Initial consonants of Xiang dialect

The main features of initial consonants in Xiang dialect are:

(1) The ancient voiced sound system is well preserved in quite a few areas. In ancient times, when the initial consonant Shu was voiced or fricative, no matter whether it was voiced or not, it was generally impossible to produce aspirated sound.

(2)f/hu mixing; (flowers/hair)

(3) mixing part n/l; (You Ni/Li /n)

(4) The new school has no rolling tongue sound;

(5) The old school distinguishes the sharp group sounds, while the new school does not distinguish the sharp group sounds. The initial consonant system of most dialect points in Laoxiang dialect retains the middle ancient voiced consonants. At present, among the undisputed Hunan dialect points, there are the following points that still remain voiced: Xiangxiang City, Shuangfeng County, Hengshan County (Houshan), Shaoshan City, Anhua County (Dongping), Lengshuijiang City, Xinhua City, Shaoyang City, Shaoyang County, Shaodong County, Xinshao County and Wuxian County. Medieval voiced initials are relatively complete in some modern Xiang dialects, which is also one of the main phonetic features of Xiang dialects.

Similar to Wu dialect, the voiced initials of Xiang dialect are highly voiced in different regions, and the northern region is obviously weaker than the southern region. Especially in the east and north of Xiang dialect, the voiced initials have been completely cleared. This phenomenon is the result of the long-term influence of northern mandarin in history. Hunan province has been accepting a large number of immigrants from the north and Jiangxi province since ancient times. According to Zhao Yuanren, although Changsha dialect has a low Yang tone and seems to have a voiced sound, it is actually a soft unvoiced sound, which can only be regarded as a false voiced sound compared with fellow villagers. Of course, there is no voiced initial in the new Xiang dialect, and it is not an absolute concept that the old Xiangtan dialect and Ningxiang Liushahe have a weak voiced initial.

In addition, the voiced initials of the old Xiang dialect are gradually being clarified, such as Loudi, Shuangfeng and Xiangxiang in Lou Shao's films, which have been clarified or even completed at least in the 1930s. Shaoyang, Shaodong, Longhui and Anhua (Dongping) are all voiced, and only the parts less than110 remain voiced. The best preserved ones are Qidong and Qiyang in Yongquan Film, and 85% of all voiced words are voiced. In fact, some dialects in Lou Shaopian have begun to become clear, even if they are all voiced, they are very comfortable. For example, in some places in Loudi, the voiced initials have become aspirated and unvoiced, and some fricative sounds in Shaoshan have also become unvoiced. Therefore, the voiced initials in Hunan dialect are in the process of unbalanced purification.

General situation of the preservation of voiced initials in Hunan dialect: dialect pieces represent the source of voiced initials in Hunan dialect. Changyi film Changsha Z Japanese reading Z, everything else is clear. Yuanjiang's Z is pronounced in Japanese mother tongue, and the medieval Z is pronounced in the voiced and fricative parts of Liumu's "from evil worship to ship Zen". Everything else is clear. Z, b, d,? ,? Gz is reserved, but b, d,? ,? , g Tsinghua obviously Yueyang rong family Bay B? ，d？ 、、g？ Medieval consonants are divided into voiced and full voiced consonants, and the voiced sounds are aspirated. Shaoshan B, D, G, dz, D? ,? In the middle ages, there were full voiced, voiced fricative and voiced fricative in Shu Yun, but some full voiced fricative were clear. Intonation rhymes are clear and bimodal. b，d，g，dz，d？ ,? ,? Medieval voiced consonants are basically preserved in Shu Yun, and Shaoyang (Changle) B, D, G, dz and D are clarified in the entering rhyme. ,? ，v，z，？ ,? Medieval voiced consonants are basically preserved in Shu Yun and become clear in Yun Yun. Yongquan tablet qidong b, d, g,? , v, z, γ, Shu rhyme, and the fully voiced initials in the middle ages, regardless of the stop, stop and fricative, remain fully voiced. Quanzhou b, d, g, dz, ，z，？ The ancient total voiced sound level basically retains voiced sound, some retains fricative sound, and some is cleared in fricative sound. Chen Xu tablet Xupu b, v, d, dz, z, d? ,? ,? In G, the fully voiced initial meets the stop sound, and the stop sound retains the voiced sound in the flat sound and is clear in the smooth line; The voiced fricative sounds are very clear. Luxi b, v, d, dz, d? ,? ,? ,? In G, the fully voiced initial meets the stop sound, and the stop sound retains the voiced sound in the flat sound and is clear in the smooth line; The voiced fricative sounds are very clear. Dawn b, v, d, dz, z, d? ,? ,? In G, the fully voiced initial meets the stop sound, and the stop sound retains the voiced sound in the flat sound and is clear in the smooth line; The voiced fricative sounds are very clear. The process of complete turbidity of Xiang dialect is unbalanced. Compared with the complete clarification of Changyi film, the fully voiced entering tone characters in Loushao film have all been clarified, but the fully voiced Shu tone characters are relatively complete. However, Chen Lian's films only keep some voiced initials in the flat voice. The voiced initials of Yongquan film, such as Qidong, are relatively complete in both voiced and intonation. But the whole state began to be clear in the fricative sound. Preservation of voiced initial consonants of the new and old school in Xiang dialect: voiced initial consonants in Xiang dialect begin with voiced initial consonants, and the general principle is voiced consonants, especially voiced initial consonants, which are the basic sound characteristics of Xiang dialect. More than 60% of voiced words in Shuangfeng, Quantang, Loudi, Xinhua, Dongping, Meicheng, Ningxiang Old Granary, Huitong, Shaoshan, Qianshan, Houshan and Luxi are aspirated. Moreover, there are more old Xiang dialects than new Xiang dialects, more oral pronunciations than pronunciations, and more underdeveloped areas, villages and suburbs than big cities, which shows that the characteristics of cities disappear quickly after being influenced by northern Mandarin. The new Xiang dialect, especially the new Xiang dialect in big cities, is gradually being stripped away due to the influence of Putonghua. Therefore, the new Xiang dialect is characterized by "no flat", but in fact it should be "no flat, partial flat, especially muddy flat", and it only evolved into no flat after being influenced by Pingping's Mandarin. In addition, in the Yuanjiang area of Yiyang, the ancient vowels of "from evil to boat worship and Zen" are mostly read as marginal notes except the rhymes of the three branches of the mouth, which is also one of the characteristics of Yiyuan's essays. After the initial consonants of ancient voiced consonants were cleared, they all read aspirated voiceless sounds, which mainly appeared in Loudi City in central Hunan and a few villages in Xiangxiang City and Shuangfeng County adjacent to Loudi City. Hengshan dialect in Hengzhou is quite special, just like the northern mandarin, which is completely turbid and flat after being clear. Reservation of Full-voiced Initial consonants of each representative dialect point in Xiang Dialect Project Changyi Loushao Film Hengzhou Film Yongquan Film Chen Lianpian Middle-aged Sound Changsha Urban Xiangtan Urban Yiyang Heshan Loudi Urban Xiangxiang Chengguan Hengyang Urban Qiyang Baishui Dongan Huaqiao Luxipu Urban Full-voiced Flat Tone? ++++Sound-++-Sound-++-Sound-++-Sound-++-Sound-++-Sound-Breathing

After the clarification of ancient voiced characters, most aspirated sounds are widely distributed in Hunan dialect, not only in Loushao and Chenxi, but also in Hengzhou and Changyi. As far as common spoken words are concerned, most places in Hunan dialect are mainly aspirated after the purification of ancient turbidity, but Hengyang, Changsha, Changsha County and Shaoyang are examples, and these three places happen to be cities that are greatly influenced by Putonghua. The proportion of voiced aspirated sounds in Changyi and Loushao Xiang dialects is less in cities, more in towns, less in new Xiang dialects and more in old Xiang dialects. It shows that this process is a kind of pronunciation at the bottom of the language, and the new Hunan dialect has been eroded by Putonghua and gradually lost its own characteristics.

Special reading method of total turbidity

Some voiced initial consonants, including voiced initial consonants with tongue teeth, such as worshipping Zen mother's evil bed, reading the edge sound (L) or flowing sound, are one of the most distinctive features of Yiyang dialect in Changyi film. Yiyang dialect, Taojiang dialect, Yuanjiang dialect and Anhua Meicheng dialect are the main areas where ancient voiced initials are pronounced. It is distributed in Yiyang City (Heshan District and Ziyang District), Taojiang County, Yuanjiang County, Anhua County and Junshanpu and Bailuqiao in Hanshou County, Changde City, such as "money is not divided, longevity is not divided, Chen Long is not divided, and snake tea is not divided". In addition, Majitang in Taojiang County and Yangjiaotang in Anhua County are special, and the ancient initials are also L, such as Dili and Taoliu. Nanxian dialect belongs to Changyi Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan dialect, with fewer voiced initials, which is closer to Changsha dialect than other dialects in Yiyang. At present, due to the influence of Mandarin, the official language of China, and Changsha dialect, a strong dialect in Hunan Province, some new words are no longer pronounced with syllables, or some syllables become two pronunciations. Santangjie dialect at the junction of Taojiang, Hanshou and Anhua is quite special, and the full voiced initials in the Middle Ages are mostly pronounced as zero initials. This does not conform to the law of voiced and unvoiced sounds, and it is also the difference between Hunan dialect and other places. This is the result of the initial consonant being influenced by the main vowel or intermediate sound, or being assimilated or alienated. Example word Cai (cong) Zhao (cheng) Chai (chong) Snake (boat) Qiu (evil) Chang (Zen) Middle Ages initials Z? Changsha? a 13？ au45？ a 13s？ 13? in 13？ y？ 13 Yiyang Lai 24 lau 2 1 LAI 24 LAI 24 Lin 24 Zhang Zhi's ending is one of the characteristics of many southern dialects, but in many Xiang dialects, contentment and combined reading are the ending groups. But medieval intellectual groups (? ) and chapter group (? ) different sources, medieval intellectual groups (? ) is homologous to the end group (t), while the chapter group (? ) is a tongue sound. The suffix "Zhi: Ti" in Hakka dialect and "Zhen: tin2 1, Chen: tin35/tan35, Zhu: ti55/tu55, set: ti2 1" in Xiamen Minnan dialect are common in southern dialects. In some dialects of the old and new Xiang dialects, the three chapters of knowledge are integrated and read like an ending. Some scholars think it is an ancient phenomenon, while others think it is a later phenomenon, which is inconsistent. In Changsha dialect, there are also few reading end groups, such as "ti45 (white reading)", which means placing, "anvil: tin33 (chopping block)". In the dialect, (knowing) Chang (car) Zhao (cheng) Town (Zhang) sings (Chang) Cheng (Zen) Xiangxiang T? n 1t？ Answer? 5dao6t？ n 1t？ Answer? 5d？ O2 bimodal T? n 1t？ 5d？ 6tien 1t？ 5dien2 shaodong tun 1t? Answer? 5dau6t？ n 1t？ Answer? 5d？ N2 Taojiang T? n 1t？ 5z？ 6t？ n 1t？ 5z？ N2 Loudi T? n 1t？ 5di？ 6tun 1t？ 5din2 Hengshan? yn 1o？ 5? ou6n 1o？ 5? Pronunciation of n2 Miluo Dialect

Several people in Miluo dialect know the three chapters and the third-class words of Zhuang language group. How to read the third-class words of Zhuang language group clearly? See the group: beg? Eu (group mother third class), nine? Wei (see mother third class), uncle? Eu (group mother third class); Is it tight? Hmm (see mother's third lesson), Kim? Um (see mother's third class), near? En (group mother third class); Surprised? Hmm (see mother's third class), feet? O (see mom, third class), mirror? En (see mother's lesson 3) Zhizu: Really? En (Anemarrhena asphodeloides III), intestine? Ong (third class), expansion? Ong (Anemarrhena asphodeloides III); Worm ng (third-class mother), bamboo? Eu (Anemarrhena asphodeloides III), heavy? En (Chengmu Third Class) Chapter Group: Body? En (third letter) Zhuang Group: Pack? The pronunciation of Zhangzhi group in Miluo dialect is very special, with a curly initial. , but don't mix with the flat tongue T, read the initials of the rolled tongue? There is a word "Zhang Jianzhi Zhuang" in Zhang Jianzhi Zhuang, which is supposed to be the palatalization of Jianzu (ki-? Me? I-? I), and then with the three chapters (? Me) and Zhuang San (? I) mix and then merge (? I) Re-gag and lose the middle tone (? ) results.

In Yongzhou dialect, the reading of knowing group and reading of Zhang group: dialects are divided into pig (knowing), hammer (Qing), insect (Qing), Zhu (Qing), Chui (Chang) and Shi (Zen) Yongzhou dialect (Xiang) [ti? u]53[dy] 13[din] 13[？ y] 53[y]53[？ I]2 13 Xiamen dialect (Minnan dialect) [ti] 55/[tu] 55 [tui] 53 [thi] 35 [tsu] 55 [tshui] 55 [se] 21In addition, Yongzhou Donganfeng dialect (belonging to Loushao film) 45, heavy din2 13, late di 13. But different from Shuangfeng Loudi, the chapter groups of dialects here are not merged, and the chapter groups read more tongue sounds (? ), similar to Minnan dialect, is divided into chapter group and knowledge group (chapter group reads ts/tsh/s and knowledge group reads t/th). This phenomenon in Gao Feng dialect may be an ancient phenomenon. In the Middle Ages, the Jian group and Xiao group were both root sounds "k/k? /g/？ /x/γ ",soft palatalization occurred later in the group. In Hunan dialect, the palatalization of some big cities, such as Changsha dialect, has been completed. /? (Leader/See/Present). The second-class word "Yin Hong" in Jianzu is palatalized by the intermediary sound in northern Mandarin, and Changsha dialect in Hunan dialect is influenced by Mandarin. The palatalization of two kinds of words has just begun, and most of them are still reading k/k? /x (room/shoes/salt). There is a similar situation in Xiangtan dialect, and all the fine sounds in this group are palatalized, as shown in the following table. In some old Xiang dialects, the initials of the Qing group are palatalized, such as Loudi dialect and Yongfeng dialect (Xiang:? Me? I), but voiced initials such as the box initials are not palatalized, such as "Now: γ?" . The representative word of Xiao Group of Middle Ages Initial consonant group A (see) is short of (flowing) poles (groups), and it is difficult to test (suspect) to cook (suspect) incense (dawn), Hangzhou (box), Changsha (Changyi piece) K/? iɑye？ Me? Me? au？ Ixi Xiangtan (Changyi Tablet)? lay？ Me? au？ Me? X Yongfeng (Lou Shaopian) Kaye? Me? iγγ？ Loudi (Lou Shao pian)? iaii？ iγγ？ Not all syllables in Xiang dialect have been completely palatalized. For example, the old Xiang dialect, the three or four syllables of Xiang dialect, read k/k for nothing. /g:Kiki/ Go to K? I/ build ki？ . Shuangfeng dialect is similar to Xiangxiang dialect. In the new Xiang dialect, there are also some unpleasant dialects. For example, Liuyang Zhentou dialect: Qing K? Yes, odd k? Me, via kin, bureau ky, knot kie, price kia, go to kie, foot kio, Eggplant K? Ia, Giorgio, Giorgio, Jin Jin, Xiong Xiaoge? , chest xio? , fierce xio? . In Miluo dialect, the first and second kinds of Yin scarlet letters are not palatalized, and most of the fine and turbid words are K, K? H, but some words are palatalized, such as: bridge kie, play? Me, remember ki, knot kie and qi? I mean, palatalization is spreading. Most Xiang dialects are pronounced in Yin Hong. For example, in Changsha dialect: shore, eyes, ai? Ai (Yin Hong), ant? Me, strict? Me, industry? Ie (softly). However, some dialects in Xinxiang dialect are greatly influenced by Putonghua, and the ambiguous vowels are seriously lost. For example, Loudi dialect: Mandarin? Y, in? Y, in? Y, is it appropriate? Me, Wu? Oh, wrong? Oh, really? First, tiles? O, both pronounce Changsha dialect with zero initials. It is better to keep the suspected mother in Xiangxiang dialect. Is Xiangxiang dialect fun? Huan, over? u？ , Yuan? u？ , fake? Ann, goose? Ann, Wu/Wrong? Ah, Yao? Me? Yu/Yu/Yu? y .