What are the most important social and historical factors that influenced the formation of Beijing dialect?

The most important social and historical factor affecting the formation of Beijing dialect is the large-scale immigration policies of the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Specifically:

1. Since the Liao Dynasty, through the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the long-term and large-scale "opposite" population flow between Beijing and Northeast China has resulted in two The continuous changes in the regional population structure have led to the obvious consistency between Beijing dialect and Northeastern dialect, thus forming the Beijing-Northeast Mandarin area. The formation of the Beijing-Northeast Mandarin District laid the foundation for modern Beijing dialect.

2. After the wars and dynasties, and at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the indigenous population of Beijing was quite small. In order to fill the vacancies, the new rulers, almost without exception, mainly immigrated from the northeastern region to enrich the capital, which caused major changes in Beijing's demographic structure. For example, after the rulers of the Jin Dynasty established power in the Central Plains, they migrated a large number of Jurchens (including other ethnic minorities in the north) to the Central Plains. There were three major climaxes in the Jurchens' southward migration, which was "the second major population migration in Chinese history after the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties" (Yan Shoucheng 1997: p. 233). The first time was in the autumn of the 11th year of Tianhui (1133), "Xi The Jurchen natives were scattered in the Han area, and only the families of the benefactors, relatives, generals, and guards were allowed to stay." (Volume 68 of "Annual Records since Jianyan") "On the day of the order, villages and villages were established in Biwu. "("Da Jin Guo Zhi·Taizong Ji"). Yongle moved the capital to Beijing and transferred almost all of Nanjing's 700,000 soldiers to Beijing and surrounding areas. Most of the soldiers in Nanjing were from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and some were from North China. In addition to soldiers, there were also officials, wealthy businessmen, craftsmen, etc. from Nanjing City, totaling no less than 200,000. Emperor Yongle also moved wealthy households from the south to enrich the capital many times. Before Yongle moved the capital, there were less than 20,000 residents in Beijing. After the capital was moved, there were as many as hundreds of thousands. The residents were naturally mainly southerners. These people must have had a significant impact on the Beijing dialect.