Who can tell me the details of Tang Ruowang?

Tang Ruowang, Johann Adam Schall von Bell (1592 ~1666)1. In early Tang Ruowang, he was a Jesuit missionary. German. 1592 (one said 159 1 year) 1 year was born in cologne in May. Born in an aristocratic family, he has an active personality and studied in the well-known Sanwangmian aristocratic middle school. Because of his outstanding academic performance, he was sent to the Germanic College in Rome after graduation. 16 19 was sent by Jesuits and arrived in Macau under the leadership of French priest Genig. In the second year of Ming Dynasty (1622), he entered Guangdong. In the same year1February 25th to Beijing (1623 65438+1October 25th). Proficient in astronomical calendar calculation, during his first two years in Beijing, he was appreciated by zhangwenda, senior minister of the Ministry of Finance, for his accurate calculation of lunar eclipse. From 65438 to 0626, Tang Ruowang wrote The Theory of Telescope with the help of China scholar Li Zubai. Theory of Hyperopia is based on Seduri's works published in Frankfurt Press 16 16. Galileo telescope is described in detail, and it is the earliest enlightenment book published by China to introduce western optical theory and telescope technology. In the seventh year of the apocalypse, he went to Xi 'an to manage Shaanxi education administration. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), recommended by Xu Guangqi, the minister of rites, he returned to Beijing to work in Qin, translating almanac, pushing astronomy and making instruments. At the same time, he used the opportunity of explaining astronomy to eunuchs to spread Catholicism in the palace and baptized Pang Tianshou, the eunuch of the Imperial Horse Prison. Historically, Tang Ruowang also cooperated with China scholars to translate the masterpiece Dray Metal Newspaper written by German mining and metallurgy expert agricola in 1550, and discussed the European mining and metallurgy technology in16th century. The Chinese translation is Kun Yu Ge Zhi. After the book was compiled, Tang Ruowang presented it to the imperial court, and Emperor Chongzhen gave a royal approval: "The book Kun Yu Ge Zhi was published, and the local officials took into account the terrain and adopted it cheaply." In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Xu Guangqi and Li Tianjing compiled 137 volumes of Chongzhen Almanac. He also ordered by the Ming court to cast a war gun from the west of France, and dictated the principles and technologies related to the smelting, casting, manufacturing, storage, transportation, performance and release, preparation of gunpowder, and manufacturing of artillery shells. , compiled by Jiao Xu "Fire Attack" two volumes and "Fire Attack Tips" one volume, was the authoritative work introducing western firearms technology at that time. In the ninth year of Chongzhen, Tang set up a factory to cast guns, and cast 20 guns in two years. In the eleventh year of Chongzhen, in order to seek the legal status of Catholicism in various provinces, please give the word "ode to heaven" and make a plaque and distribute it to Catholic churches around the country for hanging. 2. In the first year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1644), the Qing army entered Beijing and the Ming Dynasty perished. Tang Ruowang's knowledge and skills in astronomical calendar were protected by the Qing court, and he was ordered to continue to revise the calendar. Tang Ruowang tried many times to impress the new rulers on the length of the new calendar, and showed the newly-made maps, topography, landforms, telescopes and other instruments in time. Moreover, he accurately predicted the first loss, food shortage and the last contact time of the first lunar eclipse on the first day of August in the first year of Shunzhi (1644) with new western methods, and finally persuaded the then Regent Dourgen. His almanac revised by western methods (that is, the abridged version of the almanac of Chongzhen) was named "Li Shixian" by the Qing court and promulgated all over the world. In November of the first year of Shunzhi, he was ordered to supervise Qin Tian affairs. The following year, he compressed the "Chongzhen Almanac" into a 103-volume "Western New Law Almanac" and presented it to Regent Dourgen, giving him the name of Shao Qing, the Palace of Taichang. In the seventh year of Shunzhi, the Qing government granted land to build a church in the former Catholic Church in Xuanwumen. Tang Ruowang expanded the lecture hall built during Matteo Ricci and built the first cathedral (South Hall) in Beijing, which became the residence of Tang Ruowang and other priests. Tang Ruowang works in the ancient observatory near Jianguomen. There are more than 50 missionaries working in the ancient observatory. One of them is the most important missionary, and he also serves as a director, that is, Zheng of Qin Dynasty. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, after the emperor shunzhi came to power, he successively awarded the title of "Xuan Tong Taifu" to Taibu Temple, Taichang and Zheng Tong envoys (Emperor Kangxi changed it to "Tongwei Taifu"). Tang Ruowang frequented the imperial court and made suggestions on the gains and losses of state affairs. He wrote more than 300 letters. On his deathbed, the emperor shunzhi asked Tang Ruowang for advice. 3. The dispute between Chinese and Western calendars in prison has a long history. As early as the 16th year of Shunzhi, Wu Mingxuan reported Tang Ruowang's miscalculation. As a result, he was accused of "deceiving reality" and was almost sentenced to death. 16 1 year, Shunzhi died of illness, eight-year-old Kangxi ascended the throne, assistant minister Ao Bai and other missionaries opposed western theory, and Minister Yang Guangxian said that Tang Ruowang and other missionaries had three charges: conspiracy to revolt; Heresy confuses people; Calendars are ridiculous In the winter of 1664, Ao Bai abolished the new calendar and arrested missionaries paralyzed by stroke, such as Tang Ruowang and Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest. On September 26, the third year of Kangxi, the Qing court "came to Tang Ruowang, and there were officials from Qin Tian prison." On March 16 of the following year, the court discussed that Tang Ruowang was the Qin Heavenly Palace, Kedu was missing, Yang Hongliang and Li Zubai were the five senses, Guan Chun was Song Kecheng, Qiu Guan was Song Fa, Dongguan was Zhu Guangxian, and Guanzhong was Liu Youtai. The late son Liu Biyuan, the son of Jia Wenyu, the son of Song Kecheng, Song Zhe, the son of Li Zubai and his adopted son Pan all made decisions. "After Tang Ruowang and others were sentenced to death in the first instance, they conducted a practical test to predict the eclipse time with three observation methods: China, Hui Hui and the West. Results The solar eclipse time predicted by ferdinand verbiest and others according to the western calendar was consistent with the facts and was the most correct. However, instead of reducing the punishment for Tang Ruowang and others, it has increased: from hanging to the cruelest year. Obviously, the imperial court just hoped that Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest and others would make mistakes and find a powerful excuse for persecuting them. Otherwise, westerners' correct solar eclipse forecast should be the reason and basis for reducing or canceling the charges. According to the verdict, Tang Ruowang should be executed the following year. But soon a comet appeared in the sky that the ancients thought was ominous. A big earthquake suddenly happened in Beijing, and the palace was damaged in the earthquake. This obviously stunned the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. Tang Ruowang was spared the death penalty and imprisonment, and was released by sourdrang dowager. Don's servant Pan also survived. Other Han Chinese who are engaged in western learning listed above are still beheaded. At this point, during the Chongzhen period, Xu Guangqi trained a large number of western mathematical astronomy experts of the Han nationality, and was completely annihilated. Tang Ruowang died in his apartment on July 15. In the eighth year of Kangxi, Kangxi rehabilitated Tang Ruowang. 1669 1 1 month 16, Kangxi delivered a eulogy to Xiang: "The emperor appointed the general political affairs envoy as the general political affairs envoy, adding two levels to be responsible for Qin's printing affairs, so he said in spirit," Do your best, and your servants are everywhere. Paying tribute to the dead is a grand ceremony of the country. Tang Ruowang, a native of the Western Regions, is an astronomer. He is Xi Tongwei's teacher. I mourn the death of Tyre. Out of compassion, Tejia sent an official to sacrifice. Alas, I am a fairy, enjoying the report of bandit bow. You know, Shang Kexi loves it. " 5. Chronology 1592 (one said 159 1 year) 1 year was born in Cologne in May. 1611/kloc-0 joined the Jesuits at the age of 9. Two years later, he entered the Roman Academy. 16 16 applied for missionary work in China. 1618.1665438+Arrived in Macau in July 2009. In the second year of Apocalypse (1622), he entered Guangdong. In the same year1February 25th to Beijing (1623 65438+1October 25th). In the seventh year of the apocalypse, he went to Xi 'an to manage Shaanxi education administration. Chongzhen three years (1630), returned to Beijing to work for Qin. In the seventh year of Chongzhen, Xu Guangqi and Li Tianjing were assisted in compiling the calendar of Chongzhen. 1644, Li Zicheng entered Beijing, and Tang Ruowang stayed in the Beijing Church, where he kept teaching and engraved the almanac. 1644, the Qing army entered Beijing, and Tang Ruowang was ordered to continue to revise the calendar. In November of the same year, he was appointed to supervise Qin Tian affairs. 1645, presented to regent dourgen with the almanac of western new laws, and named Shao Qing, the imperial palace. In the eighth year of Shunzhi, the secretary of Taipu Temple, the secretary of Taichang Temple and the general political envoy were appointed with the title of "Xuantong Teacher" (changed to "Tongwei Teacher" when Emperor Kangxi was taboo). In the third year of Kangxi (1664), he was accused by Yang Guangxian and imprisoned. In the fourth year of Kangxi, he was imprisoned in the Jingshi earthquake and released by the Empress Dowager Xiao Zhuang. On July 15th (1666 August 15), Kangxi died of illness. Tang Ruowang wrote many works in the Ming Dynasty. There are five volumes of Kun Zhi, one volume of Huntianyi Shuo, one volume of Western Calendar, one volume of Notes on People's Calendar, two volumes of Big Survey, five volumes of Eight-Star Map, five volumes of Catalogue, seven volumes of Eclipse Calendar, two volumes of Eclipse Survey and two volumes of Celestial Survey. However, under the rule of Manchu, he didn't even have a decent book. In the words of Shang Zhicong, the author of The Learning of Poor Things in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties, "from 1644 to 1663, Tang Ruowang did not write creatively". 7. Other tombstones of Tang Ruowang were erected in the courtyard of the Beijing Party School of the Santasi in Chegongzhuang, outside Fuchengmen, Beijing, which was once called the walled cemetery. Now, in Tang's hometown of Cologne, Germany, people have erected a full-length portrait of white marble for him, and established an association to study Sino-German cultural exchanges.