible to engage in military confrontation with highly concentrated areas. Highly concentrated areas can gather scattered economic forces into a huge economic base, thus supporting a powerful superstructure.

Layout expansion is the external extension of its own mode of production. The mode of production in Central Asia and Siberia is similar to that in Eastern Europe, and the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry accounts for a high proportion, and the degree of economic development is not weaker than that in Eastern Europe. This became the driving force for the Russian Empire to expand its territory to Siberia and Central Asia. Obtaining these two regions can export Russia's population and extend its production mode.

The animal fur of Siberia and the trade route with the Qing Dynasty paid administrative, immigration and garrison costs for Russia to control Siberia.

In ancient China, there was no need for commerce for Siberia. There were four foreign trade routes in ancient China: Grassland Silk Road, Land Silk Road, Maritime Silk Road and Ancient Tea-Horse Road. Among them, there is a high degree of dependence on the two Silk Roads on land and at sea. If any forces hinder these two commercial routes, they will be badly beaten.

At the end of the Tang dynasty, the economy of Jiangnan developed greatly and shipbuilding technology improved continuously. The Maritime Silk Road replaced the Land Silk Road. In ancient China, although shipping was not as good as canal transportation, it was much better than land transportation. Therefore, since the Song Dynasty, the Maritime Silk Road has become the main external traffic window.

Many people believe that the Song and Ming Dynasties gave up the management of the Western Regions and did not bring them into administrative jurisdiction because their military strength was not strong. In fact, there is mainly no great demand. The output of agriculture and animal husbandry in the western region is weak, so it needs commercial support for administrative expenses to meet the demand of precious metals in the Central Plains Dynasty.

After the rise of the Maritime Silk Road, precious metals poured in from the sea, and the onshore Silk Road was no longer important. If it's important, just look at the Han and Tang Dynasties, and you will know that an army will drive past and sweep all the roads. During the Ming Dynasty, the maritime trade route was deeply troubled by pirates, so the Ming Dynasty established a huge fleet, and Zheng He went to the Western Ocean seven times to remove all obstacles.

The demand for Siberia in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties was only skin deep. However, this requirement is not high. The textile industry in the Central Plains Dynasty was developed, and the demand for cotton textile industry and silk textile industry was relatively strong. Therefore, only through tribute trade can we get enough fur resources from Siberian tribes without sending a militarized expedition to hunt.

Siberia is different from Russia. Fur and trade routes are important sources for Russia to enrich its national treasury. In modern western European countries, the demand for fur is very strong. On the one hand, it is caused by climate, on the other hand, it is caused by culture. Fur and silk have become noble symbols of Europeans and the embodiment of their status and status.

As a result, the Russian Empire sent a large number of militarized expeditions to hunt wildly in Siberia. These hunting teams built camps and fortresses, which became the basis for Russia to rule Siberia. A large number of furs were transported out of the camp and sold to the European continent. It not only makes the Russian people have income, but also enriches the Russian treasury.

In this way, the Russian empire brought Siberia into the territory through the territorial annexation model, which had an economic foundation in any way. Similarly, Siberian fur will also enter the Qing Dynasty and become the medium of Russian trade. The fur of tea and silk is more profitable. Siberia became a wealth trade route between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty.

The Russian Empire built many trading ports on the border between Siberia and the Qing Dynasty, among which Heishantou and Chatuk were the most famous. Russian businessmen also went to Beijing in the Qing Dynasty for trade many times to expand the trade volume. Goods such as tea, silk and rhubarb, which were badly needed in Europe in the Qing Dynasty, were transported to various trade ports in Siberia.

After that, these goods passed through Siberia and were sold to Europe by Russia, earning a lot of precious metals and enriching the Russian treasury. As a trade route, Siberia makes Russia more profitable than Siberian fur. This is the same as the motivation of exploring the western regions in Han and Tang Dynasties. Commercial roads can bear all the expenses of administration, garrison and immigration in wild areas. Then, even the wild land, even if it is not suitable for human settlement, will be included in the territory.

Compared with Siberia, Russia's territory has extended to America, and this place is now Alaska. Alaska is also rich in natural resources. However, without the wealth support of commercial routes, Russia's jurisdiction over this land is colonial. Even so, Russia did not have the financial resources to maintain it, and was finally sold to the United States at a low price.

To sum up: Siberia finally belongs to Russia, the fundamental reason is that Siberian trade routes bear the administrative expenses of the territorial annexation model for Russia.

First of all, Siberia has a high latitude and is not suitable for human settlement and agricultural production. Agriculture and animal husbandry economy is very weak, mainly relying on fishing and hunting economy. This made the local economy develop very slowly, even with the support of the Central Plains Dynasty. It is not conducive to the growth of the local population, nor can it attract people from the Central Plains to immigrate to it. At the same high latitude, Russia's agriculture and animal husbandry economy is also very weak, and Siberia attracts Russia to extend its own mode of production.

Secondly, the policies of ancient China, dynasties, especially the Ming Dynasty promoted the economic development of Siberia, which was the economic basis for Russian territory to annex Siberia. Russia's territorial annexation of Siberia succeeded in picking the fruits of the Ming Dynasty.

Finally, Siberia can only provide fur for China in ancient times, and the administrative costs of Siberia could not be borne by all dynasties in ancient China. Whether it is immigration, stationing troops or setting up administrative agencies, it is very expensive for an empire with a huge territory. But Siberia can provide Russia with a commercial air route, which can not only afford these expenses, but also enrich the national treasury.