Forensic Anthropology of Forensic Medicine

Forensic Evidence Science: Forensic Evidence Science is a discipline that applies theoretical knowledge and techniques from a variety of disciplines to study and solve legal problems related to the inspection and identification of biological test materials. Applied disciplines include: medicine, biology, genetics, immunology, serology, biochemistry and molecular biology, etc. It is a discipline that takes forensic evidence as the research object, aims to provide scientific evidence, and studies the application of life science technology to solve the identification of biological materials related to the human body in cases. Forensic evidence science is a branch of forensic medicine. Its research content belongs to the physical evidence examination part of forensic medicine and is one of the main contents of forensic medicine research. Genomics, DNA databases, and DNA typing are its core contents.

At the beginning of the 21st century, we have entered an era of rapid development of systems biology and engineering, and systems genetics and synthetic biology (systems genetic engineering or transgenic systems biotechnology) are at its core and will bring It is the systemic medicine and bioindustrial revolution. In order to control the behavior of life machines, we need to write control logic into the gene body, the operating system of life. Control logic is a professional field of engineering, so synthetic biology must combine the disciplines of engineering and biology to become an interdisciplinary research discipline. Fields that can be combined with synthetic biology include: molecular biology, genome engineering, information science, statistics, systems biology, electrical and electronic engineering, etc. Molecular biology and genome engineering are the foundation of synthetic biology, because DNA must be spliced ??to write the required operating system; information science, statistics and systems biology specialize in the collection, analysis and simulation of biological data ; Electrical and electronic engineering is responsible for the design of control logic circuits. The goal of synthetic biology is to understand the laws of life operations through the process of creating or modifying genomes, and to introduce engineering concepts such as abstraction and standardization to carry out systematic design and development of related applications. Forensic evidence science will also advance with the development of systems genetics and synthetic biology. Herbert McDonnell, a famous American forensic scientist, once said a very classic saying: "Physical evidence is not afraid of intimidation. Physical evidence will not be forgotten. Physical evidence will not be affected by external influences like people and become emotional... During the trial, the defendant People will lie, witnesses will lie, defense lawyers and prosecutors will lie, and even judges will lie. Only physical evidence will not lie. "Forensic evidence mainly involves the following fields:

Relationships. Identification genetics theory has confirmed that half of a child's genomic DNA comes from one biological parent. Genetic relationship identification is based on the basic principles of genetics and uses modern DNA typing testing technology to comprehensively evaluate whether there is biological, skipped generation or other blood relationships between disputed individuals. At present, the kinship identification carried out by the forensic evidence profession includes the following categories: 1. Conventional biological blood relationship identification: This is currently the most demanding type of paternity identification, including the parental rights of parents and children (also known as triplet), father and son (or mother and child) (also known as dyad). identification. The accuracy of this type of identification can reach 99.999999%. 2. Intergenerational genetic relationship testing: This type of testing refers to confirming the genetic relationship between great-grandparents, grandparents, and great-grandchildren (great-granddaughters) and grandchildren (granddaughters). It also includes pure paternal relationship testing, such as confirming the relationship between great-grandfather, grandfather, and great-grandson, and grandson, and pure maternal relationship testing, such as confirming the relationship between great-grandmother, maternal grandmother, granddaughter, and great-granddaughter. . 3. Difficult kinship identification: In addition to the above two categories, there are also some more difficult kinship identifications, such as identification of siblings (brothers, brothers, sisters, sisters), cousins, uncles and nephews whose parents are suspected (none) Identification of biological relationships between aunts and nieces, uncles and nephews (nieces), etc.

The application scope of kinship identification includes: Generally, kinship identification is suitable for family identification cases related to the identification of children (relatives), such as the identification of long-lost father and son, mother and son, brothers and sisters, etc., which is very important for Meeting the affectionate needs of the families involved plays a vital role. In addition, it can also be used in some of the following cases:

1. Identification of biological blood relationship in household registration declaration 2. Identification of biological blood relationship in divorce and property inheritance cases 3. Identification in miscarriage cases and child abduction cases 4. Identification of kinship relationships of relevant persons in immigration cases 5. Determining the biological father of the fetus in rape-induced pregnancy cases 6. Other identifications that need to confirm the genetic relationship between disputed individuals, such as sibling identification, grandparent-grandson relationship identification, etc.

Scientific research on individual identification has confirmed that a person starts from the formation of a fertilized egg, and his or her The genotype is determined and remains unchanged throughout life. Therefore, based on the biological evidence left by a certain person (such as blood, semen, cigarette butts, hair, etc.), through DNA typing testing, comparison and corresponding theoretical calculations, we can draw the possibility that these biological evidence came from this person. How big.

The application scope of individual identification includes: 1. In traffic accident cases, the identification of drivers; 2. In traffic accident cases, the same identification of victims; 3. Identification of blood stains and residues of unknown origin on the vehicle causing the accident in traffic accident cases; 4. The same identification of missing persons;

5. The same identification of victims in major disaster accidents; 6. In criminal cases, the same identification of criminal suspects; 7. Genotype comparison of donor and recipient before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; 8. Identification of paraffin-embedded tissue blocks or stained sections in medical disputes and insurance fraud cases.

Species identification: Inspection of the presence of blood spots or sperm spots on various carriers