People with the spirit of reform in ancient times

A famous reformer in the history of China.

1, Guan Zhong: Choose the best and appoint the best, and each will decline.

Guan zhong (? —— In 645 BC, Yiwu people, also known as famous statesmen of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, were born in Yingshang (now Yingshang, Anhui). Qi Shangqing (Prime Minister) is called "the first phase in the Spring and Autumn Period", and he helped Qi Huangong become the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Guan Zhong attached importance to the economy, opposed empty talk, advocated reform, and made Qiang Bing rich. He said: "If the country has more wealth, it will be far away. If you open the land, the people will stay, the warehouse will know etiquette, and food and clothing will know honor and disgrace. " Qi Huangong respected Guan Zhong as "Guan Zhong" and authorized him to preside over a series of political and economic reforms: dividing administrative regions throughout the country, organizing military establishment and setting up official administration; Establishing a talent selection system can be regarded as "the praise of superiors" (assistant) after three trials; Taxes are classified according to land, and nobles are forbidden to plunder private property; Develop the salt and iron industry and adjust the price of coins. The essence of Guanzhong reform is to abolish slavery and transition to feudalism. Guan Zhong's reform has achieved remarkable results, which greatly enhanced the national strength of Qi State and laid a solid economic foundation for its hegemony.

2. Li Kui: Renxian attaches importance to agriculture and has a strong concept of rule of law.

Li Kui (455- 395 BC), Li Ke, was a famous politician and jurist of Wei in the early Warring States Period. Li Kui is a native of Wei Wenhou. When he first arrived in Wuhou, he studied under Xia Zi's disciple Zeng Shen. Wei Wenhou, the founder of Wei State, is a famous politician. About 400 years ago, he appointed Li Kui as Prime Minister and implemented reforms. The main contents of the reform are as follows:

First, select talents and strictly reward and punish them. Li Kui advocated that in order to change the old system of "learning from the past", important official positions should be held by talented people, and those who made contributions should be given generous salaries. He also advocates strict rewards and punishments. Due to this reform, Wei's "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system was greatly weakened. In the future, the monarch has no right to govern the people in the food city, and only pays the food and clothing tax; The bureaucracy has improved and the political situation has become better.

Second, do your best. "Do your best" is a "agriculture-oriented policy". Li Kui wrote Teaching to the Best of Our Ability for Wei Wenhou. He calculated that within 100 square miles, there are 90,000 hectares of land, and 60,000 hectares of land can be cultivated besides one third of Shanze's human settlements. "If you are diligent in farming, you will benefit three times. If you are not diligent, you will lose money (reduce production). " That is to say, the annual output of Baili Land will increase by1800,000 stone or decrease by1800,000 stone due to diligence and non-diligence. This figure is very important, so farmers must be encouraged to produce.

Third, formulate "legal classics". Li Kui has enacted a law called "The Classic of Law", which is divided into six chapters, namely "thief", "thief", "net", "arrest", "miscellaneous" and "weapon". Records of the Criminal Law of the Book of Jin said: Writing the Classic of Law, "I thought that kings should not steal in a hurry, so their laws began with thieves; Thieves must have been arrested illegally, so I wrote two articles, Net and Arrest. They are contemptuous and cunning, overstep the territory, play games, borrow fakes, and overstep the system, thinking that they are miscellaneous laws; ..... "The law is a general law that decides to give a lighter or heavier punishment according to the situation. This law was formulated mainly to protect the interests of the exploiting classes, but for Wei, it played an important role in maintaining social order and stabilizing the political situation.

In the early Warring States period, Wei became the most powerful country in the world, which was inseparable from the reform.

3. Wu Qi: Military genius and reform fighter.

Wu Qi (about 440 BC-3865438 BC +0 years) was born in Zuo's family of Wei (now northwest of Cao County, Shandong Province). He was one of the representatives of the famous legalist school in the early Warring States period, a politician of the emerging feudal landlord class and a famous strategist at that time. He has successively held important military and political positions, such as general Lu, general Wei, magistrate of Xihe County, envoy of Chu (now Nanyang, Henan Province) and Ling Yin (with the same post). Comrade Guo Moruo once spoke highly of Wuqi as "an indelible figure in the history of China".

In 40 1 year BC, the king of Chu lost his throne. At this time, the national strength of Chu was weak, the domestic politics was dark, and the class contradictions were sharp. The north and northwest were repeatedly invaded by Wei, Han and Qin. Wuqi arrived in Chu about 395 BC, gained the trust of King Mourning of Chu, and assisted King Mourning of Chu in his reform. Wu Qi believes that the main problem of Chu is also the system of "learning from the scriptures". He said that this system caused "too many ministers and too many princes" in Chu. If so, it is to force (force) the Lord and abuse the people. This poor country is also a weak country. "His reform focus, like Li Kui's, mainly lies in weakening the old system of' learning from foreigners', selecting talents, appointing people on their merits and strictly rewarding and punishing them. After this reform, Chu politics has been rectified and its military strength has become increasingly strong. " Therefore, Nanping Baiyue, north and Chen, Cai, is the strength of the three Jin, western cutting Qin, governors are suffering from Chu. "

However, the reform of Wuqi was opposed by the aristocratic conservatives in Chu, and the struggle between the two sides was also very sharp. In 38 1 BC, the king of Chu mourned, and the conservatives immediately staged a coup and killed Wuqi. The reform of Wuqi was almost completely abolished, and Chu, which occupied half of the country, lost the historical opportunity to unify the world.

4. Shang Yang: Severe punishment and severe law made Qiang Qin.

Shang Yang (about 390-338 BC) was a statesman, thinker and famous representative of legalist thought in the Warring States period. The descendant of the Duke of Wei was named Wei Yang, also known as Gongsun Yang, and was later named Shang Yang. Nineteen years in power, Qin ruled the country, which is known as Shang Yang's political reform in history. This is one of the most famous political reforms in the history of China, and its success has had a far-reaching impact on the social development of China.

Shang Yang carried out two large-scale reforms from 356 BC to 350 BC. The first time was in the sixth year of filial piety: farming and weaving were appreciated, and the prolific people were exempted from corvee; Abolish the hereditary privilege of nobles and formulate a system of conferring titles according to the size of military exploits; Adopt Li Kui's "legal classics" as the law, and implement the method of sitting together. The second time was in the twelfth year of filial piety: the merged township was thirty-one counties (one said forty-one counties); Abolish the well field system and allow land to be bought and sold; According to Ding Nan's conquest law, it is stipulated that two men in a family must be separated, or they will be conquered twice. Promulgate legal weights and measures to unify measurement. Shang Yang's two political reforms laid the foundation for Qin's prosperity and created conditions for Qin to unify the six countries.

Because Shang Yang was too harsh in implementing the new law, he offended some conservative nobles. Shortly after Qin Xiaogong's death, he was persecuted by nobles, tortured by car cracks, and finally died as a martyr. Although Shang Yang died, King Hui of Qin and his successors continued to implement Shang Yang's new law, so the national strength of Qin further developed, laying the foundation for Qin Shihuang to destroy the six countries and unify China.

5. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: respecting Confucianism and valuing the law, and comprehensively reforming.

Liu Che (BC 157-87), the fifth emperor of the Han Dynasty, was nicknamed Herry Liu. In his fifty-four years in office, he established one of the most brilliant achievements of the Han Dynasty. His great talent and literary skills made the Han Dynasty the most powerful country in the world at that time and one of the greatest emperors in China history. The reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty covers a wide range, including the whole social, political, military, economic and cultural aspects. Politically, firstly, the "favor decree" and "attached benefit decree" were promulgated, which made the vassal king enfeoffment and divided the fief of the kingdom, thus further weakening the power of the vassal king; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; 13 secretariat departments were established again, and local control was strengthened. In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in China to create and use titles. On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate the military power and establish subordinate troops and guards, which not only enriches the central guard force, but also prepares a powerful military force to counter the Huns. On the economic front, we should rectify the finances, issue the orders of "liquidation" and "admonition", levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessman dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest, implementing the "land substitution law" in ideology and culture, and adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" made Confucianism the dominant ideology of China society, which had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.

In addition, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultivation of talents. He established an evaluation system, which is the origin of China's talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also conducted the first census and statistics in human history.

Relying on the powerful imperial power, the above reform measures were successfully implemented, which greatly enhanced the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty and laid a solid material foundation for a series of exciting foreign wars in the later Han Dynasty. The phrase "those who dare to be strong, although far away, will be punished!" The brave words came from the mouth of Chen Tang, a general who led the army to destroy the northern Xiongnu in one fell swoop during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It's still exciting and heroic to read now!

6, Wang Mang: Tuogu reform, Tang Yang stopped boiling.

Wang Mang (45-23 years ago) was born in Yuancheng, Wei County (now east of daming county, Hebei Province), and was the founder of the new dynasty. He ruled from AD 8 to AD 23.

In the first year (AD 8), Wang Mang abolished the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty, Ruziying, called himself the emperor, changed the title of the country to new, and made the title "The Founding of People's Republic of China (PRC)". After usurping Han's self-reliance, he reformed the system and ordered the reform: changing the land to "Wang Tian" to limit the number of individuals; Handmaiden changed its name to "private" and it was forbidden to buy or sell; Implement five grades and six grades, control and monopolize industry and commerce, and increase national tax revenue; Repeated changes in the monetary system have caused economic chaos, unemployment of farmers and enterprises, and waste of food and commodities; Restore the fifth rank, often change the official system and administrative divisions and so on.

Due to the destruction of nobles and powerful people, the restructuring did not ease social contradictions, but intensified class contradictions; He also launched a war against the border ethnic minority regimes, with heavy taxes, excessive levies and harsh laws, and finally a nationwide peasant uprising broke out in A.D. 17. In 23 AD, the new dynasty collapsed under the attack of peasant rebels such as Chimei and Greenwood, and Wang Mang was also killed when the heroes of Greenwood invaded Chang 'an. Wang Mang, who had no chance to defend himself, was criticized for thousands of years, but history remembered him and his reform and exploration, and finally gave him a fair evaluation.

7. Emperor Xiaowen Wei: Hu Hanjia, a historical sage.

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei (AD 467-499), whose real name was Tuoba, was the eldest son of the former emperor Tuoba Hong, and his reign was from 47/kloc-0 to 499. Emperor Xiaowen is an outstanding minority politician and reformer.

When Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne, ethnic integration in northern China gradually became the mainstream of the times. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty followed the historical trend and took the initiative to take reform measures, which accelerated the pace of national integration. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen was carried out in two stages. The first stage began in 484 AD, mainly to reform the political and economic system. These measures are mainly to rectify the official administration politically, implement the salary system and severely punish corruption and pervert the law. Economically, the land equalization system, the three-long system and family modulation are implemented to improve farmers' enthusiasm for production, improve rural grassroots political power and protect national tax sources. Therefore, Emperor Xiaowen was young, and the reform was actually mainly carried out under the auspices of his grandmother Feng Taihou. After Feng Taihou's death, Emperor Xiaowen took over the power, continued to push forward the reform, and finally achieved great success.

In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River valley, Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang in 494, regardless of the opposition of conservative forces, and began the second stage of reform. After moving to the capital, they all wore Hanfu, spoke Chinese, changed their surnames, and advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality. In the reform, he set an example, changed the royal family to Yuan, renamed it, took the lead in marrying the daughter of the Han minister as the imperial concubine, and married her daughter to the Han people. The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen to promote ethnic integration made the northern ethnic minorities gradually converge with the Han nationality in terms of language, clothing, customs and habits, enriched and developed the culture of the Central Plains, and gradually integrated the diet, clothing, art and daily utensils of ethnic minorities into the lives of the Han people. Emperor Xiaowen also promulgated the "Land Equalization Order" and implemented land rent modulation, which promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy and made the lifestyle of ethnic minorities feudal. Emperor Xiaowen's reform in Wei Dynasty was one of the most important historical events in ancient China, which profoundly influenced the development of China's history and laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

8. Emperor Wendi: Li is Ji and Ze is a descendant.

Sui Wendi (58 1-604), born in Huayin, Hongnong (now Huayin, Shaanxi), was the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty.

The reform of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty is a series of measures taken by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty to strengthen centralization. In 589, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty completed the reunification of the North and the South, ending the division that lasted for nearly 300 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. The history of China has entered a new stage. From the first year of Huang Kai (58 1), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began a series of reforms.

First of all, the outdated six-part system of Northern Zhou Dynasty was abolished, and the six-part system of three provinces was basically established. In order to strengthen centralization. This large-scale and well-organized bureaucratic system established by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty shows that the feudal system has developed to a mature stage. Customized from the Sui Dynasty, it has been followed to the Qing Dynasty. Secondly, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty ordered the enactment of the Law of Opening the Emperor, which had a far-reaching impact on later laws and laid a legal foundation for safeguarding the interests of the landlord class. Thirdly, Emperor Wendi of Sui took many economic measures to consolidate his rule, lightened the burden on farmers and gave them more time to engage in agricultural production. Fourth, rectify the system of officers and men and strengthen the central government's control over the army. Fifth, establish the imperial examination system and abolish the nine-grade system. The establishment of the imperial examination system emphasizes talents rather than family status, which weakens the hereditary privilege of large families. This "meritocracy" reform has a great influence on later generations, and the civil service selection system established later in western countries is also deeply influenced by the Chinese imperial examination system.

A series of reform measures carried out by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty played a positive role in weakening local powerful forces and strengthening centralization. In the later period of Emperor Wendi's rule, the country became rich and strong, the number of households increased greatly, and the abundant grain storage was rare in history. The whole country is peaceful, the people in the north and south can rest, and the society presents an unprecedented prosperity. The Sui system initiated by Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty was followed by successive dynasties after the Tang Dynasty and made great contributions in history.

9. Ada: Financial expert, whose loyalty was slandered.

Ada (about 7 16-780) was born in Nanhua, Cao Zhou (now Dongming County). As famous financiers in the Tang Dynasty, the ministers in charge of the official department served as messengers to make peace, collect money, cast money and salt and iron after the Anshi Rebellion, and made outstanding contributions to the rule of the Tang Dynasty. His reform mainly focused on finance, including three aspects: First, the reform of grain transportation greatly reduced costs and improved efficiency. Second, the reform of salt policy has greatly increased the government's fiscal revenue. Third, implement the Changping Law, reform the financial system and establish an economic information network. Ada boldly reformed the past tax policy of accumulating wealth regardless of people's life and death, and implemented the fiscal policy of stabilizing society, developing production and giving priority to supporting the people, which also had a far-reaching impact on later generations.

Because Ada's financial management principles, measures and methods adapted to the broken economy of the Tang Dynasty and the needs of the society at that time, the economy of the Tang Dynasty was restored and developed, and the people were able to raise interest. He made a great contribution. No wonder people often compare Ada with Guan Zhong and Xiao He. However, under the feudal autocracy, people with high achievements are taboo, upright people are jealous, and upright people often die of injustice. Ada has not escaped the disaster brought by this feudal chronic disease. In 779, Tang Daizong died and Tang Dezong acceded to the throne. Tang Dezong listened to the slanderers of Prime Minister Yang Yan. In 780, he expelled Ada from the capital and wrote a letter to kill him. Ada was killed innocently, and the crowd was angry. After Tang Dezong was forced by the situation to kill Yang Yan, Ada got a historical trial, and the people carved stones to tell stories. There are records in Old Tang Book, New Tang Book and Dongming County Records.

10, Wang: Yongzhen's innovation is a flash in the pan.

Wang (735 ~ 806), a native of Shaoxing, was a famous political reformer. In the first month of the twenty-first year of Zhenyuan (805), after Shunzong ascended the throne, he was named a bachelor of Hanlin, which was not only to spend money, but also to transport salt and iron. He promoted Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan, Wang Lai and others, promoted political reform, reduced taxes, stopped all kinds of fast service, denounced corrupt officials, abolished the palace market controlled by eunuchs, stopped making monthly income due to salt, and then served as the envoy of local officials.

However, its reform was opposed by Ju Wenzhen and Liu Guangqi, eunuchs who controlled the imperial army. Besides, Shunzong is in poor health. In March of the 21st year of Zhenyuan (805), eunuch Ju Wenzhen and others joined forces with Wei Gao and Pei Jun, forcing Shunzong to make Mason Lee (Spring Calendar) a prince, and August Zen was located in Xianzong, which was called "Yongzhen Zen". Wang also lost power and was demoted to Yuzhou. Wang Wa was demoted to Kaizhou Sima and died soon. Eight people, including Han Tai, Chen Jian, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Han Ye, Ling Zhun, Cheng Yi and Wei Zhiyi, were successively demoted as Sima of Bayao Prefecture, which was called "Two Kings and Eight Sima" in history. Wang and others were in power 146 days, which is called "Yongzhen innovation" in history.

1 1, Fan Zhongyan: Celebrating the New Deal, success and failure.

Fan Zhongyan (989-1052) was born in Greece. With Bao Zheng, he was a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty and a native of Wuxian (now Jiangsu). In Song Renzong, the bureaucracy is huge, the administrative efficiency is low and the people live in poverty. Liao and Xixia threatened the northern and northwestern frontiers. Fan Zhongyan was deeply saddened by the shortcomings of state affairs at that time. 1043 (the third year of Song Renzong), he put forward "ten essentials", advocating the establishment of a strict official system, attaching importance to farming and mulberry, reorganizing military equipment, advocating the legal system and reducing prison service. Song Renzong adopted his suggestions and implemented them one after another, which is called "Qingli New Deal" in history. Because the New Deal violated the interests of aristocratic bureaucrats, it was blocked by them. At the beginning of May, Fan Zhongyan was expelled from the imperial court, and various reforms were abolished. Fan Zhongyan was first demoted as Fu Xuan's ambassador to Shaanxi No.4 Road, and later died of illness on his way to Yingzhou, where he died. Although Fan Zhongyan's new Li Qing policy failed, it opened the prelude to Wang Anshi's political reform.

12, Wang Anshi: Not afraid of people's words, Jinling dreams are broken.

Wang Anshi (102 1-65438+ Linchuan, Fuzhou (now Liyang Village, Shangchi, dongxiang county, Fuzhou) was an outstanding politician, thinker, writer and reformer in the Northern Song Dynasty.

In the second year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1069), Wang Anshi became a political advisor, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously carry out reforms. A series of new laws have been formulated and implemented, such as farmland water conservancy, young crops, exemption from service, equal loss, easy market, exemption from bank money and mining tax system. From agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, from rural areas to cities, extensive social reforms have been launched. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The so-called Three Classics and New Meanings, such as Zhou, Yi Shu and Poetic Art written by Wang Anshi himself, have provided new teaching materials for school education reform.

Political reform goes against the interests of conservatives and is opposed by conservatives. Wang Anshi went on strike twice. Coupled with improper employment, the courtiers' party struggle intensified. Finally, in the first year of Song Zhezong Yuan You (1086), the Conservative Party gained power and the new law was abolished. Wang Anshi was deeply disturbed by the reversal of the political situation. When he heard that the exemption law was also abolished, he couldn't help but say with indignation, "So that's it!" ? "Soon he died of depression.

13, Zhang: Turn the tide and fall short.

Zhang (1525- 1584), the word Shu Da, is Taiyue. Huguang Jiangling (now Hubei), also known as Zhang Jiangling, was a politician and reformer in Ming Dynasty. During the Wanli period, Zhang served as the first assistant of the cabinet for 10 years.

In the middle of Ming dynasty, the situation of land annexation by aristocratic landlords was quite serious. About half of the country's tax-paying land is hidden by big landlords, who refuse to pay taxes, which seriously affects national income. With the further intensification of land annexation and feudal exploitation, social contradictions intensified, peasant uprisings broke out one after another, and the Ming Dynasty was in danger. In order to save themselves, the authorities chose to reform politics, and Zhang's reform measures were implemented. In internal affairs, we must first rectify bureaucracy and strengthen centralization. Zhang created the "Examination Law", which strictly checked the implementation of imperial edicts by officials at all levels, and demanded that local political affairs be reported to the Cabinet on a regular basis in order to enhance the real power of the Cabinet. Get rid of die-hard officials who stick to the rules and oppose change, elect new forces to support reform, and make organizational preparations for the implementation of the new law. The postal service and civil administration have been rectified, and its policies are: "respect sovereignty, instructors, rewards and punishments, and orders", "strengthen public office and interfere in private affairs." On the economic front, Zhang's achievements are the most outstanding. He appointed Pan Jixun to supervise the repair of the Yellow River, so that the Yellow River would no longer flow southward into the Huaihe River, so that "decades of abandoned land would be turned into ploughing mulberry" and the Caohe River could reach Beijing directly. "One whip method" is an important content of Zhang's political reform, and it is also a major change in the history of China's feudal society. After nine years of Wanli, he finally ordered the implementation of flogging throughout the country. Zhang also took some military reform measures. Appoint Qi Jiguang, Li, etc. , strengthened border defense; Trade with Dahan Tatar in the tea-horse market and adopt a peaceful policy. Since then, the northern border defense has been further consolidated. In twenty or thirty years, there was no major war between the Ming Dynasty and Tatar.

Zhang Reform played a certain role in consolidating the feudal rule of Ming Dynasty, but it also restricted the vested interests of big bureaucratic landlords to some extent. 1June 582, Zhang died of illness, and the opposition launched a massive counterattack, which quickly destroyed the achievements of the political reform.

14, Yong Zhengdi: fearless, resolute and pragmatic.

Yongzheng (1678- 1735), surnamed Aisingiorro, named Yin Zhen, was the third emperor after entering the Qing Dynasty.

During his reign (1722- 1735), he carried out several influential reforms in politics and economy: "dividing fields", merging poll tax into land tax, ending the history of collecting poll tax in China for thousands of years, benefiting the poor and playing a role in the rapid growth of population; In the southwest and other places, "returning farmland to flow" was implemented, the hereditary chieftain was abolished, and the court removed the official of flow, which strengthened the control over ethnic minority areas; In order to strengthen the authority of the emperor himself, the military department directly controlled by the emperor was set up in the central government as the core institution to handle military and political affairs; Intensify the punishment of corrupt officials. It is precisely because of his 13' s diligent and pragmatic rule that the "prosperity of Kanggan" lasted for a hundred years.

For hundreds of years, Yong Zhengdi has been demonized for opposing various interest groups such as aristocratic interest groups and gentry interest groups. He must restore a great king and an outstanding reformer. Yong Zhengdi violated the fundamental interests of various interest groups, such as aristocratic interest groups and gentry interest groups, and was madly countered by these interest groups. However, Yong Zhengdi is fearless, and still marches forward bravely. History is fair, and people's hearts are fair. The longer the history, the clearer it will be. Thought-provoking and unforgettable.

15, kang Youwei: a hundred days of reform, ambition is hard to pay.

Kang Youwei (1858- 1927), also known as Zuyi, whose real name is Guangsha and whose real name is Chang Su, is a politician, thinker and educator in China. He is a native of Danzao Su Village, Nanhai, Foshan City, Guangdong Province, and is called Mr. Kang Nanhai or Nanhai.

1895, when Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao were studying for the exam in Beijing, they learned that they were defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and sent thousands of people in series to "write to the bus", demanding to refuse peace, move the capital, train and reform, but they still failed. In the same year, Zhongkang was a scholar, and he was the master of the Ministry of Industry. Since then, he has written many times calling for political reform, and led his protege to establish the World Bulletin, The Times and Strengthening the Society and Protecting the National Assembly. As far as the influence is concerned, there is a sudden upsurge of running newspapers, societies, schools and bookstores in various places. In June 1898, 1 1, Emperor Guangxu issued a letter to reform, which was called "Reform Reform" in history (also known as the Hundred Days Reform or the Reform Movement of 1898). Its main contents are: learning from the west, advocating science and culture, reforming political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce. Guangxu, with the support of the "Imperial Party" bureaucrats and reformists, pushed public opinion and was determined to reform, but it was strongly opposed by the die-hards. In September of 2 1 year, Empress Dowager Cixi, who held the real power of the Qing Dynasty, staged a coup and deposed Guangxu. Kang was wanted and fled overseas on charges of "forming a party for selfish ends and abusing political power".

The Reform Movement of 1898 led by Kang Youwei is an event of great significance in China's modern history, and it is a patriotic national salvation movement. It demands the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of bourgeois political rights, which accords with the historical trend of modern China's development, so it is a progressive political reform movement. It spread new bourgeois culture and new ideas, criticized old feudal culture and old ideas, and was another enlightenment thought.