Explore what the lunar base should look like.

What should the lunar base look like?

1. What are the basic conditions for human existence on the moon? If you want to live on the moon, what other living conditions do humans need to create?

In the recent new round of lunar exploration fever, including China, all put forward the grand plan of manned landing on the moon in the first half of 2/kloc-0 century. This plan is a big step forward than the "Apollo" plan that only sent people to the moon more than 30 years ago. It is to build the moon into a base for people to work and live for a long time, and then prepare for emigrating to the moon in the future. To build such a base, there are many problems to be solved. From the basic conditions of life on earth, the problems of air, water and food bear the brunt.

The surface of the moon is almost in a vacuum. Without water, there would be no life naturally. In the early days of landing on the moon, oxygen and water necessary for human breathing must be sent from the earth. However, to live on the moon for a long time, we need a lot of oxygen and water. These oxygen and water can't be transported from the earth forever, but we must take local materials on the moon and find ways to solve them. Fortunately, there are a lot of ilmenite with high oxygen content in the lunar soil. If the heat is reduced and separated, a large amount of oxygen and rocket propellant necessary for human breathing can be produced. It has been proved that the rocks on the moon are mainly composed of silicate rocks, and a large amount of oxygen can also be obtained by treating the moon rocks.

There are a lot of oxidized rocks and gypsum in the moon rocks, from which water can be extracted. Crystal water has also been found in some rocks. This can create basic conditions for human beings to survive on the moon. In recent years, some scientists have questioned the traditional view that there is no water on the moon. They think that if the moon and the earth were born in the same way, there should be water on the moon from the beginning. They pin their hopes on the north and south poles of the moon, because the Apollo spacecraft has never been there, and there is no sunshine all year round, and the temperature is often around MINUS 200℃, so it is likely to accumulate ice. In order to confirm this idea, the United States launched the "Lunar Surveyor" spacecraft a few years ago to survey the north and south poles of the moon, and found that there was a permanent shadow area there.

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There is a lot of deep frozen ice here. After the ice melts, it can not only meet the drinking water demand of the lunar lander, but also produce fuel for the spacecraft. This great discovery greatly stimulated people's enthusiasm for exploring the moon and promoted the implementation of a new round of development plans.

As for the food needed by the moon landing personnel, it is relatively easy to solve. Pigs, cows and chickens can be raised on the surface of the moon, and food, fruits and vegetables can be planted on the surface of the moon by using artificial sunlight and special liquid containing potassium and calcium as nutrients. Of course, all this must be done in a sealed greenhouse covered with plastic or glass.

2. What are the similarities and differences between Biosphere 2 and the lunar base? What experiences and lessons can we learn from the Biosphere 2 experiment?

Biosphere "No.2" and lunar base are both artificially built and fully enclosed, simulating the earth's ecological environment. But "Biosphere 2" was built on the earth, and the lunar base was built on the moon whose surface gravity is only near vacuum 1/6 of the earth. If Biosphere 2 fails, people can return to the natural environment of the earth, but once the moon base fails, people will not easily move to the earth.

After all, the simulated ecosystem is not a natural ecosystem, in which the components of the ecosystem are simple, the species are few, and the complexity of the food chain is worse than that of the farmland ecosystem, so it needs manual adjustment rather than natural adjustment. Planting green plants produces oxygen but not too much, otherwise carbon dioxide and fertility are insufficient; Animals should not be raised too much, otherwise the oxygen consumption will increase; Scientists should keep the balance of climate, atmospheric composition, biological species and quantity, and create an environment suitable for life. The change of atmospheric composition, poor internal climate regulation, poor harvest and the destruction of ecological balance all led to the failure of the experiment.

The failure of oxygen circulation is an important reason for the failure of Biosphere 2. Because carbon in the soil reacts with oxygen to generate carbon dioxide, and part of carbon dioxide reacts with calcium in the concrete used to build Biosphere 2 to generate calcium carbonate, the oxygen content in it has dropped from 2 1% to 14%. In the later period, the plants of Biosphere 2 were almost extinct, and oxygen had to be injected to maintain human life.

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3. What resources can human beings use on the moon? What lunar resources can be used to develop lunar bases?

The moon is rich in mineral deposits. It is reported that there are more rare metals on the moon than on the earth. There are three main kinds of rocks on the moon. The first is the Moon Sea Basalt rich in iron and titanium. The second is plagioclase, which is rich in potassium, rare earth and phosphorus, mainly distributed in the lunar highlands; The third type is mainly composed of 0. 1 ~ 1 mm debris particles. Moon rocks contain all the elements and about 60 minerals on the earth, 6 of which are not found on the earth.

Scientists pointed out that in order to develop the moon, we must conduct a comprehensive exploration of the moon, understand its resources, and gradually develop resources. The moon is extremely rich in mineral resources, and the most common element 17 on the earth is everywhere on the moon. Take iron for example. Only the sand 5 cm thick on the surface of the moon contains hundreds of millions of tons of iron, while the sand on the whole surface of the moon is 10 meter thick on average. The iron on the surface of the moon is not only extremely rich, but also convenient for mining and smelting. It is reported that the iron on the moon is mainly iron oxide, as long as oxygen and iron are separated; In addition, scientists have developed ways to make cement and glass from lunar soil and rocks. On the surface of the moon, the content of aluminum is also rich.

The lunar soil is also rich in helium -3. Helium fusion using deuterium and helium -3 can be used as energy for nuclear power plants. This fusion does not produce neutrons, which is safe, pollution-free and easy to control. It can be used not only for ground nuclear power plants, but also for space navigation. It is reported that the content of helium 3 in lunar soil is estimated to be 7 15000 tons. For every ton of helium 3 extracted from lunar soil, 6300 tons of hydrogen, 70 tons of nitrogen and 1600 tons of carbon can be obtained. From the current analysis, due to the large reserves of Helium 3 on the moon, it is undoubtedly a timely help for the future energy shortage of the earth. Many space powers regard obtaining helium 3 as one of the important goals of developing the moon.

Solar energy resources. Since there is almost no atmosphere on the surface of the moon, solar radiation can come in directly. The calculation shows that the solar radiation energy reaching the moon every year is about 12 trillion kilowatts, which is equivalent to the present situation.

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It is 25,000 times the total energy produced by all kinds of energy consumed on the ball in one year. According to the solar energy density of 1.353 kW/m2, assuming that solar power generation equipment with the current photoelectric conversion rate of 20% is used on the moon, solar cells can generate 2.7 kWh per square meter per hour, and if batteries with 1 1,000m2 are used, they can generate 2700kWh per hour.

Space resources. The moon is the best platform for human beings to study the universe and the earth itself. Scientists believe that the surface of the moon is engraved with traces dating back to the collision between comets and asteroids billions of years ago, and this record has been dissolved by the earth's atmosphere. This kind of record is a precious wealth of mankind. By studying the original appearance of the moon without artificial transformation and destruction, it is helpful to understand the ancient state of the earth, the origin and evolution of the solar system and even the whole universe, to understand the information about the origin, evolution and structure of the moon, to clarify the relationship between space phenomena and the natural system of the earth, to greatly enrich people's understanding of the origin and evolution of the earth, the solar system and the whole universe and their characteristics, and to find clues about the origin and evolution of life on earth.

Material resources. According to the detection, the moon rocks contain all the material elements in the earth's crust, and there are about 60 kinds of mineral deposits. 17 common elements on the earth can be found on the moon. Moon rocks and soil are rich in oxygen, iron, magnesium, calcium, silicon, titanium, sodium, potassium, manganese and other substances. On average, there is sand 10 cm thick on the surface of the moon, and * * * contains 800 billion tons of iron. Lunar researchers believe that if hydrocarbons are not counted, substances on the moon can make 90% of the goods needed by human beings. The moon is rich in energy. The surface of the moon is covered with a layer of fine particles composed of debris, dust, breccia and impact glass. This layer is rich in gases formed by solar wind particles, such as helium, neon and nitrogen. All these gases will be released when heated to 700℃.

-From Baidu Library