Relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan

Turkey is a "southern" Muslim country with close ties with five Central Asian countries. Turkey has achieved success in developing economy and implementing social policies, and its secular model is attractive to Central Asian countries. [3] Its experience has also been valued by Central Asian countries. Central Asian countries hope that Turkey will become a "bridge" connecting western powers. Turkey also attaches great importance to exerting influence in Central Asia and cares about its energy development and policy orientation. Turkey is the first country to recognize the independence of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and other Central Asian countries, and attaches great importance to developing all-round cooperative relations with these countries. [4]

Turkey's policy towards Central Asia includes:

Actively contact the top leaders of Central Asian countries and establish friendly and cooperative relations through signing documents and regular consultations. For example, 1992- 1997, the Turkish president visited Kazakhstan three times and signed 56 documents with Kazakhstan, covering political, economic, military, humanities and other fields. 1In June 1995, Turkish President demirel signed a declaration on further developing and deepening cooperation between the two countries and 48 cooperation agreements, memorandums and minutes of talks. Turkey has also signed many agreements with other Central Asian countries, such as treaties of friendship and cooperation, and has invited leaders of Central Asian countries to visit their countries many times. 1992 10 10 In October, the presidents of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan were invited to attend the National Day activities held in Turkey. Every year, leaders of Central Asian countries visit Turkey. After being elected Turkish President, Süleyman Demirel attached great importance to maintaining and developing relations with Central Asian countries. In the year of 1996- 1997 alone, he visited Central Asia five times.

Expand economic and trade cooperation and encourage domestic enterprises to invest in Central Asia. Turkey has signed economic and trade cooperation agreements, investment encouragement and mutual protection agreements, double taxation avoidance agreements, inter-bank memorandums of understanding and other cooperation documents with Central Asian countries. By1June 1995, there were 34 large-scale projects invested by Turkey in Kazakhstan, and 3 19 of the 2200 foreign companies in Kazakhstan came from1998; 1992- 1996 Turkish investment in Turkmenistan reached1500 million USD, with more than 60 joint venture projects. From 65438 to 0997, the Turkish government set up a special coordination committee to supervise and coordinate investment and policies in Central Asia. Turkey's main investment direction in Central Asia is concentrated in the following aspects: first, construction project contracting, Turkish companies can often win the bid in one fell swoop among many rivals, with the advantages of good relations with the governments of these Central Asian countries and competitive prices and construction quality; Second, the processing and production fields in light industry and food industry; There are also hotels and tourism; Third, with the help of international capital invested in Turkey, Turkish companies, as intermediaries and partners of major multinational companies in Central Asia, jointly obtained the right to build power stations in Kazakhstan, and jointly established factories with Coca-Cola in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.

I hope to play a role in solving the development and transportation of raw materials and resources in Central Asia. 1In July, 1992, the Ministry of Electricity and Natural Resources of Turkey and the Ministry of Electricity and Fuel Resources of Kazakhstan signed a memorandum of cooperation on the exploration and development of oil, natural gas and coal resources and the construction of power projects.

1In June 1994, Turkey and Kazakhstan signed an oil cooperation agreement. According to this agreement, Turkey can get 2 1.6 billion barrels of oil and 208.9 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 36 years, with a total value of 49 billion US dollars. From 65438 to 0995, Turkey and Kazakhstan set up a working group to study the transportation of Kazakhstan's oil and the participation of Turkish oil companies in Kazakhstan's oil industry, and put forward a plan. Kazakhstan believes that this oil transportation route through Turkey is a promising oil transportation route because the political situation in the region is relatively stable. Turkey has a positive attitude towards the trans-century pipeline project of Turkmenistan and Iran. Turkish President demirel personally went to Turkmenistan to attend the groundbreaking ceremony of the project on June 1994 10. 1995 1, President Niyazov of Turkmenistan, after his visit to Turkey, greatly appreciated Turkey's support for improving traffic conditions in Central Asia. Turkey plans to lay an oil pipeline across the Caspian Sea to transport oil from Kazakhstan's oil fields to Turkey's ports in the Mediterranean. At the end of 1998+00, leaders of Central Asian countries joined hands to participate in the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the founding of Turkey. In Ankara, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and Uzbek President Karimov signed a joint statement with the leaders of Turkey, Azerbaijan and Georgia on laying the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline.

Strengthen cooperation in international affairs and strive to play a role in the stability and development of Central Asia. Turkey supports the CICA proposed by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the Forum on Security and Cooperation in Central Asia proposed by Uzbek leaders. Sign agreements with Central Asian countries to combat terrorist activities, illegal proliferation of weapons and drugs, and help Central Asian countries train soldiers. Turkey initiated the "Summit of Turkic-speaking Countries" mechanism and held regular high-level consultations with leaders of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan in Central Asia.

Attach importance to cooperation in the fields of culture and education. Turkey has invested a lot in the science, technology and culture of Central Asian countries, such as broadcasting Turkish TV programs for Central Asian countries free of charge through satellites. Turkey receives a large number of international students from Central Asian countries every year and invests in establishing international universities in Central Asia.