What does music, chess, calligraphy and painting belong to?

[qín qí shū huà]

Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting

(idiom)

Editor

In ancient times Playing the qin (mostly playing the guqin), playing chess (mostly Chinese chess and go), calligraphy, and painting are skills that literati and poets (including some famous ladies) must master for self-cultivation, so they are collectively called qin, chess, calligraphy and painting, that is, "literati" Four Friends”. Today often expresses personal cultural quality.

Chinese name

Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting

Contents

Qin, chess, calligraphy, painting

Nature< /p>

Ancient artistic cultural relics or skills

Also known as

The Four Good Things of Yaren

Pinyin

qín qí shū huà< /p>

Contents

1 Overview of Qinse Go Chinese Chess Painting

2 Source

3 Examples

4 Usage< /p>

5 Guqin

6 Game

7 Calligraphy

8 Painting

Overview

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Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting, originally refers to the four ancient artistic relics or skills of zither, go, calligraphy and painting, also known as the four good things of elegant people. Both music, chess, calligraphy and painting originated from what the literature calls the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" period (2607 BC-2110 BC). See the encyclopedia entry "Chronology of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors". The reign dates of the emperors noted below are all quoted from this table), or what field archeology calls the "Central Plains Longshan Culture Era" (2600 BC-2100 BC).

Qin and harp

According to literature, Fuxi (2400 BC-2370 BC) invented the qin and harp. The harps are all made of sycamore wood with hollow cavities and silk ropes as strings. The Qin originally had five strings, but later it was changed to seven strings; the harp had twenty-five strings. It can be seen from the number of strings that the volume of the zither is larger than that of the qin. The main difference between qin and zi lies in the different occasions on which they are played. The qin is played in front of distinguished guests. The guests do not speak and concentrate on watching the playing and listening to the sound of the qin. This is a formal concert occasion. The harp is used for playing background music. The se was placed behind the screen, and the guests sat around the table, chatting, eating and drinking amidst the sound of music. This is a social occasion. Of course, the harp and the harp can be played together, with the harp in front of the stage facing the guests. Se is behind the stage. The piano is close to the guests, and the harp is far away from the guests. The violinist may be the master or a beautiful woman; the piano player may be an elderly man. Before the harp starts to play, there is the sound of drums to guide the performance. The purpose of the ancients inventing and using the harp was to smoothen the yin and yang energy and purify the human heart. Therefore, the time of the invention of Qinse was (2400 BC-2370 BC), and the place of invention was in the capital of Fuxi, present-day Huaiyang City, Henan Province.

Go

According to literature, Yao and Shun (2205 BC-2110 BC) invented Go. Go was called "Yi" in ancient times, which means "you throw a piece, I throw a piece." The name "Go" means "a chess game that uses encirclement and counter-encirclement tactics to determine the outcome." Go reflects the history of the development of western Shandong and eastern Henan during the Longshan Culture era of the Central Plains. Today's fertile, vast and densely populated Huanghuaihai Plain was a large swamp area before 2600 BC, which was called the "Great Wilderness" in the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and was basically uninhabited. Starting from 2600 BC, residents of the Dawenkou Culture entered this area from the east, residents of the original Hongshan Culture entered this area from the north

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Residents of the Yangshao Culture entered this area Entering this area from the west, residents of Liangzhu Culture enter this area from the south. At the beginning when immigrants from all over the country poured into the no-man's land, because there was a lot of open space, they basically concentrated on enclosing the land and there was no conflict between them. It's like the beginning of Go, with both sides seizing the ground. With the increase in immigration, there are fewer and fewer unowned open spaces, and the settlements of various ethnic groups have begun to border each other, and even intersect with each other, resulting in a complex situation where I am surrounded by you, and you are surrounded by me. In order to consolidate the territory and expand the living space, Various ethnic groups have launched a long-term competition between encirclement and counter-encirclement, annexation and counter-annexation, strength versus strength, intelligence versus intelligence. The basic principle of the contest is to win with more, to rely on local numerical superiority, and to determine people and land through siege. belonging. Go is a simulation of the early history of the western Shandong and eastern Henan regions, a historical memory in the Central Plains culture, and a way to relive the fierce competition of intelligence and strength in the form of entertainment. Ancient documents claim that the purpose of Yao and Shun in inventing Go was to appease their respective eldest sons Danzhu and Shangjun. Due to the abdication system, they could not ascend to the throne and personally perform the national history, so they used Go to simulate and evolve the national history. Satisfy the desires of their hearts. If the place where Yao and Shun lived is taken as the place where Go was born, then this place is today's Linfen City, Shanxi Province.

Chinese chess

Bo.

Liubo chess is a kind of ancient Chinese chess game. This kind of chess is played by two people, each side has 6 chess pieces. Among them, there is one chess piece equivalent to the king called "Xiao", and there are 5 chess pieces equivalent to the pawns called "Scatter". Chess is played on a board with curved paths, and the number of moves is determined by throwing chopsticks.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Liu Bo Chess" was a very popular entertainment activity. Until the Han Dynasty, Emperors Wen, Jing, Wu, Zhao and Xuan all loved gambling.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial court had knowledgeable edicts and edicts, and people who were good at learning enjoyed a higher status in society and were respected by people. In the Han Dynasty, there were also people and works specializing in the study of erudition. The Museum of the King of Nanyue has a collection of "Liu Bo Chess".

Liubo chess, also known as Bo Xi or Lu Bo, appeared before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The form and competition method of Liubo chess are recorded in "Chu Ci·Zhaohun": "There are six books in the chessboard. Some are more; Cao is advancing side by side, Qiu is forcing each other; Cheng Xiao is fighting, some is calling Wu Bai. "The "six books" among them are Liubo chess.

Liubo chess consists of three instruments: chess pieces, playing chopsticks, and playing game (chessboard). Two sides play chess, each side has six pieces, namely: Xiao, Lu, Pheasant, Du, and Sai (two pieces). Because of the military system during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a team of five people, with one captain and six soldiers. At that time, as a military training, when two teams competed, there were also six people on each side. It can be seen that Liubo chess is a game that symbolizes the battle at that time. During the game, "six chopsticks are thrown and six chess pieces are played", a battle of wits, attacking and forcing each other, and killing each other.

Liubo chess is the predecessor of Chinese chess.

Calligraphy is a unique art form in the Chinese character culture circle. Calligraphy emerged after the invention of Chinese characters. According to literature, Chinese characters were invented by Cangjie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor (2337 BC-2307 BC). There are three possible places where Chinese characters were invented: Liangcheng Town in Rizhao, Shandong Province, Qufu, Xinzheng in Henan Province, and most likely Qufu. Therefore, Chinese calligraphy as an art must have appeared after 2300 BC, in the Central Plains region.

Painting

It was produced before the invention of writing, and may also appear at the same time as calligraphy (the ancients said that "calligraphy and painting have the same origin"). The earliest professional painter mentioned in the literature was "Huoshou", the sister of Emperor Shun (2162 BC-2110 BC). If "group head" is used as the symbol of the emergence of painting art, then she may have lived a little later, 200 years after the invention of Chinese characters. And the place where he lived is difficult to determine.

Summary To sum up, the four major art categories of music, chess, calligraphy and painting are all based on the era of Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, that is, the Longshan Cultural Era of the Central Plains, and are all located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Source

Editor

Volume 3 of Tang Dynasty Zhang Yanyuan's "Fa Shu Yao Lu": "Biancai's common surname is Yuan, and he is the great-great-grandson of Liang Sikong'ang. Biancai is erudite and knowledgeable Works, literature, music, chess, calligraphy and painting are all excellent."

Example

Editor

Volume 12 of Ming Dynasty Feng Menglong's "Yu Shi Ming Yan": "Nian. At the age of twenty-five, he is handsome and talented, and knows everything. "Chapter 7 of "He Dian" by Zhang Nanzhuang of the Qing Dynasty "Everything is exquisite, everything is exquisite."

Long couplets about music, chess, calligraphy and painting:

First couplet: Reciting Taibai poems to cultivate awe-inspiring energy, chanting Jiaxuan poems, reciting the national conditions, Han Qing’s music and caring for the people’s livelihood, studying Dongpo’s poems with a pure heart EMI's articles attract people and educate many wise men

Second couplet: Fu Zhongni's harp and the scent of orchids and Emperor Yao's chess plan for the world's power. Youjun's calligraphy gained spirituality and traveled widely. Fan Kuan's paintings entered the realm of elegance and are classics for all ages. Scholars who cultivate their character and nourish their benevolence are boundless (copied by Nie Hui)

Usage

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Used as subject, object, predicate and attributive; mostly used for women.

Guqin

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Guqin, also known as Yaoqin, Yuqin and Lyre, is one of the oldest plucked instruments in China.

Guqin

Guqin is a musical instrument that has been popular since the time of Confucius and has a history of at least 3,000 years. It was only called "guqin" at the beginning of this century. Regarding the creator of the qin, there are some sayings in the literature: "Fuxi made the qin in the past", "Shennong made the qin", "Shun made the five-stringed qin to sing the southern wind", etc. It can be seen that the qin has a long history in China. "The Book of Songs·Guan Ju" has "A graceful lady, the harp and harp are friends", and "The Book of Songs·Xiaoya" also has: "The harp and harp beat the drums to control the ancestors of Tian" and other records.

On December 4, 2010, a "Song Shi Jian Yi" piano made by the Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty was sold for 136.64 million yuan in the Antiques and Curios Night Market of Poly's fifth anniversary autumn auction, creating a record of 136.64 million yuan. World record for musical instrument auction.

Game

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Game refers to Go alone, while Bo refers to six games. There is a record in Ban Gu's "Yi Yi" that "the game is popular in the world but the game is unique". "Mencius - Gaozi Chapter 1" says: Today's game is about numbers, decimals. If you don't concentrate, you won't be able to do it. Yi Qiu is one of the best players in the country. Let Yi Qiu teach two people to play, one of them concentrates on

Go

Yi Qiu just listens; although the other listens, he thinks that a swan is coming, and wants to help him with his bow. Shooting, even though everyone has learned it, it is not as good as it is. Because his wisdom is not as good as that of others, it is said that this is not the case. Go is a strategic two-player chess game that uses a grid-shaped board and black and white chess pieces. Go originated in ancient China. The origin is estimated to be around the 6th century BC. Legend has it that Yao's son Danzhu was naughty, and Yao invented Go to educate Danzhu and cultivate his character. The earliest reliable record of Go can be found in "Zuo Zhuan" of the Spring and Autumn Period. Yi Qiu during the Warring States Period was the first chess player recorded in history. "Chess" refers to Go, which was called "Qi" in ancient times. Playing Go is called "chess" or "chess". The chess pieces are divided into black and white. The rules are simple and endlessly changing, reflecting the distinctive essence of Chinese cultural thought. The original culture of the Huaxia people is recorded in the documents of the Spring and Autumn Period. . The game of Go is vast, profound and mysterious, which cannot be penetrated by human wisdom.

As a culture left by God to mankind, through the ages, many emperors, generals, literati, and ordinary people have enjoyed it, and they have also performed many legends, beautiful poems, and even military algorithms and state-governing strategies, becoming a splendid flower in the history of Chinese civilization. Weird.

Bo. Liubo chess is also called Bo Xi or Lu Bo.

It appeared before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The form and competition method of Liubo chess are recorded in "Chu Ci·Zhaohun": "There are six books in the chessboard. Some are more; Cao is advancing side by side, Qiu is forcing each other; others are fighting against each other, and others are calling Wu Bai. "The "six books" among them are Liubo chess.

Liubo chess is the predecessor of Chinese chess.

In the historical process of the development of Chinese civilization, "Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting" can be said to be a string of bright pearls, which are pleasing to the ear and eyesight, and cultivate one's moral character. The ancient sages and great sages participated in philosophy, understood philosophy, and governed the country. Also benefit from it. "Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting" have a history of thousands of years. They are four art forms that cultivate sentiment in the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. Among them, they profoundly embody the reality and folk customization of traditional culture. "Chess" in "Four Arts" mainly refers to Go. The mystery and profundity of Go are astonishing. Go began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and now it has spread all over the world and is widely loved in many countries, especially in Asia.

Calligraphy

Editor

Calligraphy is a unique traditional art in China. Chinese characters were created by the working people. They began to use pictures to record events in the "Preface to the Lanting Collection"

which is known as the best cursive script in the world. After thousands of years of development, , evolved into today's writing, and because our ancestors invented writing with brushes, calligraphy came into being. Throughout the ages, Chinese characters have been mainly written with brushes. As for other writing forms, such as hard pens, finger writing, etc., their writing rules are different from those of brush writing. Compared with the laws, they are not completely different, but basically similar. Based on the original source (after fingernail and bone inscriptions), here we focus on the rules of writing Chinese characters with a brush. As long as we have a "narrow sense" understanding of calligraphy, it will be of great benefit to understand "broad calligraphy".

In a narrow sense, calligraphy refers to the method and rules of writing Chinese characters with a brush. Including writing, writing, stippling, structure, layout (distribution, line order, composition) and other contents. For example, when holding the pen, the finger is solid and the palm is empty, and the five fingers work together; the center of the brush is spread out; the strokes follow the strokes, and the strokes are smooth and steep; the structure is based on the characters and shapes, and they echo each other; the distribution is intricate, the density is appropriate, the virtual and the real complement each other, and the whole chapter is full of spirit. ; Literacy in ancient times and today, big words and small words, it is better to be high than low.

"Book" refers to calligraphy. In the early stage of Chinese civilization, there were oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions (inscriptions on bronze vessels). In the pre-Qin period, they were mainly carved on bamboo slips with knives. There were seal script, small regular script and other fonts. After the Han Dynasty, they were mainly used. Brush writing includes various writing forms such as official script, Wei stele, regular script, running script, cursive script, and Song style.

Painting

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"Painting" refers to Chinese painting, usually using a brush and water-soluble pigments to paint on rice paper to depict landscapes, utensils, flowers and birds, and people. Mainly, the color tone is simple and bright, and the painting style is freehand and abstract.

Chinese painting, also known as traditional Chinese painting, is a traditional Chinese painting form that uses a brush, soft pen or fingers to paint on silk or rice paper with traditional Chinese painting colors and ink.

Zhang Daqian's landscape painting

Chinese painting is divided into two disciplines: strokes and freehand paintings. These are two different forms of expression. The brushes of Gongbi are neat and meticulous, and the colors are applied layer by layer to render the details. To be clear and detailed, one must use extremely delicate brushstrokes to depict objects. Freehand paintings use concise, bold, and freehand brushwork to depict the form and spirit of objects and express the author's emotions. Freehand painting uses generalization and exaggeration techniques and rich associations to express objects. Although the brushwork is simple, the artistic conception is far-reaching and has a certain expressive power. It must have a high level of generalization ability and an implicit artistic conception of winning more with less. It must be accurate in writing and skillful in writing, and it must be handy and easy to follow. These two painting styles have existed since the Tang Dynasty. Some are somewhere in between, doing both work and writing. For example, in a painting, freehand brushwork is used in the rows of pine trees, and meticulous brushwork is used in the pavilions. The two are combined to give full play to the skills of using pen, ink, and color.

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