17, 18,1the history of Xiamen port in the 9th century.

Baidu looked at it and only saw the southern Fujian area, a large part of southern Fujian, including Xiamen Port. You can refer to it

17-19th century: Minnan maritime merchants dominate overseas Chinese business networks.

After the collapse of Zheng Group, the situation that China's overseas trade was dominated by Minnan sea merchants no longer existed. However, Minnan businessmen can still dominate China's overseas trade for a long time by relying on Xiamen Port and the network of Southeast Asian Chinese businessmen.

In the second year (1684) when Taiwan Province Province was captured by the Qing Dynasty, it issued an order to open sea trade and opened ports such as Xiamen, Guangzhou, Ningbo and Yuntai Mountain. Xiamen is the only open port in Fujian, and Zhang Quan businessmen need to export from Xiamen for overseas trade. As early as the reign of Wan Jia in the Ming Dynasty, Xiamen had become the outer port of Guangdong and Hong Kong. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Anping Port in Quanzhou became increasingly prosperous and became the base camp of Zheng Zhilong's prosperity. However, Guangdong and Hong Kong, supported by Zhangzhou maritime merchants, and Anping Port, supported by Quanzhou maritime merchants, are both narrow ports and shallow waters, and Dagang became a smuggling trade center only after it was banned during the sea ban period. Xiamen Port is wide and deep, located in the center of Zhang Quan. After the opening of the maritime ban, Zhang Quan businessmen gradually gathered in Xiamen. In the era of Zheng Chenggong, Xiamen was already a coastal foreign trade center. At the beginning of maritime trade in the early Qing Dynasty, Xiamen's overseas trade was once ahead of Guangzhou and other cities. Until the Opium War, Minnan businessmen still dominated the overseas trade network. At that time, a foreigner commented on Minnan businessmen all over China's north and south ports and important commercial ports in Southeast Asia: "There is no place in China where there are so many rich and capable businessmen like Xiamen. They are located all over the coastal areas of China, and have set up business in many places in east indies. The sailboats known as' blue-headed ships' are mostly the ships of Xiamen merchants. The Records of Xiamen records: "Those who serve Jia, in order to sell the sea for profit, regard Wang Yang as a giant immersion, and travel to Ningbo, Shanghai, Tianjin and Jinzhou in the north, Guangdong in the south and Taiwan Province Province in the opposite direction several times a year. Outside to Luzon, Sulu, Shili and Graba, once a year. At first, the multiple of profit varied from ten times, so there were shipbuilders who abandoned production, but suddenly they became rich and poor, easy to rise and fall, and the helmsman thought there were tens of thousands of people working. "

There are three reasons why Minnan maritime merchants based in Xiamen were able to dominate the overseas Chinese business network until the eve of the Opium War: First, Xiamen was the center of Nanyang shipping in the early Qing Dynasty; Second, relying on its Minnan commercial network and immigrants all over Southeast Asia and coastal ports in China; Third, long-term traffic monopoly, immigration to Taiwan Province.

After Taiwan Province Province was captured by the Qing Dynasty, overseas trade reopened. Xiamen has been designated as the official shipping center for trade with Nanyang, while Guangdong and Macau have been designated as places where foreign merchant ships trade in China. However, the imperial court also chartered Spanish ships to Xiamen, probably because Spanish ships brought silver in short supply in China. It seems that the Qing Dynasty did not prohibit foreign ships from trading in Xiamen. In the early Qing Dynasty, merchant ships of the British East India Company came to Xiamen for trade many times. By the mid-Qing Dynasty, Guangdong also allowed maritime businesses to trade with foreign countries, and Xiamen's exclusive privilege of sailing to Nanyang ceased to exist.

Xiamen, as the shipping center of South Asia in the early Qing Dynasty, is of great significance to consolidate and expand the leading position of Minnan people in the overseas Chinese business network. Southern Fujian has a narrow land and a dense population, with no vast economic hinterland and limited products, which makes it inconvenient to communicate with Chinese mainland. The material conditions for China to become a coastal trade center are far inferior to those of Shandong Peninsula, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Guangdong. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, Minnan people began to dominate overseas trade, which was really caused by a series of karma until the Zheng Dynasty. With the help of Minnan people's fearless adventure, the humanistic spirit of sailing and valuing business, and the remote geographical location of Minnan, it developed in the gap between the imperial court's general suppression of China private businessmen's overseas trade. Just as the designation of Zhangzhou Yuegang as the origin of Chinese sailboats in the late Ming Dynasty created opportunities for the development of Zhangzhou's maritime businesses, after the designation of Xiamen as the origin of trade with Southeast Asia in the early Qing Dynasty, Minnan businessmen were able to take the lead in developing overseas trade and immigration, such as "Graba, Semarang, Shili, Bangamasin, Chizai, Siam, Johor, Liu Kun, Songjulao and Dingjialu". Ocean liner ) are vendors in southern Fujian. /kloc-After the 8th century, Guangdong, especially Chaozhou, developed overseas trade based on Chenghai and began to be active in all parts of Southeast Asia. Chaozhou people and Minnan people are both called "Fulao", and they are both famous shipbuilders. They expanded their shipbuilding business to the coast of Vietnam and Ayutthaya Port in Siam. By the middle of18th century, chaozhou people began to compete with Minnan people by cutting prices, and began to take the place of Minnan people to participate in the rice trade between China and Siam. At that time, Guangzhou's trade scale, population and position in China's economic and political structure far exceeded Xiamen's.

Chinese sailboats set sail from Xiamen, which also made the migration from southern Fujian to Southeast Asia far more convenient than other coastal provinces. Europeans need a lot of labor to establish colonies in Southeast Asia, and Chinese businessmen's network expansion in Southeast Asia also needs a lot of auxiliary personnel. Before the Opium War, Chinese sailboats were the main means of transportation for people from the southeast coast to emigrate overseas. Therefore, Xiamen, as an official shipping place in the early Qing Dynasty, made the overseas naming of Minnan people begin on a large scale in the early Qing Dynasty. Until the middle of Qing Dynasty, most Chinese immigrants to Southeast Asia came from southern Fujian. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Gao qichen, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, mentioned in his memorial: "In the past, when merchant ships went abroad, the total number of people reported per ship was only 70 to 80, and at least 60 to 70. In fact, each ship carried 200 or 300 people privately. When we got there, all the people who were not in the picture stayed. There is also a boatman who is greedy for profit, carrying a little goods, but stealing as many as four or five hundred sailors. Each person needs eight taels of silver or more, transported to other places, and then stayed. About 67% of these people live in Fujian Province, and 34% live in Guangdong Province and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces. " (Note: Hao Yulin, editor. : Zhu Pi Yu Zhi (46 volumes) 1887 Shanghai Dianshizhai Edition, p. 27. ) From the late Ming Dynasty, Minnan maritime merchants began to dominate the network of overseas Chinese businessmen to Zheng Group's establishment of a maritime empire, which laid the leading position of Minnan maritime merchants overseas. This position was strengthened in the early Qing Dynasty, because Xiamen became China's maritime destination, which made Minnan businessmen and immigrants spread all over the major ports in Southeast Asia. The expansion of overseas Chinatown has given China immigrants more opportunities to make a living and develop, thus attracting more Minnan businessmen and immigrants to join. Therefore, although the social and economic development level of Guangdong has been higher than that of Fujian since the Qing Dynasty, and since the mid-8th century, Guangdong's overseas trade has been far more prosperous than that of Minnan, and Guangzhou Port is not as good as Xiamen Port, but Minnan people can still rely on overseas Minnan immigrants and businessmen to dominate the economic and trade network of overseas Chinese businessmen. Batavia is the business center of Dutch Indonesia, and most of its Chinese, Capitain people and Chinese businessmen came from southern Fujian. Most of the Chinese businessmen in Hoi An, an important commercial port in Vietnam, came from southern Fujian: "The straight street along the coast of Hoi An is three or four miles long and is called Datang Street. The street is full of people." (Note: Dashan Monks: Overseas Chronicles, Volume 4, Page 80, 1984, according to Zhonghua Book Company. )/kloc-In the early 9th century, most Chinese in Siam came from Chaozhou, but they were engaged in farming, while Tongan people in southern Fujian were engaged in shipping and commerce. (Note: V.Purcell: China people in Southeast Asia, series of translations of Nanyang Materials,No. 1958, pp. 24 and 28. Chinese businessmen in the commercial ports of the Malay Peninsula have always been mainly from southern Fujian. After the opening of Singapore, the business of Chinatown is still dominated by Minnan people. From the end of 16, Chinese Filipinos are the only Chinese group in Southeast Asia who are almost exclusively engaged in vendor activities, while almost all Chinese Filipinos are from southern Fujian. By the middle of19th century, there were about 1.5 million Chinese in Southeast Asia and about 900,000 Cantonese. Although the Cantonese in Southeast Asia have far surpassed the Minnan people, there is no doubt that the Southeast Asian Chinese business network is still dominated by Minnan people. Until the middle of the 20th century, the Chinese in southern Fujian still dominated the trade field. Therefore, although the monopoly of Chinese businessmen on China market ceased to exist after the Opium War launched by westerners opened the China market, the overseas Chinese merchant network can still survive and develop, and the leading position of Minnan people in the overseas Chinese merchant network can also be maintained to this day, because the backbone and base camp of the overseas Chinese merchant network has gradually shifted from the coastal areas of China to overseas Chinese communities.

Minnan maritime merchants have been engaged in north-south shipping and merchants' trade for a long time, which may also be due to the existence of five major business networks on land in Zheng era. In the Qing Dynasty, Minnan maritime merchants were still quite active in the southeast coastal areas, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Wenzhou House, Zhejiang Province, is a place where Zhejiang businessmen gather and there are many smokers (Note: Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 336, page 13, Zhonghua Book Company. Pingyang County, Wenzhou Prefecture still speaks Minnan. Ningbo and Zhoushan have always been the transit and purchase places for Minnan ships to operate trade with Japan, bringing together a large number of Minnan merchant sailors. (Noe: Chen Xiyu: "Fujian's Foreign Trade Ports in Qing Dynasty", contained in "Social and Economic History of China" No.4, 1988. After the rise of Shanghai Port during the reign of Kangxi, it attracted many businessmen from the South Fujian Sea. During the Kangxi period alone, 12 ships from Fujian and Taiwan came to Shanghai to transport raw silk to Japan. According to the inscription of Zhang Quan Guild Hall in Selected Inscriptions in Shanghai published by 1980, the Zhang Quan Guild Hall built in Shanghai during the Qianlong period was "rare with a grand scale and magnificent weather". Suzhou was a wealthy businessman from Fujian. "From Nagato to Qiao Feng, there are many people in Fujian and China, and the houses in each county are decorated. When the season is brightly lit, it is a feast, and gorgeous clothes dazzle with money. Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao have deeper roots in southern Fujian. Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, the smuggling trade of Zhangzhou people has been the most active, and they have a deep relationship with Portuguese businessmen. After the Portuguese opened a port in Macao, businessmen from southern Fujian gathered in Macao. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Lu Zhaozeng played: "Fujian traitors gathered in Australia to eat, and there were no fewer than 20,000 or 30,000 people who induced chaos." (Note: Chongzhen Long Edition, volume 35, May of Chongzhen three years. In his early years, Zheng Zhilong went to Macau to study Portuguese with his mother-in-law Huang Cheng, who was doing business in Macau, and served as the general manager. (Note: Jiang Risheng: Taiwan Province Foreign Collection Volume 1, page 3, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House1986; Blusse, ibid., p. 255) From the late Ming Dynasty to the middle of19th century, Minnan people have been very active in Macau. Dongyu Xie, a native of Zhao 'an, southern Fujian, was one of the thirteen Macao businessmen who went to Guangzhou. Minnan businessmen have a more prominent position in Guangzhou. After Guangzhou implemented the one-stop trading system, the funds and business of Minnan businessmen were also partially transferred to Guangzhou. Among the Guangdong 13 famous businessmen in the Ganjia period, Pan (Tong Wen Hang), Ren Yihe (Yi He Hang), Ye Yicheng (Hang), Pan Liquan (Li Quan Hang), (Dong Yu Hang) and (Zi) were all from Fujian, while Liu Dongsheng was Hui, Lu Guangli, Liang Tianbao, Tai and Guan.

The domestic trade network of Minnan businessmen is not only manifested in the vast coverage area, but also in the advantages of industry network and even industry monopoly. For example, in the tea export trade in the18th century, although Minnan merchants were neither merchants of origin nor merchants based in Guangzhou, the distribution center of tea exports, they could only form a one-stop network of tea production, processing, trafficking and sales at home and abroad, leading the most profitable international tea trade from the early18th century to the middle19th century. /kloc-Wuyi tea in northern Fujian, which was popular in Europe at the beginning of the 0/8th century, accounted for almost half of the value of tea exported to China from18th century to19th century. It was the planting and processing of Wuyi tea in northern Fujian, the core commodity institution of Sino-foreign trade at that time, and it was a businessman in southern Fujian. They rented mountains from local people to grow tea in Wuyishan, recruited tea teachers from southern Fujian, set up tea factories to process tea, and then trafficked the tea to Guangzhou, where they traded with 13 businessmen who monopolized Guangzhou's export trade, then sold it to foreign businessmen who came to Guangzhou and then shipped it to Europe and America. Most businessmen in Guangzhou are from southern Fujian. Merchants in southern Fujian either directly transported tea to Batavia to trade with local Chinese businessmen, and then transported it to Europe by Dutch businessmen, while most tea merchants in Bacheng and Kapitan came from southern Fujian.

The trade network organized by Minnan people in China, especially in the southeast coast, is the backbone of its overseas trade network. Especially before the localization of overseas Chinese commercial network in the18th century, overseas Chinese commercial network still needed to rely on China commodities, China market and Chinese sailboats. Therefore, the trade and migration network of Minnan people in the southeast coast of China is more important.

Long-term traffic monopoly and emigration to Taiwan Province are also beneficial to the maritime trade activities of Minnan people. Xiamen, as the only port passing through Taiwan Province Province and one of the important trading ports in the Far East after the end of 17, is a transshipment port for the international circulation of goods in Taiwan Province Province. After 1684, Taiwan Province Province mainly carried out international and domestic trade with Xiamen. As the mainstay of Taiwan Province's economy, rice and sugar became one of the most important commodities in the Far East trade at that time. Through the trade with Xiamen, the agricultural economy of Taiwan Province Province has been commercialized to a certain extent, and at the same time, it has played an important role in expanding overseas trade for Minnan businessmen dealing in products from Taiwan Province Province. Xiamen merchant ships have been engaged in the entrepot trade of Chinese mainland, Taiwan Province Province, Japan and Southeast Asia for a long time, especially17-18th century, which greatly promoted the development of Xiamen's overseas trade. The economic development of Taiwan Province Province has expanded the survival and development space for Minnan immigrants to Taiwan Province Province. For Minnan immigrants, there is no essential difference between moving to Taiwan Province Province and moving to Southeast Asia. Although before 965438+the late 20th century, the Qing Dynasty strictly restricted immigration to Taiwan Province Province: those who want to cross Taiwan Province need to obtain a guarantor and be approved by local defense experts; Those crossing Taiwan Province are not allowed to bring their families; Guangdong is the lair of pirates, and Cantonese people are not allowed to cross Taiwan Province (this rule was later cancelled). However, it was not until Guandu was established in 1789 that Minnan people sneaked into Taiwan Province Province, which was one of the main ways to immigrate to Taiwan Province Province. By the beginning of the19th century, the population of Taiwan had reached 2 million. 1884 Before the establishment of the province, Taiwan Province Province was administratively under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province, and most of its residents were Minnans and their descendants. The regional cultural characteristics are no different from those in southern Fujian, and they are an overseas extension of Minnan people's society. After Taiwan Province Province becomes a society dominated by Minnan people, the overseas business activities of Minnan people should become stronger and form a larger Minnan language group.